ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND RISK MANAGEMENT

LESSON 2

GAS CYLINDERS

INTRODUCTION

PRESSURE

HIGH PRESSURE USAGES

PRODUCTION/MAINTENANCE OF A LIQUID

STORAGE OF GASES

COMPRESSION OF SOLIDS

SEPERATION OF LIQUIDS FROM SOLIDS

INCREASING GAS SOLUBILITY IN LIQUIDS

INCREASE OF CHEMICALS REACTION RATES

SHIFTING CHEMICALS EQUIPTMENTS

AUTOCLAVES

GAS CYLINDERS

OXYGEN CYLINDERS

ACETYLENE CYLINDERS

HYDROGEN CYLINDERS

HIGH PRESSURE MATERIALS SELECTION:

a) WORKING PRESSURE

b) WORKING TEMPERATURE

c) SIZE OF VESSEL

d) CORROSION ASPECT OF THE PROCESS

e) STRESS CONDITIONS TO BE CONSIDERED

f) LOCAL ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS

g) THE STRENGHT OF MATERIALS

a) YIELD STRENGHT

b) PLASTIC DEFORMATION ANMD DUCTILITY

c) FRACTURE STRENGTH OR TOUGHNESSS

d) HIGH TEMEPRATURE STRENGTH

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES:

a) PRESSURE GAUGES LIKE BOURDON TYPE SHOULD BE INSTALLED ABOVE EYE LEVEL TYPE SHOULD NEVER BE ALLOWED TO COORRODE TWO RAPID RISE OF PRESSURE OF FALLL OF PRESSURE MUST BE AVOIDED.

b) FLAMMABLE GASES AT HIGH PRESURE ON RUBBING AGAINST WALL OF METALLIC PIPES WILL CAUSE STATIC ELECTRICITY DISCHARGE GOOD EARTHING IS ESSENTIAL ON THESE PIPE LINES

c) DIRECT FIRED VESSELS SHOULD NOT BE EMPTIED SUDDENLT THEY ARE ALOWLY COOLED BY THE FLUID RUNNING IN SLOW VELOCITIES

d. BURSTING OF RUPTURE DISC HAPPENS WHEN VESELS CAUSE

SUDDEN HIGH TEMPERATURES WHICH MAY IGNITE FLAMMABLE

GASES SUFFICIENT VENTING HEIGHT IS NECESSARY FOR SAFE

PASSAGE OF ESCAPED GASES

e. TWO SAFETY VALUES ONE OPEARTING AT SLIGHTLY LOWER

PRESSURE IS ADVANTAGEOUS IN VERY HIGH PRESSURE

EQUIPTMENT

f. RUPTURE DISCS HOWEVER GOOD SHOULD BE FREQUENTLY

CHECKED AND CHANGED THEY GET HARDENED AND MAY FAIL TO

RUPTURE WHEN PRESSURE EXCEEDS NORMAL OPERATING

PRESSURE CORROSION OF INNER SIDE MUST BE FREQUENTLY

CHECKED

g. A RUPTURE DISC IS NORMALLY FITTED TO RELEIVE AT ABOUT 1.5

TIMES THE WORKING PRESSURE IT MAY BE EVEN 1.3 DEPENDING

UPON THE CONDITION OF OPERATIONS.

h. CARBON MONOXIDE ATTACK SEVERLY NICKEL SIMILARLY MERCURY

ATTACK COPPER AND BRASSES IT MAY ATTACK STEEL AT HIGH

PRESSURE HENCE THESE SITUATION MUST BE AVOIDED.

i. ANY LEAK DEVELOPED MAY CAUSE FIRE OR EXPLOSION HENCE

THEY MUST BE REPAIRED QUICKLY BY SLOW RELEASE OF

PRESSURE FIRST AND THEN REPAIRS CARRIED OUT.

HIGH PRESSURE EQUIPTMENT MUST BE CONFINED IN SPECIAL ROOMS HAVING THICK WALLS OR BARRICADES THE HIGH PRESSURE GASES MUST BE QUICKLY VENTILATED TO THE TOP MOST POINT OF BUILDING

k. WELDED EQUIPTMENT OPERATED AT LOW TEMPERATURES AT LOW TEMPERATURES BELOW ZERO TEMPEARTURES SHOULD BE HEAT TREATED TO RELEIVE LOCKED UP STRESSES EXPERT WELDESR SHOULD BE ENGAGED TO FREQUENT RADIOLOGY TESTS OF THESE EQUIPTMENT MUST BE CARRIED OUT FOR ANY POSSIBLE CRACKS DEVELOPED DURING OPERATION

l. OILS SHOULD NEVER BE USED AS LUBRICANT WHEN OXYGEN IS COMPRESSED AIR LINES SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR CARRYING OXYGEN

m. PRESSURE JOINTS SHOULD NOT BE TIGHTENED UNDER PRESSURE

n. REGULAR INSPECTION HYDRAULIC TESTING AT 1.5 TIMES THE

QORKING PRESSURE SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT BY EXPERIENCED

STAFF PERSONALLY

o. TOO RAPID RISE IN EITHER PRESSURE OR TEMPEARTURE SHOULD

BE AVOIDED LARGE TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN THE WALLS OF

THE VESSELS LEAD TO HIGH STRESSES

p. SAFETY VALVES AND RUPTURE DISCS SHOULD BE PIPED TO

DICHARGE AT A PLACE WHERE IT CAN CAUSE NO HARM THE

DISCHARGE LINE MUST HAVE SUFFICIENT DIAMETER TO CARRY

THE EXCESS LOAD RELEASE.

q. IT IS OFTEN ADVISABLE TO HAVE MORE THAN ONE PERSON

WORKING IN THE HIGH PRESSURE ZONE TOO MANY PERSONS

ALSO MUST BE AVOIDED

r. GAS STORAGE SYSTEMS MUST NEVER BE ALLOWED TO MIX

ANALYSIS SHOULD BE CHECKED FREQUENTLY

s. SAND DIKES SANDY FLOOR MUST BE HAD SURROUNDING THE

FLAMMABLE LIQUID STORAGE TANKS

t. ALL HIGH PRESSURE AREAS SHOULDBE CLEARLY MARKED ANMD

GUARDED AGAINST UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY.

LESSON 3 EXPLOSIVES

INTRODUCTION

a) CHEMICAL ENERGY SUCH AS NITROGLYCERINE OR GRAIN DUST

b) PRESSURIZED COMPRESSED GAS SUCH AS GAS CYLINDERS OR

AEROSOL

c) NUCLEAR SUCH AS FISSILE ISOTOPES OF URANIUM 235 AND

PLUTONIUM 239

EXPLOSIVE CHEMICALS

PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES

HIGH EXPLOSIVES

TERTIARY EXPLOSIVES

LOW EXPLOSIVES

EXPLOSIVE CHARACTER

CHEMICAL REACTION

DECOMPOSITION

DEFLAGRATION

DETONATION

EXOTIC

PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

AVAILABILITY AND COST

SENTIVITY

IMPACT

FRICTION

HEAT

VELOCITY OF DETONATION

VOLATILITY

STABILITY

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

MINE EXPLOSION

COURSES:

Diploma in occupational Health And Safety

Diploma in industrial safety

Diploma in electrical safety

Diploma in fire fighting

Diploma in construction safety

Certificate in fire and safety engineering

Diploma in fire and safety engineering

PG diploma in fire and safety engineering

Certificate in oil and Gas safety

Diploma in oil and Gas safety

Diploma in health ,safety and Environment

PG diploma in Health ,safety Environment

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Students passed out from this institute can find job opportunities as Safety Supervisor, Safety Inspector, Safety Officer, Safety Manager, Fireman and Fire Officer.

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