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THE GREAT INDIA PRAFULLA CHANDRA ROY

Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Polytechnic Founder of Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals, India's first pharmaceutical company.

Author of A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century (1902)

Awarded in 1882 one of the two Gilchrist Prize Scholarships

Awarded the Hope Prize

From his donation :

Nagarjuna Prize awarded for the best work in chemistry in1922

Ashutosh Mukherjee awarded for the best work in zoology or botany in 1937

Born on August 2, 1861 in the village Raruli-Katipara

Died on June 16, 1944

Write autobiography Life and Experience of a Bengali Chemist in 1932

A Brief Biography

Born- September 15, 1860

Birth Place- Village Muddenahalli in Chikballapur Taluk,KolarDistrict, Mysore( Now Karnataka)

Parents- Father- Sh. Srinivasa Sashtri was a Sanskrit scholar and Ayurvedic practitioner. Mother- Smt.Venktalakshamma He lost his father when he was only 15 years old.

Education-Graduated from- Central College in Bangaloore (in 1881)Civil Engineering from College of Engineering,Pune In 1883 he ranked first in the L.C.E. and the F.C.E. Examinations (equivalent to B.E. Examination of today

Occupation- Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya was an eminent engineer and statesman and played a key role in building of modern India.

Achievements-He was an extraordinary engineer, a statesman, a visionary and a staunch votary of industrialization.The Bharat Ratna AwardThe Knight Commander of The Indian Empire medal

Died-April 14, 1962 (aged101)

Sir Mokshagundam Vishweshwariya

The name MOKSHAGUNDAMMokshgundam is a Agarhara-a place where saints live, in Shidhanoor village of Kurnul district of Aandhra Pardesh. This is a holy place of hindus.

Sir M. V.'s ancestors actually hailed from the village ofMokshaingundam. They migrated toMysore state (now Karnataka) later on. The family name "Mokshagundam", preserves the memory of his association with Andhra Pradesh.

1904Honorary Membership of London Institution of Civil Engineers for an unbroken period of 50 years1906"Keser-e-Hind" in recognition of his services1911C.I.E. (Companion of the Indian Empire) at theDelhiDarbar1915Won K.C.I.E.(Knight Commander of the Indian Empire) medal1921D.Sc. -Calcutta University1931LLD - Bombay University1937D.Litt -Banaras Hindu University1943Elected as an Honorary Life Member of theInstitution of Engineers (India)1944D.Sc. -Allahabad University1948Doctorate - LLD.,Mysore University1953D.Litt - Andhra University1953Awarded the Honorary Fellowship of the Institute of Town Planners, India1955Conferred 'BHARATHA RATNA'(The gem of India), the highest dinstiction of the country1958'Durga Prasad Khaitan Memorial Gold Medal' by the Royal Asiatic Society Council of Bengal1959Fellowship of theIndian Institute of Science, BangaloreSome of the honours andlaurelsconferred on Sir M.V.,

KICEThe Knight Commander of The Indian Empire medal

The Bharat Ratna AwardACHIEVEMENTS4

The Vishweshwariah Industrial and Technological Museum, BangalUrU Outside view of the Museum

Inside view of the Museum

As the part of his birth centenary celebrations, the Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum was set up in Bangalore in 1962. Run by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, the Vishweshwariah Industrial and Technological Museum is recognized as one of the most sought after tourist attractions in Bangalore.There are five different galleries in the Vishweshwaraiah Industrial and Technological Museum. These galleries are named as: Childrens' Science GalleryKimbe Paper Metals Gallery Popular Science Gallery Engine Hall Electronic Technology Gallery Of the above five galleries, the 'Electro Technic' gallery of the Vishweshwariah Industrial and Technological Museum, Bangalore was made accessible to the public in the year 1965.

The Main Activities running in this Museum:Taramandal ShowSky Observation ProgramComputer FairScience Quiz ContestScience Demonstration ShowCreative Ability CenterStudent's Science SeminarSouthern India Science FairScience Drama CompetitionPopular Science LectureThe exhibits of airplane and steam engine are definitely among the eye-catchers here.

The Vishweshwariah Industrial and Technological Museum, Bangalore

Vishweshwariya Technological UniversityVishweshwariya Technological University, Belgaum, named after Bharat Ratna Sir M. Vishweshwariya, is a dream comes true of Technocrats and Academicians of Karnataka, to which all the state engineering colleges of the Karnataka state are now affiliated. The University is functioning and continues to function with aVISION, MISSIONandMANDATE.

Krishnaraja Sagar reservoir/Dam

Different Views of Krishna Sagar DamThe KS Dam was built through great efforts of Sir M. Vishweshwariya. The construction work was started in 1911 but completed in 1933. This Dam is also famous with name Kannambaddi. There is a world famous so beautiful Brindavan Garden in the valley of this dam. Sir M. Vishweshwariya is still alive through his such great contributions to the nation.

The Krishnaraja Sagar reservoir/Dam across the legendary Cauvery River is round 18km north-west of Mysore. The Brindavan Gardens are located just a level below the dam.Often described as the best example of illuminated terrace gardens in the country, the idea was brainchild of Sir M.Visveshwaraiah and Sir Mirza M ismail, former Dewan of Mysore. The overall design here displays an orientation of Mughal patterns-with garden paths and a shimmering necklace of fountains.On the South bank there is a pavilion, where visitors can get a breathtaking view of the gardens. Other highlights at the gardens include a childrens park, a fisheries station and a hydraulic research station. Adding a touch of sanctity to the place is a beautiful sculpture of Goddess Cauvery at the foot of the dam.The Brindavan GardensGandhi Jis conversation with Visveswaraya In a letter to Visveswaraya in the 1930s, Gandhi wrote, In spite of the strength of my conviction, I have great regard for your fine abilities and love for the country and that shall be unabated(undiminished) whether I have the good fortune to secure your cooperation or face your honest opposition... I see that we hold perhaps diametrically opposite views. My conviction based upon extensive experiences of village life is that in India, at any rate for generations to come, we shall not be able to make much use of mechanical power for solving the problem of the ever growing poverty of the masses.

To which Visvesvaraya replied, You say we hold perhaps diametrically opposite views. You are for developing village industries and I favour both heavy industries and village industries. To the extent that you propose to advance village industries, I am at one with you. I can never persuade myself to take up a hostile attitude towards any constructive work, from any quarter, least of all towards work attempted by one with your brilliant historic achievements in public life... I am in favour of heavy industries because heavy industries will save the money that is going out of the country in large sums every year; heavy industries are required to provide the local manufactures of machinery and equipment required by our railways and for defence forces and heavy industries are required also for supplying machinery and tools for the village industries themselves. I recommend more extended use of mechanical power because it produces results for the country much more rapidly than human power. The object is to get food and commodities required by our people for a decent standard of living as speedily as possible..."

Sir M. Vishweshwarayia was an great Indian Engineer. Every year, his birhtday September 15th is celebrated as theEngineer's Dayin India in his memory.

He was a versatile personality. He not only designed and built large dams and water supply schemes, which was his forte(speciality), but also contributed to industrial development by planning a steel plant, railway system of Mysore, effective technical education for the posterity(succeeding generations) and even a reputed financial institution namely the Mysore Bank.

What made him a unique person was his foresight and grand vision of industrial development which he considered extremely important to alleviate India's poverty. Effective utilization of water resources to provide safe drinking water and appropriate irrigation was his passion. He did not take up large engineering projects unless he was convinced of their techno-economic feasibility, adequate return on investment and serving a social purpose.

Engineers Day : September 15th

His Honesty. To his work

Before accepting the position of Dewan of Mysore, he invited all his relatives for dinner. He told them very clearly that he would accept the prestigious office on the condition that none of them would approach him for favours. Such things areunheardof these days.Subrahmanyam Chandrasekhar

INTRODUCTION Oct 19,1910 Aug 21, 1995Indian American astrophysicist Nephew of Nobel laureate C.V.RamanNobel Laureate in physics with William Alfred Fowler in theoretical structure and evolution of stars. ABOUT HIS LIFEborn inLahore,Punjab,British India ON OCTOBER 19 ,1910 Father was Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Iyer (1885-1960), assistant auditor to the Northwest Railways Mother was Sitalakshmi (1891-1931) Eldest of the four sons and third of the ten childrenHis father was an accomplishedCarnatic musicviolinist who had authored several books onmusicologyHis mother was devoted to intellectual pursuits and had translated Henrik Ibsen'sA Doll's HouseintoTamil.tutored at home initially through middle school and later attended theHindu High School,Triplicane,Madras,British Indiaduring the years 1922-25. studied atPresidency college,Chennaifrom 1925 to 1930, obtaining his bachelor's degree, B.A. (Hon.), in physics in June 1930. In September 1936, Chandrasekhar married Lalitha Doraiswamy, who he had met as a fellow student at Presidency College, Madras, and who was a year junior to him EDUCATION In July 1930, Chandrasekhar was awarded a Government of India scholarship to pursue graduate studies at theUniversity of CambridgeHe studied atPresidency College, Chennaifrom 1925 to 1930, obtaining his bachelor's degree, B.A. (Hon.), in physics in June 1930. In July 1930, Chandrasekhar was awarded a Government of India scholarship to pursue graduate studies at theUniversity of Cambridge, where he was admitted toTrinity Collegeand became a research student of ProfessorR. H. Fowler. On the advice of Prof.P. A. M. Dirac, as part of his graduate studies, he spent a year at theInstitut for Teoretisk FysikinCopenhagen, where he met Prof.Niels Bohr. In the summer of 1933, Chandrasekhar was awarded his Ph.D. degree at Cambridge, The following October, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College for the period 1933-37 He made acquaintances with SirArthur Eddingtonand ProfessorE. A. Milne. MOST NOTABLE WORKAstrophysical Chandrasekhar limitcalculated by Chandrasekhar in 1930 maximum mass of a white dwarf star, ~1.44 solar massesthe minimum mass, above which a star will ultimately collapse into a neutron star or black holeThe limit is the maximum nonrotating mass which can be supported against gravitational collapse by electron degeneracy pressure. white dwarfs are composed of electron-degenerate matter, no nonrotating white dwarf can be heavier than the Chandrasekhar limit. Chandrasekhar Limit plays a crucial role in understanding the stellar evolution mass of a star exceeded this limit, the star would not become a white dwarf continue to collapse under the extreme pressure of gravitational forces. Its formulation led to the discovery of neutron stars and black holes stars are stable, do not collapse because internal pressures balance gravity for every star a time will come when nuclear reactions will cease and that means there will be no internal pressure to match the gravitational pull Depending on the mass there are three possible final stages of a star - white dwarf, neutron star and black hole CAREER1929 to 1939, studied stellar structure, including the theory of white dwarfs1939 to 1943 focused on stellar dynamics 1943 to 1950, concentrated on the theory of radiative transfer and the quantum theory of the negative ion of hydrogen 1950 to 1961, work on hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability 1960s, studied the equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, and also general relativity. 1971 to 1983, studied the mathematical theory of black holes, and, finally, during the late 80s, he worked on the theory of colliding gravitational waves During World War II, Chandrasekhar worked at the Ballistic Research Laboratories at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland He worked on problems ofballistics Two reports from 1943 were titled,On the decay of plane shock wavesandThe normal reflection of a blast wave. From 1952 to 1971 Chandrasekhar was editor of theAstrophysical Journal. 1990 to 1995, Chandrasekhar worked on a project devoted to explaining the detailed geometric arguments in SirIsaac Newton'sPhilosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica using the language and methods of ordinary calculus Chandrasekhar was an honorary member of theInternational Academy of Science. MORE ABOUT HIS CAREERMore about S.ChandrasekharChandra was a popular teacher who guided over fifty students to their Ph.D.s. His research explored nearly all branches of theoretical astrophysics and he published ten books each covering a different topic, including one on the relationship between art and science. . For 19 years, he served as editor of the Astrophysical Journal and turned it into a world-class publication In 1983, Chandra was awarded the Nobel prize for his theoretical studies of the physical processes important to the structure and evolution of stars. In 1999,NASAnamed the third of its four "Great Observatories'" after Chandrasekhar TheChandra X-ray Observatory was launched and deployed bySpace ShuttleColumbiaon July 23, 1999 TheChandrasekhar number, an importantdimensionless number numberofmagnetohydrodynamics, is named after him. Theasteroid1958 Chandra is also named after Chandrasekhar ACHIEVEMENTSChandrasekhar, S. (1958) [1939].An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure. Chandrasekhar, S. (2005) [1942].Principles of Stellar Dynamics. Chandrasekhar, S. (1960) [1950].Radiative Transfer. Chandrasekhar, S. (1975) [1960].Plasma Physics. Chandrasekhar, S. (1981) [1961].Hydrodynamic and Hydro magnetic Stability Chandrasekhar, S. (1987) [1969].Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium. Chandrasekhar, S. (1998) [1983].The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes Chandrasekhar, S. (1990) [1987].Truth and Beauty. Aesthetics and Motivations in Science Chandrasekhar, S. (1995).Newton's Principia for the Common Reader BOOKS BY CHANDRASEKHARChandrasekhar in his early middle and later years

Honours awarded to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Fellow of theRoyal Society(1944)Henry Norris Russell Lectureship(1949)Bruce Medal(1952)Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society(1953)National Medal of Science, USA (1967)Padma Vibhushan(1968)Henry Draper Medal(1971)Nobel Prize in Physics(1983)Copley Medalof theRoyal Society(1984)Honorary Fellow of theInternational Academy of Science(1988)Gordon J. Laing Award(1989)

BY :ANKITA PATHAK SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE BSc.III SUMMER PROJECT TRAINEE IUAC,2010