1Visions of America, A History of the United States CHAPTER 1 Visions of America, A History of the...
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1 Visions of America, A History of the United States CHAPTER 1 Visions of America, A History of the United States Wonder and Woe The Rise of Industrial America, 1865–1900 16 1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
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Transcript of 1Visions of America, A History of the United States CHAPTER 1 Visions of America, A History of the...
1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
CHAPTER
1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Wonder and WoeThe Rise of Industrial America, 1865–1900
16
1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
2 Visions of America, A History of the United States
3 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Wonder and Woe
I. The Emergence of Big Business
II. Creating a Mass Market
III. The World of Work Transformed
IV. Conflicting Visions of Industrial Capitalism
THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL AMERICA, 1865–1900
3 Visions of America, A History of the United States
4 Visions of America, A History of the United States
The Emergence of Big Business
A. Sources of the Industrial Revolution
B. The Railroads
C. Modern Business Practices
D. Rising Concern over Corporate Power
E. Andrew Carnegie: Making Steel and Transforming the Corporation
F. Rockefeller and the Rise of the Trust
5 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Sources of the Industrial Revolution
How did human migration foster American industrialization?
How did government officials defend the practice of making huge land grants to the railroads?
6 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Sources of the Industrial Revolution
Several Factors
1)Raw materials/Cheap labor
2)Development/Adoption of New Technology
3)Government Policy-Land & Loans
-Laissez-faire
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8 Visions of America, A History of the United States
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The Railroads
Large Corporations
Explosion of Railroads
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Modern Business Practices
Incorporation & Stock
Management/Standardization
Work Hierarchy
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13 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Rising Concern over Corporate Power
• Monopoly − The control of an industry or market by one corporation
14 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Andrew Carnegie: Making Steel and Transforming the Corporation
Pauper to Power
Reducing production cost
$40 mil in 1900
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Rockefeller and the Rise of the Trust
• John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company
16 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Rockefeller and the Rise of the Trust
Trust − A legally binding deal bringing many companies in the same industry under the direction of a board of “trustees”
Robber Barons
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Rockefeller and the Rise of the Trust
Sherman Anti-Trust Act − Authorized the Justice Department to prosecute any illegal contract, combination, or conspiracy among corporations that eliminated competition or restrained free trade
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Trusts and Market Power
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Creating a Mass Market
A. The Art of Selling
B. Shopping as an Experience: The Department Store
C. Bringing the Market to the Frontier
D. Selling the World
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The Art of Selling
Production and Consumption
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Shopping as an Experience: The Department Store
Shoppers
Ambience
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Selling to the World
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The World of Work Transformed
A. The Impact of New Technology
B. Hard Times for Industrial Workers
C. Exploitation, Intimidation, and Conflict
D. New Roles and Opportunities for Women
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The Impact of New Technology
Trade to Menial Labor
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Hard Times for Industrial Workers
Long hours, low wage
Danger
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Exploitation, Intimidation, and Conflict
Blacklist − A list of workers who employers in a particular town or industry refused to hire because they were considered troublemakers
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31 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Competing VisionsTHE LEGITIMACY OF UNIONS
Why did labor activists argue that unions were defensive in nature?
Trade unions and labor organizations are despotic toward their members, oppressive to the working class, impertinent, and meddling. They assume rights to control property that is not theirs to control. They are criminal and foolish.
Trade unions are necessary for workers’ protection. They fight against unendurable wages and unjust conduct by employers. Strikes may fail, but things would be even worse if there were no unions to protest and warn against harsh actions.
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New Roles and Opportunities for Women
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Conflicting Visions of Industrial Capitalism
A. Capitalism Championed
B. Capitalism Criticized
C. Power in Numbers: Organized Labor
D. The Great Upheaval of 1886
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Capitalism Championed
Growth, Wealth, Employment
36 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Capitalism Championed
Social Darwinism − The belief that the principles of evolution, which Darwin had observed in nature, also applied to society
–Advocates argued that individuals or groups achieve advantage over others as the result of biological superiority, an idea expressed as “survival of the fittest.”
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Capitalism Criticized
38 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Power in Numbers: Organized Labor
What conditions led to rapid membership growth in the Knights of Labor?
Why did so many workers find the Knights of Labor so appealing?
What role did the press play in promoting a negative impression of labor unions?
39 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Power in Numbers: Organized Labor
Knights of Labor − A labor organization founded in 1869 that in the 1880s accepted workers of all trades and backgrounds and became the world’s largest industrial union
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41 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Images as History
Why did so many Americans come to fear big business in the Gilded Age?
WHY FEAR BIG BUSINESS?
42 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Images as History
Capitalism is supported by “corruption of the legislature” and “subsidized press.”
WHY FEAR BIG BUSINESS?
The knight symbolizes aristocracy and anti-republicanism.
The people vastly outnumber the capitalists.
43 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Choices and Consequences
• The Mundell Shoe Company reduced all workers’ wages, then rescinded the cut when male workers threatened action.
• The company then imposed a wage cut on female workers only.
TO STRIKE OR NOT TO STRIKE?
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Choices and Consequences
Choices Regarding Striking
TO STRIKE OR NOT TO STRIKE?
No workers would strike
Men would remain on the job; women
would strike
Both men and women would
strike
45 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Choices and Consequences
Decision and Consequences• Both men and women agreed to strike.• The strike lasted weeks.• The company rescinded the wage cuts.• The successful action boosted KOL
membership and convinced the KOL to admit women.
What made strikes so risky for workers?
TO STRIKE OR NOT TO STRIKE?
46 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Choices and Consequences
Continuing Controversies
•How should organized labor deal with the rising number of women in the workforce?
TO STRIKE OR NOT TO STRIKE?
47 Visions of America, A History of the United States
The Great Upheaval of 1886
Haymarket Riot − A violent incident touched off when a bomb exploded amid a group of policemen as they broke up a peaceful labor rally in Chicago’s Haymarket Square on May 4, 1886
48 Visions of America, A History of the United States
The Great Upheaval of 1886
What led to the rapid demise of the Knights of Labor?
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50 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Key Points• Railroads were the first big business
– Set the standard for modern business practices• American Economy Boomed1) Raw materials/Cheap labor
2) Development/Adoption of New Technology
3) Government Policy
-Land & Loans
-Laissez-faire
• Rising Concern-trusts• Plight of the Workers
