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Island nafuralist and author ofBirds of Prince Edward Island.described the scene in 1891.Boreal chickadees werc nearly asabundant as black-capped chick-adees and cliff swallows, night-hawks and chimney swifts werecommon.

Today, many of the gulls,blue jays, American robins andgrassland birds such as bobolinksand brown-headed cowbirds aremuch motre common. Skunksand raccoons have been intro-duced, while cats and dogs areever-present in both urtan andrural areas.

Much farmland has revertedto early successional trce species,such as white spruce, that thrivein full sunlight. These trees artnot growing on healthy forestsoils - they often seeded intowom-out agricultural land.Many mixed wood forests on theIsland have high percentages ofshortJived species - poplar, redmaple, and balsam fir. Stands ofmore valuable, longerJivedAcadian species face increasingpr€ssure fiom harvesting and fewwill ever achieve old age. This isthe legary with which we havebeen left.

CHAPTER IIAn introduction to ecosystem management

"A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability andbeauty of the biotic community. It is wmng when it tends otherwise."

Aldo l,eooold, A Sand CounW Almanac

There are twoschools ofwildlife (andforcst) manage-ment. The mostcommon is todecide what

species to manage for (usuallyconsumptive uses, products weconsurne in some way) andensure proper habitat is available.A good example would be water-fowl management arras, where

4

the focus is on production ofducks and geese. Often when wemanage for one narrow purpose,we ciln do great damage to theother'puqposes' in the ecrcslretem.

The other school of thought isallow more natural habitat devel-opment to ensure a stable, mixedpopulation of all the plants andanimals that have evolved tobecome part of that ecosystem.An example of this would bepreserving dune systems and

ffi

protecting the habitat for theanimals that would normally livethere. This method reflects theshift in the L990's from endan-gered'species' to endangered'spaces', since habitat loss is con-sidered to be the grcatest cause ofspecies extinction. It is estimatedthat by the year 200O habitat losswill result in the extinction of50,000 species annuallyworldwide.

We need wood products fromthe forest, whether paper orbuilding supplies or firewood.Yet we are only beginning totealize the value of other forest'prcducts' - clean water, storageof carbory wildlife, food, esthet-ics, erosion contncl, etc. This isnot an issue of wildlife conserva-tion versus industrial use - cre-

forcsts will supply us with farmore benefits, including wood,than tree faruts.

Ecosystem management is theessence of natural selection for-estry - treating the fortst as acommunity of interdependentplants and animals. Fortunately,we still have remnants of Aca-dian forest left on which to build,although it will take vision, hardwork and creativity to put thingsin order. Our choices are clear -u/e can focus on clearcuts andsoftwood plantations, trying tomaintain unresilient, simple treefanns; we can let nature take itsown coulse and, on most sites,progress naturally into mixedforests, a process that will take1m-200 years; or we can workwith nafure, using practices thathelp speed up natural succession.ation or restoration of healthy

An example of natural successionon one Prince Edward lsland siteWhen a cultivated field is abandoned on Prince Edrvard lsland, the forest that originallygrew on there (in most cases the Acadian forest) returns only after a series of short-lived communities have preceeded it. These stages differ in structure and functionfrom the climax forest that will develop.Grasses soon are overgrown by white spruce and\or alder, which in turn give way topoplar, red maple, birch and balsam fir. These are wentuallyreplaced by longer-lived Acadian species, such assugar maple, yellow birch, beech, white pine, redspruce and hemlock.

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