Battery development environment: Design based on principles

Anode

Identification of degradation sitein the battery cell

Analysis from elemental level to battery cell level

(industry-leading analysis)

*Source: Knowledge Hub Aichi http://www.chinokyoten.pref.aichi.jp/

Confirmation of degradation phenomenon

Confirmation of degradation phenomenon

<An example of initiatives toward long service life>

Countermeasures by design

1cm1mm1μm1nm

Cathode

Anode

Elemental analysis of degraded materials

Transmission electronmicroscope

負極活物質Anode

Degraded materialscontaining lithium

<Utilization of advanced analytical equipment>

Knowledge Hub Aichi*

Spring-8

Unknown component?

Lithium carbonate ?

Organic compoundscontaining lithium?

<Use of outside organizations>

An example of a vast experiment<An example of initiatives toward long service life>

・Legal test・In-house standard test

Temperature

60℃

25℃

-30℃

・・・

・・・

・・・

Charging amount

(SOC: State of charge)

100%・・・

Electric current *

・・・

*Depends onbattery typeand degradation status

State ofdegradation Initial stage

・・・

Terminalstage

× × ×

<Battery use conditions based on vehicle running data>Battery Life Prediction

Various analyses from elements to battery cells

Analysis

Safety evaluation

Evolution of battery development environment

• Discovery of innovative materials

• Advanced manufacturing

AI・DXSimulation

Real-world data generation and accumulation

Experimentation Example of battery pack test

Cell evaluation equipment

Example of integrated vehicle and battery development

Understanding battery use environment based on vehicle running data Quick improvement of control system based on battery evaluation results

Battery cell and system evaluation at in-house facilities

Actualvehicle runningdata Temperature, voltage, current, capacity

Acquisition of data on resistance, output, etc.

Running test

Battery pack

500

1,000

1,500

Battery manufacturer A

Battery manufacturer B

Battery manufacturer C

Battery manufacturer DBattery manufacturer E

Number ofapplications

2015 2016 2017 2018Battery manufacturer F

Year of application

The Toyota Group has one of the highest numberof battery-related patent applications in the industry.

Comparison of number of patent applications*

Number of patent applications

*Based on Toyota survey

Future BEVs: Toward further improvement of electricity efficiency

Toward BEVs, pursuing further development of electricity efficiency improvement through technology cultivated through 18 1 million HEVs

Improvement ofelectric power train loss

・Optimal efficiency design and control of the entire power train system・Further expansion of energy regeneration

• Optimum energy and thermal management of the entire vehicle and components

• Reduction of vehicle running resistance to match the electric vehicles

• Ultra light weight• High efficiency• Expansion of area

Improvement of vehicle loss

High efficiencysolar cells

Bipolar nickel-metal hydride battery

Bipolar batteryConventional battery

Cathode

Large current

Compact

Bipolar electrode

Cell２

Cell３

Cell１

Cell２

Cell３

Terminal

Current

Cell１

Anode

Current collector

Separator

Case

Electrolyte

Improving power efficiency: Reducing waste and efficient use of energy

Items to improve power efficiency

Evolved thermal system for the entire vehicle

Reduction of tire rolling resistance Weight reduction Improvement of aerodynamics

③ Heat pump + use of waste heat

② Air conditioning for immediate surroundings

only

① Direct air conditioning

④ Reduction of airventilation loss

Among best in class:

Practical cruising range in winter Appropriately-sized

batteries at reasonable prices