1.Introduction to VLSI

8/2/2019 1.Introduction to VLSI

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INTRODUCTION TO VLSIRaveesh S, Dept of ECE, SIT,Tumkur


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Transistor

The First Transistor -1947

William Shockley, John Bardeen,Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories


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Planar Transistor


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Field Effect Transistor

In 1959 M. M. John Atalla and Dawon Kahng ofFairchild at Bell Labs achieved the first successfulinsulated-gate field-effect transistor (FET)


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Chip classification according to number of

active elements and minimal feature size:


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Why VLSI?

Integration improves the design

Lower parasitics = higher speedLower power consumptionPhysically smaller

Integration reduces manufacturing cost - (almost)no manual assembly


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VLSI Applications

VLSI is an implementation technology for

electronic circuitry - analogue or digitalIt is concerned with forming a pattern ofinterconnected switches and gates on the surfaceof a crystal of semiconductorMicroprocessors

Personal computers Microcontrollers


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VLSI Applications

Memory - DRAM / SRAM

Special Purpose Processors - ASICS (CD players,DSP applications)

Optical Switches

Has made highly sophisticated control systemsmass-producable and therefore cheap


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Moores Law

Gordon Moore: co-founder of Intel

In 1965 Predicted that the number of transistorsper chip would grow exponentially (double every18 months)


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Moores Law


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Moores Law


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Moores Law


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ITRS

International Technology Roadmap forSemiconductors (ITRS)

ITRS, is the fifteen-year assessment

of the semiconductor industrys future

technology requirements. These future

needs drive present-day strategies

for world-wide research and development

among manufacturers research facilities,

universities, and national labs.

ITRS Reports - 2000-2010http://www.itrs.net/home.htmlIn 90s it was known as NTRS (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors )
http://www.itrs.net/home.htmlhttp://www.itrs.net/home.html


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ITRS Interconnect Predictions


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What is a Silicon Chip?

A pattern of interconnected switches and gates on thesurface of a crystal of semiconductor (typically Si)

These switches and gates are made of areas of n-type silicon areas of p-type silicon areas of insulator lines of conductor (interconnects) joining areas together

Aluminium, Copper, Titanium, Molybdenum, polysilicon, tungsten

Connections from the chip to the outside world are madearound the edge of the chip to facilitate connections to otherdevices


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Silicon Wafer


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VLSI - Processors

Millions of Transistors

Need computers toVerify layoutCircuit performanceProcess design, etc.


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Design Methodology

Full Custom DesignDirect control of layout and device parametersLonger design operationFaster OperationMore Dense

Standard cell DesignEasier to implementLimited cell library selections


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Design Methodology

Gate Array or

Programmable Logic array Design

Fastest design turn aroundReduced performance


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Stages in The CAD process


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Levels of Abstaction


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CAD TOOLS

Cadence, Synopsys, Mentor Graphics are the major

(Electronic Design Automation) EDA software toolvendors.Xilinx, Altera, Actel holds the major market share inFPGA/CPLD.Tanner, Microwind.


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Assignment-1

Q1.Compare and contrast the following technologies

BJT and CMOS

Q2. Write short notes on ITRS


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TEXT Books:

Introduction to VLSI Circuits andSystems - John P Uyemura,

John Wiley 2002

Basic VLSI Design Douglas A.Pucknell & Kamran Eshraghian,

PHI 3rd Edition (Original Edition 1994), 2005


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REFERENCE Books:

Principles of CMOS VLSI Design-Neil H. E. Weste and Kamran

Eshraghian, 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley, 1993.

CMOS Digital Integrated circuits Sung-Mo Kang, Yusuf Leblebici,

Third edition, TMH

1.Introduction to VLSI

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