1B Chuong02._Khai_luoc_LSTH_truoc_Mac_B._Triet_hoc_phuong_Tay.pdf

7/28/2019 1B Chuong02._Khai_luoc_LSTH_truoc_Mac_B._Triet_hoc_phuong_Tay.pdf

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B. LCH S TRIT H

I. Trit hc Hy Lp cII. Trit hc Ty u th

.i

IV. Trit hc c in

C TY U TRC

CiTrung c

c


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I. TRIT HC

1. Hon cnh ra i vHy lp l mt quc gi

Trit hc Hy Lp c i

TrsCN, trong iu kinn . g n co bit ni. Cuc u tran

giai cp ch n rt gay----------------------------------------------------------------------------Tham kho: Bn Hy Lp c i(*)

Y LP C I

c im ng Nam chu u

ra i t th k VI

h n l ang thnh

c ng c, ng vh gia giai cp n l v

t.


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Sphn cnggialachn taydn n shnngtr c chuyn nghin

Spht trin ca ththng nghipv hnghi cahn lo t nhn trkincho s pht trin cha,ngh thut.

Hng trm nh ncthnh lp (minh ncnvi trm nghn dn,

gia,chung quanh l vng

ngtr c v laongthnh mt tng lplao

cu trit hcv khoahc.ng nghip,nngnghip,i Hy Lp dn ns raun tm th v t o iu

trit hc,khoa hc, vn

hnh th (city state)cc khong t chcnghn mttrung tm th

nng thn.


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Aten v Spartal h

Atenl trung tm cngtheoch dnch.Thnh bangSparta

li cho vicpht trinqunch.Cuc chintranh p

chc nmlm cho HyHy lpc mt nn v

trin rc r trongthi c

i thnh bangln nht.

nghip, thng nghi

t ai rng ln, thunng nghip,theo ch

lopne ko di hngpsuyyu.n ha v khoahcpht

i.


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Cc mn khoahc t

hc, vtl hc,thinvchnh tr hc,v.v.. cging dy cc trngPlatn snglp Atenn

Aten cng ccoi lutinca th gii.

n cui th kII trchinhphc, nhngHy Lv vnha trong chL

hin v xhi, nhton

hc, trit hc,lgichc,nghin cu v a vohc. Vin Hn Lm do

m 387 TrsCNccoi l

qucgia cnndn ch

c CN, HyLp bLa Mvn givai tr nngctM.


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Trit hcHy Lpc- Trit hc gn vikhoah

cng ng thil nhngnh- CN duyvt chtphc v- Cctrngphitrit hc

giai cp chn. Cc quann cu c u ran o v cutranhgiahai phi dncgiaicp chn (ng li

- Csgiao lu vi vn),nn trit hcHy Lp c phng ng.

t s c im nh :c tnhin, cc nhtrit hchoahc tnhin.phpbin chng tphtHyLpl th giiquanca

im ca hkhngch phnn , m c n cu chv qunchtrongni bmcritv ng liPlatn).a phng ng (Arp, nng chu nh hng trit h


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a) Talet (Thales, 6h tonhc,thinvnc, mttrongby nghi H L c i.

2. Mt s trit gia tiu

onhc utin, ngia mn hnhhc vialetni ting.

4-547):c, triti thngl nh

iu

snglpnh l


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L nhtrit hc,nduyvtcho rngncgii.

Theo Talet,tt cs

binthnh nctron,S d Talet chon

tr,v ng quan sttvt u m t Htc bn cht m t.

ngtrn lp trngl bnnguynca th

nh ra t ncv tan

mt vng tunhon.l bnnguynca v

y Thc n ca mging ca mi vt


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Anaximan (610 ca Talet li cho rngmt dng vt cht ukhng xc nh. T apnhn mt i l nh

Anaximen(585 -cho rngkhng kh lc.

- 546) hc tr hoc bn vt c sinh ra ttin lApyrn, l ciyrn ny sinh rann - lnh, kh- t.

25), hc tr caTaletngun gcsinh ratt


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(546-480 TrsCN). Sinh(Ephesus) Iony, vng Tithuc Th Nh K. ng l

hc duy vt, ni ting vi

b. Hraclit

tng bin chng.+ V bn th lun: ng cho

la . La tt i sinh ra vn vtla theo con ng chuyn hLa hi lngRn lng hi

phed u , naynh trit

hng t ng bn nguyn ca v tr

v vn vt chy ln thnha i xung v i ln.nla


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ng ni:V trny lunthnthnh hay do conngilsl mt ngn lamunii theonhngquylut nht

(This universe, which is the same f man, but it always has been, is, and wilregular measures and going out by regul

Tt c mi vt utraovn vt nhhng ha traoi

hngha.(All things are an exchange for fire,

and gold for goods).

lun lnh vy,n khng dm ra; n, angv mi msinhngbng chy ln vth.r all, has not been made by any god

l be an ever-living fire, kindling itselar measures).

i vi lav la trao i vvivng v vng traoi v

and fire for all things, as goods for g


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ng lngisnglprc i. T tng bin chtrongnhngcu chm ng

ng chorng vn vtkmtdngchy.

Mi vt utri chy(Everything flows and nothinChngta va tn ti, va

are not).Bnkhngth lihai ln

v dngnckhcang lincould not step twice into the

are ever flowing onto you)..

phpbin chngduyvtg cangc th hin

n ni ting.ng ngng bin i nh

v khng c gng ynstands still).khngtn ti(We are and

xungcngmtdng sng,tc chy vphabn. (Yousame river, for other water


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Hraclit nu rat tng v

thuntrongs vt, hin t nocngbao hmnhng mtng ni:Cng mtci t

thcv ng, trv gi.Cc mt i lplm tinc mtkia. Bnh ttlm c

lm cho cithincao c h chu hn.

Cc mt i lpc th chulnh i,ci lnhnng ln. C

Ngi ng thicoi ng

s tn ti ph bin camu

g. Bt c s vt, hin ti lp.rong chng ta -sngv cht,

cho nhau, cmtny mio sc khequ hn,ci c, ci i lm cho ci nod

ynha lnnhau. Cinngtkhi, ci kht li.

nhtrit hc ti ngha.


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Ph. ngghen vit; Ci thnhngxt v thc chtth ngtrit hcHy Lp c iv lnbymtcch r rng:mi vt tn ti,v mi vt angtri i,i, mi vt ukhng ngngtr.35].

V l lun nhn thc ,ngun t cmgic. Tuy nthng b la, biv tnhiDo , nhn thc phicht,quylutca s vt, hi

gii quan banu,ngy th, l th giiquancacc nhutin cHraclit trnhu tn tiv ng thi likhngmi vt ukhngngngthaypht sinh v tiuvong [t.20,

ng chorngnhn thc btin, ng chorng thgic

n thchgiu mnh.t tici logos, tcbnn tng.


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c) mcrit(460-37

L nhtrit hc v bch khoa. n sinhnhiu ncsauv sn

ng hiu bit su rnton hc, o c hc,hc, thin vn hc, m

TrsCN)

i, c ucpde, i Aten.

g nhiu lnh vc nhm l hc, sinh vthc, ngn ng hc, v.v


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- V ngun gc ca v u tin to nn v tr khngthphn chia

Nguyn t l ht vtphn chiac na. Nguchkhc nhauvhnh dt sp xp tonnnhng

Nguyn t lun lu

khng (khng gian).V trhnh thnh dostrongcn lcnguynt.

tr : ng chorng c sl nguyn t (atomos:

).cht nh nhtkhng thyn t ng nht v chg, kchthc, t th, tr

vt thkhc nhau.vn ngtrong chn

va chmcanguynt


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V con ngi :

nim thnthnh sinh rng a ra t tnngitrn trit nh

ha t nhin. Linhhto tnguyn t clinhng.

mcrit bc b quan

conngi.v s xut hinconl kt qu ca s ti

con ngi c cu nh c u, nng rc v


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V chnh tr, ngphi ch n dn ch,Platn. Tuy nhin, nghpl.

Lnin coicuc uuy v v c ng al cuc utranh gia

li mcritv ng

ng trn lp trng cachng li ng l

vncoi ch n ll

tranh gia ch nghay m y p c hai ng li: ng

iPlatn.


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nimtn ti vnhchn thc. S vt ci, chl ci bngc

khng chnthc. niml bn cht

l c s thng nht cca v tr.

cu, bt binl tn titnh lun lunbin

nim,nn ltn ti

hungca mi s vta th gii,l linhhn


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+ Hc thuyt v n

rng nhn thcl sv th gii nimc tr Platn chorng nh

s nhn thcci bngnhng ki n thc(opinl trithcchnthc.

Chc nhn thcl tnim mi t ntri th

n thc : Platn cho

i tngcalinh hnc th gii vt cht.thc cmtnh ch l

ca nim, ch cho taions), chkhngphi

nh, tc nhn thckhic chnthc.


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+ Hc thuyt v nh

Platn ph phncba loh ncqun ch,nhn ch. Theo ng, nhnnghabaogm3 ng c-

mvua.- Vbinhbo vx hi.- Ngilaong sn xut

Hnhthcnhncl ti thc hin cv: trocbao i cn l nhn

c l tng :

i nhnc tng tn t:cqun phit,nh nc l tng l nh np:

.

nui sngx hing caPlatn khng bag x hic giaicp,nhc ca iaic thn tr.


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e) Arixtt (Aristotle)Arixtt (384-322sinh Stagira, Macedoni

17 tuivo hc ti Vin

caPlatn v 20n

Arixttl nh khoahcnghincu nhiu lnh vhc, lgic hc, tm lchnhtr hc

TrsCN)a. Nmn lm

.

c uc bch khoa. nc: vtl hc,sinhhc, tric, o c hc, m h


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Nm335 trsCN Ari

hcringgil Hc vinTrng tn b,v nghctr trong khii do.gil phi tn b(Perip

Arixtt ph phnhPlatn vhc thuytnvt cmtnh. Arixtt ctn titrongbnthn

trcv ngois vt;

tt thnhlp mt trn

(Lyceum) hay cngilc thi quen traoi victr cangcng c

atetics)

c thuyt nim catchri nim vi so rng bn cht s v vtkhngth tn t


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Trong Thinvn hvt chtc gii hn,nnm trung tm.Quyu t; t, nc, la,k bi mt yu t th nm

ng khng nhlin

nukhng cc th.ng chia linhhn tlinhhn ng vtv li

conngil loilinhh

, Arixtt coiv trl c hnhcu, qu t c tothnht4

hng kh.Tri c tl te.

hnkhng th tn t

nh linh hn thc vth hnl tnh. Linhhn

n l tnh.


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+ V nhn thc:Arixtt chorng n

nhn thc cmtnh, tquan. ng c cophng php khoa

.Aixtt dnhc c

khi lng ln nhnst c (mcd cnlmc s chovtl h

n thc bt ngun squan stbnggic

i l ngi cha ca c c s dngcho

c i tch ly mt

s kin, c liuquanc khng tnhm lnc.


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Tuy coinhn thc c

ca nhn thc nhngAritrng ca nhn thcl t duytru tng .

+ Lgchc:

L ngi t nn tngca lgc hnhthc: quyphi muthun,quylut lo

ng xutra tamo3 phnon: haitin ,

tnh lim xutpht

tt nhn mnh tmquanh, tc nhn thc bngt

.cho cc quylut c bnlut ng nht,quy luti trci thba.

lunl hnhthcsuy ct kt lun.


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- Phi duythc (realism)Chorngci chung, ciph

rc th gii vt cht. N lhucvos vt c th.Cc i biu: guyxtanh (St.rigiena (John Scotus Erigena, 81nxem(St. Anselm,khon 1033-1- Phi duy danh(nominalis

Cho rngci chung, ciph

hc t. N ch l tngimin tng.i biu: Rxelanh Cngpienh

1050-1125), Pie Abla (Pierre Ab

William of Ockham, 1300-1350).

bin,khiniml thc ticthc thtinh thnkhngph

Augustine, 354-430),Ginxc5-877),Tmat Aquin(1225-1274109).

) bin,khi nimkhng c tn

con ngi tcho ccs v (Roscelin de Compigne,khonlard, 1079-1142),Guyliam ccam


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Nh thn hc ni tingtrungc. Trit hc cangth coi l hc thuytduy nnv lylmh t tng c

b) Tmat Aquin(Thomas

Tmatiuha gia nim s ng n ca nhng tn nhng yu t duy tm trongquannim v ng lc ut chngminh chos tn

Ty ucNht nga mnh.

quinas, 1225-1274)

tin v l tr , chng minh chouKit gio. Tmatk thahc thuyt caArixtt nhin, v mc ch,hnhdngti ca Thng .


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Tmt coinhngtri thtr , tri thctrong cc sch t

Cmgic, l tr v lngvi nhau. Nhn thc btnhng t liu cmtnhchv l tnhphi cnng

thn, Thng .Theo Tmat, lng tin t

cacon ngi,v lng tinth,Tmat coitrit hc ch

c trit hcl chn l ca l nh lchn l calng tin.

tin tn gio khng muthunngun t cmgic, nhng th c hiu bngl tnh,ln trnh lng tin lnh

,

n gio caohnl tr nhb

c ngun gc thnthnh. Vl y t catn gio.


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+ V mi quan h gia

Tmat ngtrn lp trchorngci chungtn ti1) Tn ti trc s vt

;

T3) Tn tisau s vttr

bngconng tru t

ci ring v ci chung,

ng duy thcn ha. ngtrn 3phng din:trong tr tu ca Thn

ong tr tu cacon ngig ha.


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Tm ra chuMnm1492Tng lp t snxut hin.

ngy cng nng cao. Mutgiaicp a chqutcng

Khoahc, c bitl thi

Ngh thutcngphttrin

Vai tr kinht-x hi canun gia tng lp t snvcng phttrin.vn hcphttrin mnh.

phong pha dng, ivoca.


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c im ca trit hc th

Cc nhtrit hc

v khoatrit hcv khoahcra khi sCc nh khoahcara

thuyt atm,y l mtth

caNhth .Cc nh tri t hc chadnghaduy vt,quan imvquanimthn lunhay phi bcvai trca Thng v

i k ny:c tng bc u

tranhtch kimsotcatn gio.huyt nhttm chng lch thc ln i viuy quyn

m cng khai tuynb chthn. H thng ngtrnm thn lun h thp mGiohi.


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Niclai Cpecnic(Nicolaus Copernicus,1473-1543)

+ Mt s nh tr it hc t

trit hc ng i Ba Lan. a rathuyt nht tmchng li thuyt a tm

iu biu

.


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Nhngquan st thinng xcnhntnhng Cpecnich. Galil cnghincu cc quylutlut ca s ri caccvt

Trong llun nhn thsng thuy t Arixt t mtch nghakinhvingio

dng mtcch c hnghimkhoa hc, vihhc, nhtl m hnh hahin tng tnhin.

vn caGalil gip chon ca thuyt nhttmcang gp ln trong vicchuyn ng c hc,quyth.

, Galil ph phnvicpch m qung, ph phiu,l ngi utin p

hng phngphp thch thcm hnh ha tonhnhhc giithch cc


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2. Trit hc Ty u c+ iu kin lch s XhiTy uth kXthc sn xut t bn ch

muthungaygt vi ch

cuccchmng t sn: C

Cchmngphp(1789-17+ Khoa hc tnhin c

trnh phn ngnh.C hcPhngphp thc nghirngri trong khoahc.

n i(Th k XVII-XVIII)

I-XVIII lthi kphnnghapht trin mnh m,phongkin dn ncc

ch mngAnh(1642-1648

94). bc tin nhy vt. Qu

Niutnl phttrin nh.c cao v pdn


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Phranxi Bcn(Francis Bacon, 1561-1626

Lun n, hc Cambrid e, c bu vo

+ Cc trit gia tiu bi

Anh, c phong chc B t

Ph. Bcn l nh trit hc dch ngha kinh nghim Anh.

), sinhi hc vin

u

c.

y vt, c coi l ng t c


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Bcn cao vai tr

thc migip cho connnhin vnh chinhphtnhin.

ng c cu nini tin ng cng ni: Tri thc

hp lilmmt; biv bt c

c nhn thcth hiu qukhin c gii tnhin thv ci g l nguyn nhn trquyluttrong qu trnhhot

ca tri thc. Ch c tri

i hiu bitquy lut tc c nhng sc mn

g.

sc mnh cacon ngi nino m nguyn nhn

cng c em li. iu phi phctnggii tnhn;ng s quan st thcng l

ng.


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Bcn xutlgic quynctrong thc t bng phmic thrt rac nhng

Bcn cao vai trcaccoi l ngt ca ch n

ng,cmgic lngun gc c s dng ttlgic quyn

phi khc phc bn loi Idols).

p; t nhng s kinquan stng php quynpchng taguyn l, quylut.tri thckinh nghim,v thha kinh nghimAnh. Theo

a nhn thc; mitri thc u. p, theoBcn, trctincn

tng (Latin: idola, Anh


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o tng cng cng xutpht t sgiao tipBcn c bit nhn mchunggy ra.

o tng nh ht (

vo tronguc connghckhc nhauv nhngBcncoi nhng h thng trit hc cngdintrn snkhu, biv theosxt onchngqua chi lnhng v kch i dinchophong cchnhtrn snkhu,khng chntht

(Idols of the Forum)lac nhnvi cng n.h ssai lmdo ngn ng

Idols of the Theater)

i nhnggio iu trig php chngminh khn

ging nh nhng v kch csng tc vbiati, tt c nhng h thng ccho lnhng th giido chnhhsngtora, theom.


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Tmat Hpb (Thomas Hobbes, 1588- 1Hpb sinh Westport,

ncAnh, tt nghip Tr hcOxfordnm1608.

Trong quanimduyrng i tngnghincv vn ng,nhng chmang tnh siu hnh, my

79)iltshire,ng i

vt camnh,Hpb chou ca trit hcl vt cht

ngha duy vt cangmc.


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Hpb coi conngi n bntnh tnhincaconcon ngi chtm cchring cac nhn mnh.ngil c c, ti t,

cn (solitary,poor, nastx hicon ngil cchng li tt c (

everyone)v trongcucch tn ticho khinimv bt cng.

mtci my, chorngngil chkv cc;thc hin nhng lichH. m t cuc sngcon

bn thu, cc v thin

, brutish, andshort);c chi ntranhca t t car of everyone agains

chinny thkhngcv ngv sai, cngbng


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Giiphp duynhtchol mi ngi phi tha tquynduy nht,c to buc mi ngi chphnbnh.

Trn c s lplunnhra mt kh cx hicng dnvi nhau, tro

thun t b trngthi ttngmt quyn lc tuytl nh vua hayngh vin.

tnhtrngny theoHpbuntun theomtchnhquyn, mnh blut lv sngtrong ho

th, Hpb tng t(a socialcontract) giag micng dntha

nhin vt nguyn phi, quyn lcny cth


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Hpb phn i quyn lcho rng quyn canh n th . Tuy nhin, ng chorngnh nc, l cngcgip n phctng nhnc, chkh

Trong llun nhn thc,

hoc trc tip hocgin tiptrngduy danh vph nhn

ph bin.

caGio hong La M. n phicao hn quyn canhn giocngrt cn thitcho nccai tr. Nh th phig phi ngc li.. chorng cmgic cngun

. Tuy nhin H.ngtrn lps tn ti caci chung, ci


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Rn cact (Ren Desc1650), nh trit hc, ton hhc Php.cact sinh La Haye,m Touraine nc Php

cact c nhiu nggng ccoi lngisnghcphn tch (analytic geohnh hcv s hc. ngtrit hc hin i.

artes, 1596-, nh khoa

th trn nh

vton hcv vtl hc.lp(cngviGalil) rahnhetry) cicu ni lin giac coi lngisng lpra


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Trong tcphm Thuyt t b nm1637 v tcphmnm1644 , cact ara nxutpht chonhn thc.

Nguyntcny c nghli nimtin m qung.T s

Chc iug c crnhmchkhng cn gymmi tr thnhchn l .

rnh v phng php cng guynl trit hc cngbuyntcnghing lmim

a tch cctrongvic chngnghing,chng ta tchcc.ngminhmtcch r rng,tcht nghing nonath


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T snghi ng, cacttn ti ca bnthn mnh.

nghi ng s tn ti ca thmnh, nhng victi angmnh lmt thc tkhngt

M nghing c nghaln i n kt lu n:

Ti tduy,vyth tit(Latin: Cogito ergo sum; Ph

Cng bng phngphpchngminh s tn ti catnhca Thng .

i n chngminh chosng lp lun rng,ti c th

giiv ngayc c th cnghi ng trong uc canghing c.duy. Vi lp lun nh v

n ti: Je pense, donc je suis).

nghi ng, cact tm cchThng v mt s thu


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Vi vic cao vai trcc mt nghatchcc nhtl tnh cth chngminh suy lun din dch, cact (rationalism).

cact tha nhnc nh,

sinh ra.Tiuchun cachn l the

lc,khng gy nghing ca t

tduy, trit hc ca cacnh, nhng vi viccho rngc tt c bngphng php rivo ch nghaduy l

ng nim bmsinh (innate

o cacl tnh r rng,mch

tng,


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V bn th lun, . nlun, tha nhnhai thc thtitn ti, c Thng kt h

Mcd vy,trong vt l nhiu yu t duyvt .

ng chov trl vt cht .

V trv tn, tn ti vnh vinVt cht c cutrc t nh

phn chianv cng.Khng gian vthigian lth

nglun lungn lin vi vt thnhin, ngch hiu vn ngl v

trn lp trng nhnguynh thnv vt chtsong song

p li.hc ca cact cha n

hnh thnht chuyn ngxoy

.ng ht nh, nhngchng cth

ctnhgn lin vi vt th. Vnv khngthtiudit c. Tuy

n ng c gii.


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Xpinda khc phccact khikhng nhl nn tngv l bn chin tng. Tuy nhin, nh thc thc thuct

Thcra tduy ch l thuc t chccao l nong

thuctnh chungca vt ch

c nhnguynlun caThc thl ci duynht,t chung ca mi s vg li nhm lnkhi khngh chung lqungtnh v

c tnh ca mt dng vt chm thi,chkhngphil

).


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Xpinda phnbit t(C th hiu nh sphnth). Dng thc l nhnnht ca thc th. Thcthcthi lun lunvn u.

Con ng i ng il mCon ng i cng c qunhn v th xc).Linh hca c th. Khng th c l

c th vi dng th bit gia vt cht vi g dng tn ti c th, hth bt ng, cndngng v tun theolutnhn

t dng thc ca thc th.tnh v t duy (tc lil chc nng hot nnh hn tch ri c th.


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Gin Lcc (John Lo

Locke sinh Wrington, Somersm 1652, Locke hc Trng t nghip cao hc nm 1658, gingy (1661-1664).

oc e p ttr n c ng atr catri thc xutpht tkdo suydin em li.

Trongtiu lun: Bnv s hiu bi HumanUnderstanding,Lockekhng gc t cmgic hoc s phn nhreflection).

ke, 1632-1704)

t nc Anh.i hc Oxford,dy trng

n ng im, n n mn vanh nghim, ph nhntri thc

cacon ngi (An Essay Concerningnh: Tt c mi t tng uc ngun

(All ideas come from sensation


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Lockeph nhntri th nim ca cacv Laibntrcgic.

ng chorng ucch l mttm bng tr mt t i trnkhkhng cbt k nim gcharacters, without any id

Nh c kinhnghimln tm bng .

tin nghim, bc bquant vt tng bmsinh v

on ngikhi misinh ra g (tabula rasa), tc nh

c bt k tnh cht (white paper, void of aas).

nhngtri giccin


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Theo Locket tng cat squan sts vtbn ngbn trongca uc (mtrong).Thtra, hailoi hotl nhn thc cmtnhv nh

Mcd Locke thy c skha o n n c, n ng n c c anhau v cht lng , trnh thpcao,onhay hai trnhkhc nhau nycgicc.

conngic haingun gc:i v t hot ngsuy ngh ocke gi l cmgic bnngnyca nhn thcchnhthcl tnh.

nhau v phng thc hot ng coc e c ng y cs ccng nh milin h giahai giainhn thc. nggi chaiul cm


72/113

Trong Hai chuyn lun v Government) (1690),Locke blc thnthnhcanh vchchuynchv ara phdns, v quyn t

quantrngl quyn s hLockeng h tdo t

ncra khitn gio.

chnh ph (Two Treatises ofc bquannim v quya, ph nhn ch qunquannim v mt chnnhin.

,.

n ngngv s tch nh


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ngsinh trong mt gia nh q Nam Ailen. ng l nh trit hc,hc, gio ch, ng trn lp tr tm ch quan.

Gioocgi Beccli(Geor

Becclicho rng mtnhng tp hpcc csensations)hocnhng tnh (collections of ideas(*)

tc tong duy

e Berkeley,1685- 1753)

s vt, hin tng ulm gic (collections otp hpcc nim cm) tronguc conngi.


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G. Beccliph nhn t

vt, hin tng v chogic(esse is percipi).T lp trngduy tmchquan,

ng , B. chuynsanglp trngduy tv tr,khi khng cti hoc mt ndng ca v tr cng tn ti, nuncu , tc Thng .

B. bcbkhinim vt

ph nhntnh khch quanc

ti khch quanca s

ngtn til ctrihc phc sv lcach nghaduykhch quan. Chng hn,khi nivino khc tri gic, thtt c s actri gicbi mt Tinh thn vnh

ht ca ch nghaduyvt,

khng gian,thigian. (*)


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Hium sinh Edinburg, Scotlandmt nh trit hcduy tm ch q pht trin t tng ca Becclich ngha hoi nghi v thuyt kh

bit .

vit Hium(David Hu

Hiumph nhn s tn ti c ph nhn thc th vt cht.

tng vtri gic cmtnh.Theo H. tri gic c th chia thnhhai lp hamc sc mnh v sc sng (degrees of forcenht thng c gi lt tng (thoughts)ha

gi l n tng (impressions).

. Hium l an. ngt hp ving th

e, 1711-1776)

a Thng , ng thi c. quy tt c s vt, hi

hai loi(two classes or species) khc nhau and vivacity). Loi t mnh v t sinh ng

quan nim (ideas).Loi th hai c Hium

Theo Hium t tng caco

ngi mcd c nhng tdo


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Theo Hium,t tng caconht nh, nhng nuxem xtk nhng phmvi rt hn hp,v sdn ginl kh nng lpghp,nhng t liudo cmgic v kincompounding, transposing, aumaterials afforded us by the senseChn hn,khi tan h v mt hai nim c lniv vnCngtheo H., nim v Th thng minh, uyn bc v thnhth

hot ng ca uc chng ta l phm cht caconngi nh l

ngi mcd c nhng tdoth thychngb gii hntrong

c mnhsngto ca t tng chon v, tngln haygim xungnghim em li(the faculty of

menting, or diminishing ths and experience).i vn th ch n inl h li vinhau.g vitnh cch lmt tn tin cng xutphtt s phnnh

tnglnmtcch vhn nhngg thinv thngthi.


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79/113

Theo Hium,mitri thc Nhn thckhngphil nhl nhn thcqu trnh tm lCon ngikhngbitg ngkhngtha nhn nhn thclL tnh ch l n l ca n

.Hium l nhtrit hcv

, ph nhn ngun gc thn

udo kinhnghim em l.n thc th giibn ngoi, mbn trong conngim thi.i cmgic camnh. Hiumtnh. ng chorng:ng am m(Reason is the

thn. ng ph nhn Thnthnhcanhnc.


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81/113


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enni ir(Denis Diderot,1713-17

ngsinh Langres, Php.L nhtrit hc,nhvn,nhviph bnhngh thut,l ngi c

Bch khoa tonth Phpgm3

ir tp hp c mt i ngvn, nh khoahc nhm mc chth

imcchmng chng liccth lc pBsch lytn l Bch khoa tongh thut v ngh nghip (Encycsciences, des arts et des mtiers).

4),

t kch,nh bin b

5 tp.

in son gm nhngnhtrit hc,nhng quabsch ny tuyn truyn quan

hn ngtrong nhncv nhth .th,hay t inl tnhv khoa hc,lopdie ou dictionnaire raisonn de


83/113

V bn th lun,irc mt thc th, ctrong cothc th vt cht . Vt chtc qungtnh, c hnhthcv

Vn ngkhng ch l di

ngim. Tuy nhin,ir ng c g .Theo ng,kt cuv trn

qu trnhtinha lu dica

tinthnca thuyt tinha.

khng nhtrong v tr ch n ngi ln ng vt, lao gmtonbcc vt th lun lunvn ng.ngm cn baogm c

ch ni nhnh thc vnthi vt thl kt qu catnhin. Quannimny l


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V con ngi,Diderotthng nht gia c th vcht ca tduy. Linhhnlca con ngi. ng bcbkhi c th.

V l lun nhn thc, Di

sinh-tm l vnhn thcvcoi cmgic lngun gc,

trnhnhn thc,l tr,tduthu thp s kin,l tr kttras kt hp .

khng nhcon ngil ththc. C thl kh quanv

tng th cc hin tng tm lquan nim vlinh hn tc

erot nhn mnh s ph th,

o kinhnghim trc tip. ng giaion th nhttrong qu

l giaion thhai.Cmgicpchng, thc nghim ki

i i

l kh h kh h


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ir cao vai trcakhoa hc vtrang cho conn

n v th gii,lm cho congio gioch em li nhngmm yu i.

ng thing cng nh,

Bc utin i ti tripremier pas vers la philosophi

V chnh tr -x hi,iyu ca ch phongkin,t bn.

l tr khoahc, khng nhgi nhngquan nim ng

gi mnhthm ln; cn tno tng,lm cho conngi

mnhvai tr ca snghi.

t hcl snghi ng(Lee, c'est l'incr).

r chngminhs sp t s thng li ca ch ngh


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c im chung ca trit h

c Php th k XVIII


87/113

c im chung ca trit h+Trit hcPhp th kXV

giai cp t sn ang ln, ctngchocuccchmng t+ cao vai trca trit h

thcquy lutv sc mnh t

tnhin.

+ V bn th lun, cc nhduy vt v thn, chng li thKhng nh vt cht, tnhilun lunvn ng. Vn ca vt cht. Tuy nhin,chXVIII nhn chung l siu hnh

c Php th k XVIIIII-XVIII lth giiquan c

chc nng chun b v msn.c v khoahctrongvic nhnhin, gip conngilmch

trit hc ngtrn lp trngiiquan duy tm, tn gi

l thc thduynht. Vt chg do nguyn nhn bn tro

ngha duy vt Php th k v my mc.

+ VconngiCoi conn il sn phm ca tnhin


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+ V conngi. Coi connl ththng nht gia c th

t, linh hn tch ri c th. phm cahon cnhv gikhicch nhnnhnmy mc

+ V nhn thc: cao v

ca thc n himkhoa hc, Nhn mnh s thng nht gitnh v coithc nghiml ti

il sn phm ca tnhin, thc. Bcblinhhn bt

Nhn cch conngil sndc. Tuy nhin,cha thotvconngi.i tr nhn thckinhnghim,

hn li nimtin m un .a tduy vi nhn thc cchun kimtra chn l.

V h h hi h

h ki


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+ V chnh tr- x hi: chntngchnhtr cagiaicp t x hi: Nh ncl do s tnhn dnlp ra. cao hChng quyn lcphongkin

+ V vn tn gio: V,

Chngminhrngtn gioTuy nhin,h ch thy ngu

ngun gcx hi catn gi b tn giobngcch giogiitu hnh.

phongkin,tuyntruyn t sn. ara thuyt kh ha thun giacc tng lpnh thc nh ncdn ch.v Nhth .ch trn bn chttn gio v

.l do conngisng tora.n gc nhn thc, cha th

o, v th h ch trngxadc qunchng v tiudit

4 Trit hcc in c


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4. Trit hca) Hon cnh lch s:

VocuiTK XVIII,uTnc PhngTy khc th ctr.

Nc ccn b phn chi

nh tch bit nhau. Cngnghip b nh n.

Triu nhvua PhFriedrtr ch qunchphongki

Tuy lc hu vkinh tvc sphttrincaov vn

c in c

XIX,nc cso vi mt sn lc hu vkinh tv chn

thnhnhiu tiu vng qu

ghip chapht tri n, nng

ch Wilhelmvnngoancduythint.

chnhtr, nhng nc cha, khoahcv ngh thut.

T it h l t it h

gi i t l


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Trit hc cl trit hgiai cp tha hip vi triu

nn trit hc cc tnhbocchmngnh trit hcPhp.Mtkhc, dotipthu dis

tha nhngthnhtu mitro,

vi trit hcTy utrc .Trit hc c in c t

phcv phttrinphpbinqun trongsut thi ktrung

cagiai cp t sn c,lnh phongkinchuynch,

th, tha hip,khngtrit n vnha truyn thngv kng khoahc tnhinu th

Cant nHghen khi

hng truyn thng blng n cn i.

b) Cc trit gia tiu b u


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Immanuen Cant (Immanuel Kant,1724-1804)sinh Konigsberg (na

Kaliningrad, Nga).

b) Cc trit gia tiu b

Trit hc ca Cant l

duyvt vi ch ngha

dngha kinh nghim vinghahoi nghi.

l

u

Tn Kant

phatrn gia ch ngh

uy tm siunghim, ch

h nghaduy l vch

Kaliningrad

Trong thi k trcph ph

Cant ch yunghincu v


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Trong thi k trcph phcc vn khoa hc tnhin.ca Cant cha ngt tng du

Cant coi v trl vt cht,trin; ccvt thlun lunvn qua lcht vlc y. Trong tthuyt bu tri, Cant ara gi

.nh hng ca thy triu nvtrit.

Chnh vvy, Cant cPhcngtph vo quanimsiutrin caphpbin chngtrongt

, Cant ch yunghincu vc thuyt vkhoa hc tnhin

yvt v bin chng . qu trnh hnh thnh v phtngv tngtc lnnhau thngc phm Lch s t nhin v l thuyt v s hnh thnhv tr

ng quay chung quanhtrc ca

. ngghen nhgi lngichnh vm ucho chosphtit hc c in c.

Thi kph phn: (t au 1770) Kanttptrungnghi


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Thi k ph phn: (t cu nhng vn trit hctrn phm: Ph phn l tnhthunt(1788),Ph phnnng lcphn x

C. ara quannim v in-themselves),mt mt th

ca s vttrong th gii, nhchngt n ti t n, bn chConngi ch nhn thc ca vt tn trong kinhnghthi. L tnh conngikhng nhn tn ti.

au 1770) Kanttptrungnghitinh thnph phnvi nhngtc(1781),Ph phn l tnhthc ti

t (1790).t t n (noumena) (thingnhns tn tikhch quan

ng ng thi cng khng l khngth nhn thc .c nhnghin tng , biu him cmtnh cachng ta mg th nhn thc c s

Kht vng cacon ngi munt

hm nhpvo vt t nlm ny


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Chnh 1. Th giic khi u trong thi

1

Kht vng cacon ngi muntsinhnhngmuthunkhnggii quyantinomigmchnh v phn hnhau.

2. C nhng phn t n gin nhthp thnh nhng s vt phc tp hn3. Ngoi tnh tt nhin v quan hnhn qu, cnc t do4. C thc th tt nhin tuyt i(Thng ).

t

Phn .Th giikhng ckhi u trong thian v ii h n tron khn ian

hm nhpvo vt t n lm nyt cm C.gil antinomi.Min ton khngth kt hp c vi

2. Khng c g n gin nht. Mi ciu phc tp.. Khng c t do.Mi ci u theonh tt nhin v quan h nhn qu. Khng cthc th tt nhin tuyt

Tuy khngth nhn thcc vt tn, nhng nh co


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uy g ngi nhng phmtrsiu nsntronguc, ctrckitr,ci ti, khng gian,thinhng phng tingip contng,cc ti liu cmtnh

nht nh.N l cu ni gia thn.

Lp trngny ca C duy tm siunghim (tran

, g coghim,tc nhng t tngch nghim, nhThng , ian, tnh nhnqu, v.v., nhlgi kt hp, sp xpcchintheo nhng h thng,trnh t

gii hin tngv vt t

nt c gil ch ngh scendental idealism).

C l d l Td


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+ V o c , Cant ngl khi nim trung tm trNguyn tc c bn cahmnh lnh tuyt i.

TheoCant, o c phi,linhhn bt tv s td

ng c c ngm nnhng li cnchoo c.

Theo Kant, ch tdo v

o cl nh nhau. ngchun mc o c vi lutngi sngtheo l phiv tphplut.

rn lp trngduy l.T dong o c hc cang.h vi o cl tun theo

davo nimtin Thng ch,mcd nhngci

ng n v oa c,

ch tun theo cc quylut

khng nh sph hp giaphp. Ngic o cln trng s tht,phhp vi

Ph


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V m hc : Phmtrhc caKant lci e

Theo Kant, cipkhch quan,nhngK

chquan trong thngp.Cicao thngtheoC

quannhci p, nhngtrn nng lc cal tr, k c.

trung tm trongm.t nhiuc ni dungnt nhn mnh yu t

thc v nh gi ciant, cngmang tnhch

hc vici p,n dah nng phn xt v o

G. Hghen


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G. Hghen(Georg W. F. Hegel, 1

sinh Stuttgart, hc tr thn hc i hcTbingen.

Tc phm ca ng: Hin t(1807), Khoa hc lgc (1

th cc khoa hc trit hc phm khc.

770-1831),

it hcvi hc

ng hc tinh thn12-14), Bch khoa ton

(1817) v nhiu tc

a) Ch ngha duy tm kch quan


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a) Ch ngha duy tm k Hghen coi nim tu

giil bnnguynca ttrinkhngngng, triqgiai on u: tinh t

h thn khi nimv

pht trintrong bnthnht nh, n nhcao

hai .

ch quant ihaytinh thn th gii. Nvn ng,phta ba giaion.n th giibao gm mt

hmtr l c,vn n

n theonhngquy luth chuynsang giaion

Trong giaionhai

inh thn th gii t ph


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Trong giaionhai,nh bnthn n vchun, tctha ha thnhgiic v hu c .giaionba,s ph

thn th gii tr v vi btuyt i.Tinh thn th gii t

mnh v phttrin t thnhn v thcx hi. Hmnh lnhcaonht ca

inh thn th gii t phnthnhmt i lp vt nhin,baogm giiv

nh ca ph nh atinh

n thn n trongtinh thnnhn thc c bnthn

ln cao trong thccghen t coi trit hc c nim tuyt i.

H thng trit hccaHghencng chia


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H thng trit hcthnh 3b phnchnh:1. Lgchcnghin

trin ca nim tuyt2. Trit hc tnhi

n n v tc c stuyt i.

3. Trit hctinh thtuyt i vitnh cchv vi bnthn n.

caHghencng chia

cu s vn ng,phtibanu.n nghin cu gii tt t a ac a n m

nghincu tinh thnl nim tuyt i tr

b) Php bin chng:

l ci qu ginhttrong


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b) Php bin chng :trit hcHghen.

Hghen ph phntby tonb gii tntrong qu trnhvn

thin nhonthin.Hghen l ng ic c

h thng nhng quy luts lin h, chuyn ha,nim tuyt i.

l ci qu ginhttrong

duy siu hnh v trnhin, xhi v t dung, bin i,pht trin

,

ng nghin cu mt cch c phm tr lgcphn nn ng, pht trin c

l quy lut chuynha l ng thnh cht, qu


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q y ylut xm nhp ln nhau c

ph nh ca ph nh.ng a ra v gii qumi quan h gia bn cnhn v kt qu, kh nngo, v.v..Tuy nhin, Phpbin c

chngduy tm,i ngccoi phpbin chng cachng ca tnhin.

g qa cc mt i lp, quy l

yt mt cch bin chnt v hin t ng, nguyv hin thc, tt yu v

ngHghen lphpbinu xung t. Hghen

nimsinh ra phpbin

H thng trit hc ca

ng cha ng mtm


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g thun:

Mt mt,ng chorngpht trinkhngngng (cao nht,honthin nht);

Hghen lnhcaonht cloi, ch qunch Phthin nht.

cngchnh lmutrong PBCcang vi t chnhtrv a vgiaicp

g g

nim tuyt i vn gha l khngthc g lmtkhcng coitrit h

a sphttrin tduy nhl hnhthcnhncho

thun gia mtcch mnh bo thtronglp trncang.

Vquan im chnh tr x hi Hghenng


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V quan im chnhtrnlp trngduy tm:nim tuyt i. Mcdnhncl s xut hinng licho rngnh n

Theo ng,lch s tontrong thc t do.

ng cho rng, thi k tin s khngngi t do; Hy Lp c i c mt su t do.

tr , x hi, Hghenngh ncl hinthncang thy c ngun gu thun ng cp, nhc tn ti vnh vin; chin

th gii l lch s tin b

ai c t do; phng ng ch c mngi t do; cn c th mi ng

3 Lutvich Phoibc


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3. Lutvich Phoibc(Ludwig Feuerbach,(1804-187

Sinh Landshut trongmtlut s,lcutheo phi Hv chuynsanglp trngdthn.

Tuy nhin, khi ph ph

khng k tha c yuhcHghen, nntrit hchtsiu hnh.

2)

gia nhghentr,y vtv

n Hghen,Phoibac

t bin chngtrong tritca Phoibacmang tnh

+Chnghanhnbn:


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+ Ch ngha nhn bn: Phoibacly con ngi v

xut pht. ng coi con ngiTuy nhin, con ngi tron

ngi tru tngtch ri qua

thc tin.

+ Lp tr-ng duy vt :tn ti c tr c t duy.

ng khng nh,khng gquan. Khng c vt cht tn t

x hi con ngilm im

l sn phm ca t nhin.trit hc ca ng lcon

n h x hi v hot ng

T nhin c tr c tinh thn

an v thi gian tn ti khchi bn ngoi KG v thi gian

ng tha nhns t

n tikhch quanca


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g quy lut tnhin, tnhvn ngv phttrinn xut hin s sng.

+ V nhn thc , P

i tng nhn thclngi.

qhn qu,tha nhn sca gii tnhin dn

oibc ph phnch, ,

gii tnhin v con

ngcoi cmgic l

im xutphtca nhn


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ngcoi cmgic lhc. ng thing c cht ch gia nhnhcl tnh.ng cho rng, chng

n ng g c quan,ng gic quan hiur cal tr conngi.

im xutphtca nhng thy cmiquanhc cmtnh vnhn

ta c cunsch tng c ng a ng

c. ngcao vai

+ V x hi v tn gio


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Trong tcphmBn c

Christianity), ng chorndo conngisngtora.Tuy nhin, tronglnh

Phoibc lirivoch nng khngth yvai tr

cht i vi s tn tivchorngskhc nhaugiskhc nhaucacc hnh

t Kit gio(Essence o

tn gio vThng lvc x hi v tn giohaduy tm.uy t nh ca sn xu t ht trin cax hi. ng

a nhng thi k lch slthctn gio.


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ng chorng bn chtcatn gio lmiquan


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ng chorng bn chthyu thng gia ngil vttrung gian khng cthay thtn giotruyn tthnh trntri bng mtt

u.ngghenph phno tNutn gio cth tn

can thgikim thu thvngca n.[t.21, tr.418]

catn gio lmiquanvi ngi, Thng ccn thit na. ngmunngtn th mt v thn giomi: tn gio tnh

ng ca Phoibc:ikhngcn n Thn

cngkhngcn nvin

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