1.ANAT introduction
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ANATOMYo Study of the structure of body parts and
their relationships to each other
o Anatomy: Greek meaning to cut apart
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Gross (macroscopic) anatomy:
The study of structures large
enough to be seen with the
naked eye
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Regional anatomy: All
the body structures
(muscles, bones, blood
vessels, nerves, etc.)
in a given body
region , such as the
abdomen or leg, are
examined at the same
time
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Systemic anatomy: body is studied
system by system
Example: when studying the
cardiovascular system, you would
examine the heart and the blood
vessels of the entire body
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Surface anatomy: internal
body structures as they
relate to the overlying skin
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Microscopic anatomy: the study of
structures that are too small to be seen with
the naked eye
Cytology: study of individual cells
Histology: study of tissues
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Embryology: concerns
developmental changes that occur
before birth
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Specialized Branches of Anatomy
Pathological anatomy: study of structural changes associated with disease
Radiographic anatomy: study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques (X-rays or special scanning devices)
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LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY ANATOMICAL POSITION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMSo To describe body parts and position
accurately, we need an initial reference
point and must indicate direction
ANATOMICAL POSITION:
• Person is standing erect or
upright
•Eyes look straight to front
•Upper limbs by the side
with palms of hand facing
forwards
•Feet slightly separated
with toes pointing
forwards
The anatomical reference point
Anatomical Position
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NOTE
In anatomical position, right and left refer
to the right and left sides of the person
viewed—NOT those of the observer
In anatomy, anatomical position is always
assumed, regardless of the actual position
of the body
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Body Planes and Sections
For anatomical
studies, the body is
often sectioned (cut)
along a flat surface
called a plane
Body planes are flat
surfaces that lie at right
angles to each other
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Planes of the body
Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) - A
vertical plane running from side to
side; divides the body or any of its
parts into anterior and posterior
portions.
o Sagittal Plane - A vertical plane
running from front to back;
divides the body or any of its
parts into right and left sides.
o Transverse Plane - A
horizontal plane; divides the
body or any of its parts into
upper and lower parts.
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Directional terms are used to explain exactly where
one body part is in relation to another
Example:
○ The ears are located on each side of the
head to the right and left of the noseUsing anatomical terminology, this
condenses to,:
The ears are lateral to the nose
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ANATOMICAL TERMSo Superior (cranial or cephalad)Toward the head end or upper
part of a structure or the body; above
o Inferior (caudal)Away from the head end or
toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
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Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the front of the body;
in front of
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the backside of the
body; behind
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Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body;
on the inner side of
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; on
the outer side of
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Proximal: Nearer the trunk
Distal: Away from the trunk
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Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more
internal
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PALMAR or VOLAR:On Or towards palm of the hand
PLANTAR
On or towards the sole of foot
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Dorsum:
Uppermost surface of foot
Back of hand
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ANATOMIC MOVEMENTSFlexion & Extension
Flexion: approximation of
flexor surface of the adjoining
parts and thus reduces the
angle of the joint.
Extension: approximation of
extensor surface of the
adjoining parts and thus
increases the angle of the
joint.
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ANATOMIC MOVEMENTS
Abduction &
Adduction
Abduction: Moving
the part away from
the body
Adduction: Moving
the part towards the
body
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Circumduction:
Combination in
sequence of the
movements of
flexion, extension,
abduction and
adduction
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Medial & Lateral
Rotation
Medial Rotation:
Inwards rotation
Lateral Rotation:
Outwards rotation
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Pronation & Supination of Forearm
Pronation: Rotation of the forearm so that the
palm is turned backwards
Supination: Rotation of the forearm so that the
palm is turned forwards
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ANATOMIC MOVEMENTS CONT.
Inversion and Eversion of foot
Inversion :
movement of the sole
of foot in which sole
faces inwards or
medially
Eversion: movement
of the sole of foot in
which sole faces
outwards or laterally
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ANATOMIC MOVEMENTS CONT.
Dorsiflexion &
Plantarflexion of
Foot
Dorsiflexion: Upward
flexion of the foot
Plantarflexion:
Downward flexion of
the foot