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CHALLENGES

OF THE 19TH

CENTURY

EUROPE, SPAIN AND PHILIPPINES DURING RIZALS TIME

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The nineteenth century stands out as an extremelydynamic period in European history.

Important events in politics and economics direct andindirectly influenced 19th century events in the Philippines.

Industrialization,political changes brought by ideas ofliberalism, struggle for nationalism, and growth of

democracy were important events of the 19th

century.

Jose Rizal is a product of his time; understanding theevents 19th century means understanding Jose Rizals life,works and beliefs.

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NATIONALISM

INDUSTRIALIZATION

DEMOCRACY

FRENCHREVOLUTION

World Event

Spain

Philippines

1859

Jesuits Return

To thePhilippines

1861 -1870s

Unification ofEuropean states

1863

Educational

Decree

1869

Suez Canal

1821

Spain directly

controlled

Philippines

1808

NapoleonBonaparte

conquered Spain

1872

Cavite Mutiny

1834

Manila opened

To world trade

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Industrialization rapidly gained momentum in thesecond half of the 19th century.

The invention of machines resulted in establishment offactories; likewise, it changed the complexity ofeconomics.

Capitalism, a system of economy based on privateownership and free enterprise, created a new social class:

the capitalists. Progress in science and technology was at par withindustrialization.

In response to Industrialization and Capitalism,theories

of socialism emerged in the 19th century.

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Socialism is an economictheory stating thegovernment should be in

charge of production anddistribution of goods.

Communism, an ideologyadvocating class struggle andrevolution, spread based on

writings of Hegel and KarlMarx.

Enactment of laws on labor hours,pension, educationand better working condition were results of continuing

struggle for workers recognition.

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The most significant symbol of European progress wasthe recognition and appreciation of mans right.

Democracy may be defined as agovernment of the governed.

Democracy involves political,economic and social welfare of the

people. Democracy carries the ideas ofliberty, equality and fraternity.

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Spain was plagued ofinstability of thegovernment and political

controversies during the 19thcentury.

Through NapoleonBonapartes occupation of

Spain in 1808, someSpaniards accepted the ideasof liberty, equality andfraternity.

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Increased dissemination ofliberal ideas fueled issues onabsolutism.

19th century saw Spains gradual fall as an colonial empire

as it lost several colonies within the century.

While Spain had been occupied with domestic problems -the war of liberation and the discussion on constitutionalreform - the colonies in South and Central America sufferedneglect

American wars of independence ended the galleon trade in1815; the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba were only theremaining source of income for the Spaniards.

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Spanish

Peninsulares

Creoles, NativeInfluential Class,

Mestizos

Indios / Natives

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Tribute payers (natives and Chinese) 5,501,356

Clergy and members of religiousorders

1,962

Spanish Officials 5,552

Private Spaniards and criollos 13,265

Non-tribute paying English and

Americans

378

Non-tribute paying Chinese 30,797

Non-tribute paying mountain tribes 602,853?

Non-tribute paying Army personnel 14,545

Non-tribute paying Navy Personnel 2,924

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Opening of Philippine Ports to World Trade resulted toprogress in trade, agriculture and industry.

Opening of the Suez Canal shortened traveling time fromand to Europe and the Philippines.

Major Philippine industry included hemp, sugar and rice

Other places became a major hub for business with

Americans, English, Germans and even Malaysian.

Infusion of foreign capital led to spectacular growth ofPhilippine economy.

There was influx of Chinese businessmen was not only in

Manila but also provinces as far as Surigao.

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The new economy dislodged the native elite from theirprivileged position in Philippine trade and economy.

The elite were the illustrados ; their ideal is to beHispanized Filipino.

In 1880, social classification tended to disappear. Thecreolos, mestizos and Chinese were slowly merging with the

native elite and the commoners through commonaspirations.

The economic system gradually changed the socialstructure of the country. The emerging illustrados will

suffocate Spain towards Philippine Independence.

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Educational Decree of 1863 paved way for primaryschools for boys and girls, separately.

Escuela Normal de Maestrosde Instruccion Primaria trainedmale teachers in 1865.

Univesidad de Santo Tomasprovided the higher educationduring the 19th century.

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Religious orders,Dominicans, Recolletos, Augustiniansand Franciscans, dominated the parishes since 1565 anduntil late 19th century..

Secularization demandedthe turning over ofparishesfrom the regular priest.

The conflict became racialand a national one, withFriars on the other side andthe Filipinos clamoring for

Filipino parishes.

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Father Pedro Pelaez was the spokesperson on the secularsduring the 19th century.

The development of Filipino seculars were blocked by

Spanish authorities citing the possibilities of ignitingindependence movements.

The clergy was hesitant to give authority to Filipinos sincethey are not convinced of Filipinos can be good priests.

Father Pedro Pelaez and Father Mariano Gomez strateda campaign fund to finance a lobby in Madrid to undocontinued spoilation of Filipino priests.

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Jose Basa(above),

part of the mutineers,

was exiled after

1872. Gomburza

(left) was executed in

1872

January 20, 1872,the Filipino soldiers

rose in mutiny underthe leadership ofSergeant LaMadrid.

Fathers Mariano

Gomez, FatherJose Burgos andFather Zamorawere all implicatedwith the mutiny.

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Revolts

Personaland

Religious

Resistance toSpanish imposedEconomic system

Land

Problems

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Reformist did not want independence from Spain butdemanded reform:

Representation to the Spanish Cortes Secularization of the parishes

Assimilation of the Philippines as regular province ofSpain.

Freedom of trade and industry

Representation to the Spanish Cortes

Human Rights for Filipinos

Equality between Spaniards and Filipinos

Reforms in education and administration

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Economic

Changes

Cultural & Social

Changes

- Cultivation ofcosmopolitian attitudes- Heightened opposition toclerical control

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Industrialization,political changes brought by ideas ofliberalism, struggle for nationalism, and growth ofdemocracy were important events of the 19th century.

Spains domestic struggles led to indifference towards hercolonies who in turn felt neglected; and started moving

towards independence. The Philippines is directly and indirectly influenced ofevents occurring in and outside the country.

The death of Gomburza ignited the idea of Filipinism

and reforms.

A new middle class emerge from the economic and socialchanges during the 19th century in Europe and Philippines.