Romanticism #1

19th Century English Literature

Historical Background

Historical Contexts1780-1830

1776 the American Revolution 1789 the French revolutionsWars of national independence in Poland, Spain, Greece, and elsewhere

changed from an agricultural society to an industrial one

The French Revolution

Class ConflictThree Estates (the Old Regime)

First: clergy (1%) largest landowner, tax exemption

Second: nobility (2%) best positions in government and army, tax exemptionThird: everyone else (97%) heavy taxation, feudal dues

http://jspivey.wikispaces.com/Purpose+of+the+Three+Estates+JHK

Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830

http://www.griseldaonline.it/percorsi/5allegro_foto10.htm

Two Stages The Moderate Stage: 1789-1791 The Radical Stage: 1792-1794

The Moderate StageMay/June, 1789 Louis XVI summoned the Estates General.

June/July, 1789 Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly.

June, 1789 Oath of the Tennis Court, the inaugural moment of the French Revolution

July 14, 1789 the fall of the Bastille, symbol of the king’s tyranny

http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/kstokes/Europe/european__history_and_culture.htm

The Radical Stage1792-94 The Second French Revolution

1792 The monarchy was abolished and a republic established. Louis XVI was placed on trial and executed in 1793.

The Radical Stage1792-94 The Reign of Terror: 1793 The Jacobins rose to power. Maximilién Robespierre (1758-1794), the fanatic leader of the Jacobins, considered terror necessary. He urged harsh treatment for enemies of the republic. As many as 40,000 people died during the Terror.

The Guillotine http://i122.photobucket.com/albums/o270/Zappanose/guillotine.jpg

Execution of Louis XVI, http://burell9history.wikispaces.com/Robespierre's+Journal++Jan+21+1793

Execution of Robespierre, http://static.desktopnexus.com/thumbnails/193987-bigthumbnail.jpg

After the Revolution

1795-1799: The Directory

1799-1815: Napoleon

The Directory

A board of 5 menNapoleon Bonarparte seized control of the new republican government in 1799.

Napoleon Bonaparte1799-1804: Consolidating Authority

1799 First Consul1801 Concordat with the pope

1802 Consul for life1804 Crowned himself emperor

Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Great Saint Bernard Pass, 1800 http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/kstokes/Europe/european__history_and_culture.htm

Jacques-Louis David. Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress Josephine on 2 December 1804. 1808. http://web.lincoln.k12.mi.us/buildings/ms/adams/Napoleon_coronation.jpg

Ingres, Napoleon on his Imperial Throne 1806 http://www.internetstones.com/image-files/coronation-of-napoleon-bonaparte-emperor-of-france.jpg

Napoleon Bonaparte1806-1815: Napoleon’s downfall

1806 The Continental System

1808 Invaded Spain1812 Invaded Russia1814 Abdication1815 Exile

http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/images/map-nap-war1812.gif

http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/Projects/cov/images/napoleon%20empire.png

Jean-Léon Gérôme, Napoleon and His General Staff in Egypt, 1867

http://www.oceansbridge.com/paintings/museums/hermitage/Gerome%20Jean-Leon-xx-Napoleon%20in%20Egypt-xx-1863.jpg

http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Horne-GreatMenFamousWomen/241-Napoleon-and-the-Sphinx-q75-500x299.jpg

Antoine-Jean Gros, Napoleon Bonaparte Visiting the Plague-stricken at Jaffa, 1799 http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/art/19th/painting/jaffa1.jpg

Antoine-Jean Gros, Napoleon Bonaparte Visiting the Plague-stricken at Jaffa, 1804 http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/art/19th/painting/jaffa2.jpg

Francisco Goya. The Third of May, 1808.

http://www4.gvsu.edu/pozzig/european_civ2/images/goya.jpg

http://www.memo.fr/article.asp?ID=JJR_000

Jean-Jacques Rousseau1712-1778“Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.”

“Take the course opposite to custom and you will almost always do well.”

“I may not be better than other people, but at least I'm different.”

"The world of reality has its limits; the world of imagination is boundless."

Sturm und Drang1760s-1780sOriginally it’s the title of a 1776 play

about the American Revolution.Translations: “storm and stress”,

“storm and urge”, “passion and energy”, “energy and rebellion”, 狂飆運動

Anti-enlightenment: Storm—the sublimeStress/urge—emotions

http://www.goethezeitportal.de/fileadmin/Images/db/wiss/goethe/schnellkurs_goethe/k_3/werthers_tod.jpghttp://

books.gigaimg.com/avaxhome/avaxhome/2008-05-20/sdwe32.jpg

English Romanticism

Two GenerationsFirst generation

BlakeWordsworth

Coleridge

Second generation

ShelleyKeatsByron

Two Generations(1) Age: The second generation all died relatively young.

oShelley—a month before his 30th birthday

oByron—36oKeats—26

Two Generations(2) Social backgrounds:

First generation:oBlake—working classoWordsworth and Coleridge—middle class

Second generation:oKeats—lower middle classoByron inherited a title and estate at 10.

oShelley was heir to a baronetcy 爵 .

Two Generations(3) Historical experience:

First: wartime literature There were revolutions across Europe in the 1790s.

Fear of revolution and the conditions of war led to suppression of public meetings and censorship.

Wordsworth and Coleridge turned away from their initial sympathy with the French revolution to opposition to it.

Two Generations(3) Historical experience:

Second: post-war alliancesAfter the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815, nationalist movements sprang up across Europe.

Shelley, Keats and Byron all accused Coleridge and Wordsworth of ‘apostasy 變節’ , that is, of having changed sides.

Byron and Shelley both had links with such radical groups. Both chose to live in exile.

Main FeaturesNeo-classicism vs. Romanticism

NeoclassicismReason /clarity / order /restraint

Moral / virtue / truthSimple / austere / monumental

Balanced /symmetric / geometric

Chiswick House, west London, Richard Boyle, 1729 http://www.london-architecture.info/LO-004.htm

http://www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/Quarenghi_smolny.jpg

The White House, 1790s, http://www.american-architecture.info/USA/USA-Washington/DC-001.htm

Thomas Jefferson, University of Virginia, 1819-26

http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/Jeffersn.html

Neoclassical Gardens

The overriding impression of such gardens is of man's tyranny over nature.

http://static1.unlike.net/system/photos/0022/4524/0.jpg?1230482155

The Capability Brown gardens at Harewood House, Leeds.http://www.guardian.co.uk/enjoy-england/readers-tips-places-to-visit

Romanticism"Romantic" relates to the French word, "Roman," meaning novel (as in a book). Art and Architecture tells a story in a captivating way, grabbing and holding your attention.

http://www.bitdegree.ca/intranet/courses/IMD1000/CourseNotes03-7.html

http://morethangrammar.com/graphics/tinternabbey.jpg

Tintern Abbey

http://www.wordsworth.org.uk/common/images/poetry/tintern_abbey.jpg

http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~lalemi/tintern%20abbey.jpg

Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer above the Mists, c. 1818. http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/arth110/arth110_sl20.html

Caspar David Friedrich, Monastery Graveyard in the Snow, 1817/19 http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/resourcesd/fri_clcem.jpg

RomanticismNatureEmotion: sentimentality // nostalgia // melancholy

Imagination: exotic // ecstatic // fantastic // gothic

Romanticism in ChinaEmbraced by Chinese intellectuals.

Arguably led to the modernization movement—五四運動

Writers魯迅、徐志摩、郁達夫吳雅鳳。《浪漫主義》。台北：行政院文建會， 2010 。

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