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SA Novv ........... 20

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Militory Museums ......"....... ................... 26

I

In 1962, the threat to the newly esta-blished Republic was stili negligible.Flowever, South Africa's exit from theCommonwealth implied greater self-reliance in respect of her def'enceneeds. Liker.l'ise she had to reassess hersecurity position against the backgroundof the turmoii, chaos and destabilisa-tion raging in some of Africa's newindependent states.

In the United Nations a numller ofmernber states took paxt in a cmsadefor the isolatiorr and overthrou'' of iheSouth African government. From 1960,rzarious countries intloduced boycottsagainst South Alrica while sanctionsmoves \\,'ere augmented by the endea-vours of anti-South African organisa-tions.

During the past 25 years new dimen-sions have been added to South Aftica'ssecurity situation. Her position wasaggravaied by developments such asthe total arms embargo [1977), Sovieiexpansionism in Africa and the threatposed by terrorist rnovernents.

Today the RSA is confronted try afull-scale external thieat in aii its facets.On the internationai front, the R.epublicis isoiateri and subject to bovcotts asnever before. trt is the iarget of a con-certed anci multi-dimensionai political,economic, psychological and propa-ganda onslaught by virtually the eniireinternationai fiaternity, including itsforrner so-calied "ailies". Sanctions anddisinvestment carnpaigns are now theorder ofthe day"

The Republic's defence agreementswith ihe Western powers have beenunilaterall.r' abrogaied, whiie a manda-tory arms boycott against the Republiciras been in effect for over 10 years.Tirese deveiopments have taken placein spite of the fact that the rnilita4rpresence of Communist forces on theAfrican suir-continent poses a seriousthreat to the Cape Sea Route andWestern interests.

The RSA is one of only a few coun-tries on the African continent with anessentialll, pro-Western stance in inter-national affairs. Thus the externaithreat to its security, like that to thesecurity ol all Western nations, derivesfrorn the on-going conflict betweenWest and East, the Free World and theCommunist world, in which, accordingtc sorne strategic experts, South Africahas assumed a pivotal position.

The external threat to the country'ssecurity can be traced to its intrinsic

vaiue, which comes from its geographicallocation - at the southern tip of theAfrican coptinent where the ,{tlanticand Indian oceans meet in one of theLrusiest sea-routes in the world. Althoughin recent years some military analystsLrave tended to discount the strategicimportance of the Cape sea-route in aninternational conflagration, its impor-tance in terms of sheer statistics andthe logistics of the West's supply routesis unquestionable.

The importance of the Cape route isclearly dernonstrated by the l'acl lhat itcarries 60% of Western Europe's oilrequirements aird 20% of ihose of theUniied States. In addition, it carries25% ofEurope's food suppiies.

Apart from ihe RSA's position astridea criticai waterway of the world, thereis aiso the country's value tc the Westas the prime supplier of strategic rnine-rals such as chrome, manganese, vana-dium and platinurn.

Internaliy, too, the threat to theR.epublic's securit3r and stability hasincreased over the irast 25 years. TheAfrlcan Nationai Congress [ANCj and,its Marxist backers are fomentingunrest and subversive activities in thetownships. trade unions, political andcultural organisations and even ihechurches, while the incidence of bomb-ings, murders and intimidation againstinnocent civilians continues.

The ANC has been deepll, involvedin the spate of terrorist attacks in recentyears. Altogether 19 major acts of terro-rism were committed in 1980. In 1981,the figure rose to 55, but dropped to 39in 1982. In 1983, the figure rose to 56,and in 1984 reported incidents totalled44. in 1985, there were no less than 136terrorist attacks, mastly on a smallscale. Between September 1984 (whena new period of unrest was unleashedin Black townships in the eastern CapeJand May 19BG some 3 477 private Blackhomes and 1 220 Black schools werebadlir damaged or destro5red, .while 573Blacks were killed by activists (295 bythe "necklace" method).

As Lord Chaifont recently pointedout in the foreword to a comprehensivestudy entitled ANrC - A Soviet TaskFarce? (published by ihe Institute forStudy of Terrorism, London 1986),"one of the myths carefully fostered byorgans of progressive opinion . . . isthat the African National Congress is astraightforward nationalist movement,dedicated to the peaceful establishmentof majority rule in South Africa.Nothing, in fact, could be further fromthe trulh-.

The ANC is in formal alliance withthe South African Communist Partv(SACP). The SACP founded the militantwing of the ANC, Umkhonto we SizweiThe Spear ol the Nation). lts method isviolence and terrorism: the randornkilling of innocent civilians, peoplewhose cause it claims to serve bvmeans of intimidalion.

The South African government couldnol [olerale lhis wilhoul- taking actionand in the past decade the South AfiicanSecurity Forces {including the SADF]have been actively involved in com-bating terrorism. Since 1S80, ninecross-border operations were launchedby small unlts of the SADF. Takinginto account the number of terroristattacks, there can be no doubt that byhitting terrorist bases in neighbouringcountries, the SADF has severely cur-tailed terrorist incidents in the RSA,saving many lives in the process.

These operations have underscoredthe facl. thal lhe Souih African govern-ment remains firm and resolved tocounter terrorist attacks organised byihe ANC from beyond the country'sborders.

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A camouflaged infantr-v soldier during efield exercise

The SADF. generally considered 1o belhe conlinerrt's mosl iormidable mili-tary force, consists of four arms. Theseare the three combat services, theArmlr, Air Force and Navv, supportedby the SA Medical Service. Clj ur"headquartered in the Pretoria area. Thefour arms are supplemented b1, 11a,6supporting services, the QuarterrnasterCeneral and Chaplain General.

The SADF's structure is mcnolithicand integrated. Overall command isrrested in an offlcer designated Chief oflhe South Africarr Defence Force.Appointed from one of the four armshe is accountable to the l,{inister ofDefence for implementing the SouthAfrican gorrernment's clefence po1ic1,.

The chief of each of the four armscommands his own service and plans

and conducts singie-service operations,bul always wilhin paramelers ol thenational defonce strategy as laid downby the State President on the advice ofthe State Security Councii.

In decision-making, the Chief of theSADF is assisted bl several councilsand comrnillees. lhe most imporlalrlbeing the Ilefence Command Cbuncil.ihe Delent e Staif Council, lhe Dclenr;ePlanrring Commillee antl lhe FinancialCommittee. Combined thev determinegeneral slralr-gJ. la1 down managemenlpolicies and undertake iinancial plan-ning.

FunctionsIn terms of the Def'ence Act of 1957, asamended, the SAIIF's maior function is

to defend the couniry against externalthreats. It is also charged n,ith preventingand suppressing terrorism and internaldisorder, preserving life, health andproperly. and mainlaining essentialservices. This compares well with mostWeslern defence forces.

FersonnelThe Force is esserrtiallv a citizen forceand carecr soldiers oi lhe permanenlForce account lor a very small per-centage of the total complement.National servicemen make up the bulkof the fuli-time force. They do two\rears,cttmpulson, military training fol-lovved b]' pari-tirne service for a fuither12 years and 20 years respectivelli 1,yi1[Citizen Force and Commando Forceunits, and are headquartered atstrategic points countryn ide.

ORGANIGRAM OF THE SADF

CTIIEF SADF

PERSONAL ST'AFF

TNSPECTOR GENERAL(SUPPORTTNG SERVTCES)

PUBLIC RELATIONS

CHAPLAINGENERAL

QUARTERMASTERGENERAL

CHIEF DEFENCE FORCE STAFF(STAFF DIVISIONS)

INTELLIGENCE

ARMS OF T}IE SERVICE

CHIEF ARMY CHIEF AIR FORCE CHIEF hJAVY SURGEON GENERAL

On guard with a light machine gun

White male citizens are liable formilitary service at the age of 18 andremain liable unlil 5b. There are lwointakes annuaily in February andAugust. These 1rolng men are allocaiedto various bases and instailations r,rriththeir first 12 weeks being devoted tobasic training. This is followed bvspecialist instruction appropriate lo thLtrainee's particular corps or unit.

After 6 to 11 months training, ser-vicemen are posted to operational andother units and headquarters for therest ol their initial service.

The subsequent service commitmentin a Citizen Force or Commando Forceunit is a maximum of 720 davs over aperiod of 12 years. This is divided intosix cycles of two years, in whichservicemen usualiy do two tours ofduty of g0 and 30 days (or 60 and 60days) respectively. After ihis thev areplaced on the Active Citizen ForceReserve for five years. During thisperiod, though, they may be called uponly in emergencies and with the ap-proval of the Minister of Defenrp.Further service in the CommandoForce, up to 12 days annually until theage of 55, may be required.

The Ciiizen Force provides approxi-mately 47% of the SADF,s currentstrength and is similar to corres-ponding Western establishments. Someof the units date back well over 100years, when the British tradition ofvolunteer regiments took root in Nataland the Cape. Among ihe oldest are theCape Field Artillery, established in1857, and the Natal Mounted Rifles(1854), Natal Carbineers (1855J andthe Cape Town Rifles (1855).

The Commando Force units similarlvhave a long tradition and trace theirorigins back to the times when eachfrontier community was responsible forits own defence. Spread throughoutthe country, these units have a virietvol communily-orientated functions,mainly counter-insurgency.

4

college. Here members are selected forleadership qualities and instructed inthe theory and practice of modern war-fare, The SADF also runs threecommon training institutions for ailmembers.

The first is the College for Educa-tional Technology which, with themost modern teaching aids, is used totrain instructors, media centre co-or-dinators, training managers and in-structional designers. A wide variety ofteaching aids (such as transparencies,slide tape presentations and televisionprogrammes) are also produced by thecollege.

At the Defence College, Pretoria,senior officers study strategies andprocedures of joint operations specificto this country.

The SA Military Academy at Saldanhaprovides selecied Permanent Forceofficers with academic training com-parable to anything similar in theworld. The Academy is the Facultv ofMilitary Science of the Universitv ofStellenbosch and offers three mainfields of study for the B.Mil. degree:physical science, human sciences, andeconomics and commerce.

HISTORYBehind the SADF is a proud militarvtradition ol almost lhree cenluries. aunique blend of the traditionaliv SouthAlrican and the best Brilain

"orld off"t

during its finest hours. The SADF,srecord in two world wars, the Koreanwar, and in local theatres is surpassedbjt.rone and rivalled by few.

World War OneAt the end of 1918, the Union had

Field Marshal f c smuts, accompanied by Mai Gen Frank Theron (right) on an inspection tourof south African troops in the western Desert during i,vJrtd wu. r*o

Although only White males are iiablefor compulsory service, there are hun-dreds of Coloured, Indian and Blackvolunleers. These rolunleers are ac-cepted annually at speciai units andtraining establishments. Thev receivethe same training and enjoy lhe sameprivileges as their White counterparts.

The SADF is not a preserve of themale. Since 1970, women have beenappointed in 65 musterings in sup-porting services in all four arms. Thevserve in the Permanenl Force, th;Citizen Force and in the CommandoForce. Again, there is no discrimina-tion in respect of conditions of serviceor promotion.

TrainingEach arm of the service has its ownspecialist training schools as well as a

contributed 254 666 soldiers of allraces including 25 000 Black andColoured auxiliaries. They fought inSouth West Africa, East Africa, Egypt,Palestine, France and Flanders. Ofthese, 12 354 were killed and Z +Oadecorated. No fewer than four won theVictoria Cross.

The then Union Defence Force's firstassignment was to neutralise GermanSouth West Africa. In 1916, the famousSouth African Brigade was immorta-lised in the Battle of Delville Wood,France. On the morning of 15 ]uly,when it went into battle, the brigade

numbered l2l officers and 3 032 men.In the foilowing five days, 684 werekilled and 1 709 seriously wounded.Only 29 officers and 751 men survivedthe battle.

World War TwoA total of 334 J24 full-time volunteersof all races served with the AlliedForces in World War Two, winning7 114 decorations on the battiefields oTAfrica, ltaly and the Middle East, andat sea. The total number of SouthAfricans who lost their lives during theconflict was 12 046.

The State President'sUnit

South Africans first saw action inEast Africa where 1st SA Divisionhelped destroy the Italian Forceswithin five months.

From the first assault on EI Wak on16 December 1940 until the Italiansurrender in May 1941, the SouthAfricans suffered no defeats. Then the1st SA Division was incorporated intothe Allied Bth Army which eventuallydrove the Africa Corps of Field-MarshalRommel from the Western Desert. Herethe contingents distinguished them-selves in the Sidi Rezegh battle, whereSouth African gunners put out of action52 of Rommel's 108 tanks, and in thebattle of El Alamein on 23 October1.542 - the Allies' first decisive victoryin World War Two.

Later, 6 SA Armoured Divisionfought with the Allies in Italy fromApril 1944 until May 1945, when theGerman forces surrendered.

In extensive patrols around the SouthAfrican coastline the Air ForceIaunched attacks on 23 U-boats, andpiayed a major role in campaigns inAbyssinia, North Africa, Sicily, Italyand Europe. tn the Abyssinian cam-paign, South Aflica was pitched againstthe Italian Air Force of up to 300modern machines. Yet with their fewHurricanes, Hartebeest and Fairey air-craft they flew 6 517 sorties andaccounted for 71 Italian aircraft. Theyalso destroyed railways, convoys andsupply dumps.

Their most memorable feat was theBoston Shuttle Service during which18 aircraft of 12 and 24 Squadronsshowered hundreds of tons of bombs

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The 20-mm Ratel infantry fighting vehicle

on the Africa Corps which was relent-lessly pushing the 8th Armv backtowards Egypt.

South African airrnen won manymedals, awards and decorations whiclincluded 32 DSOs, eight CBES, 26OBEs, BB AFCs,63 MBEs, two MMs,24DFMs, 14 AFMs and four AmericanDFCs.

From January 1541. until the end ofthe war ihe SA Naval Forces (SANF)with no more than a dozen trawiersand whalers, converted into mine-sweepers and anti-submarine vessels,wrote the first stirring chapter in thehistory of the SA Navy. Three of theminesweepers and one of the four anti-subrnarine vessels were lost as a resultof enemy action.

By the end of the war the SANFcomplement was 1,A iJZ, of whommore than 3 000 served with the RoyalNavy. They won 223 awards and deco-rations.

KoreaIn the Korean war, the "FlyingCheetahs", attached to the USAF's lgthFighter Bomber Wing, flew more than12 OOO sorties in support of UN forcesagainst Communist aggression from thenorth. Decorations and rnedals earnedincluded three Legions of Merit, twoSilver Stars, 50 DFCs, 40 Bronze Stars,176 r\ir Medals, and 152 Clusters to theAir Medals.

South West .4,frica/NarnibiaFor 20 years, South Africa has beenembroiled in unconventional warfarein ihe northern regions of South \A,eslAfrica/Namibia against the South WestAfrica People's Organisation {SWApO),at the express request of the electedrepresentatives of the peoples con-cerned.

The SWAPO insr.rrgents have beenno match for the South African securitvforces operating in close co-operatioirwith the SWA Territory Force, whichhas a numlrer of combat units drawnfrom ali sections ofthe local popuiation.

Nearly all SWAPO incursions havebeen staged from bases in southernAngola. From time to time the SADFhas launched pre-emptive operationsto destroy these bases, disrupt theenemy's supply lines and logistics, andprevent a large build-up of enemylorces.

Examples of these are: OperationReindeer against bases at Cassinga andChetequera in May 1978, and 0pera-tion Sceptic against the command andcontrol post QFL and the defence head-quarters at Lubango in Jr.ine 1980.

After these successfui operationsSWAPO changed its tactics. Moving itsbases further north, it elicited the activesupporl of the Angolan governmenttroops {FAPLAI, their Cuban cornradesand advisers from other Communist

countries. As a result the distinctionbetween FAPLA and SWAPO becamebi u nred.

Against this scenarjo OperationFrotea. lhe largesl mechanised opera-tion by the SADF since World WarTwo, was launched in August 1981. Itiasled lor lwo monlhs. Large quantitiesof sophisticated armaments were cap-tured or deslroyed. and the enemy'sentire logistics system in southernAngola destroyed.

Operation Askari was launched insimilar circumstances in December1983. Once again the enemy wasrouted. Large quantities of arms werecaptured, including the new RussianAGS 17 grenade launcher which hadnever been used outside the SovielUnion and Alghanislan. and a compleleSA-9 anti-aircraft missiie system, thefirst to lallinlo Western hands.

SADF's operalions in South WestAfrica/Namibia are at two levels -military and civic. The SADF hasembarked upon an extensive prog-ramme of socio-economic developmentfor the peoples in the operational area.Young South African doctors, dentists,teachers, altisans, engineers, agricultu-rists. clerks and accountanls serving incomtraI units in conjunclion wilh staledepartments help the locals to build asound civil infrastructure by providingskilled services which wauld otherwisebe unavailable. These services are onlyprovideci on requesi.

These R'ussian T55 tanks captured in Angola, clearly illusirate the Soviet Union's large-scale int olvement in that country

In terms of the Defence .Act (lrSi.Z),which provided for ccmpulsory mili-tary training of ali males between theages of 17 and 35 years, the Army wasthe first of three SADF combat servicesto be established on a firm footing.

Contrary to popular belief, the .A.rmyhas a relatively smail Permanent Forceelement, as the vast majority of soldiersare national serviceraen or members ofeither the Citizen Force or CommandoForce.

The Army has two main functions.Its primary task is the land-warddefence of the RSA. Secondly, ii ma;'be called upon to assist the Police inmaintaining law and order, as well ascountering terrorism and insurgency.

Commando Force units located coun-trywide are responsibie for effectivecounter-insurgency measuxes by theArrny. These units defend their parti-cular areas or regions - either indepen-dently or in support of the Police - ascircumstances dictate.

The country has been divided intoL0 territorial commands" These com-mands make use of the Citizen Forceand Commando Force, as well as full-time units, to combat insurgency andterrorist infiltration in iheir areas.These commands are (with headquartersin brackets): Far North (Pietersburg);Eastern Transvaal (Nelspruit); NorthWesi {Fotchefstrooml; l"lorthern Trans,vaal (Voortrekkerhoogte, Pretorial; Wit-watersrand (Johannesburg); Natal [Dur-banl: Orange Free State (Bloemfonieinl:Eastern Province (Port Elizabeth);Western Province iCape Townj; andNorthern Cape IKirnberleyJ.

The Army is currently waging a lowintensity anti,terrorist war in the opera-tional area on the border between SouthWest Afiica,4{amibia and Angoia. At thesarne time it is actively engaged inpreventing terrorist infiltration of theRepublic. On the various occasions,since 191.2, it has been called upon toassist other security forces in main-taining or restoring law and order.Nevertheless, the Army's primaryfunction remains ihe protection of th-eRepublic's inhabitants and the integrityof its borders against conventionalonslaught.

The Army has a significant numberof superbly trained and equipped divi-sions and brigades, composed of unitsstationed countrywide. These forcesare always at the ready to wage aconventional land battle and to takethe fight to the enemy - anywhere onihe sub-continent.

CornrnandThe Chief of ihe Army who is in overailcommand, reports to the Chief of theDefence Force. The command andcontrol structure allows both conven-tional and counter-insurgency forces to

operate under one commander at allievels.

During counter-insurgency oDera-tions, command and control are decen-tralised as far as possible. However,during conventional operations they

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Th: ,A.rni.3r ls di.,:ided into several corps,as "'r,nth an5, na*Celn arm.rr. Tire foitorvinga.ne ihe fighting colps: Infanir,rr, altiitrery-,Anii-Alicraft and z\rieoured Conps. Thesu'oporting rorps and services aie:Engineer's, Slgnals, Tecirnical Selvices,DitXnance S ervice s " i'rerscnl-'ue1, Fi;lanc e,.. '1.:arr lrJlrgs;p.: Ca'e; ir,E.

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cf naiional ser-ricernen are atrsortred brrihe infan'trv Corps nhere thev unrtrergtintensive iraining in the use of miiitaryI/ireap{]:xs.

Servicem.en vrriih treadenship po-ientiai are sent lo the Intantrv Sct:ooL afUdd*shocr,' vr,hele llle.,i aie q;v-nsPeJ;dl:Si :nslruclion i:r aci;lion tlnoinlal ccurses.

Ail Cornenando Force rinits and rnostCitizen Force itnits are ccnstiilient ele-i:renis ot'the infantr3r Corps, s-rrch as theTheron C*mbat School, 'r parachuie

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?he ilape Cetrps

This unique corps is coniposedentirel;"' of volunteels fitru [he colounedconemunity. L4embels serve as lniantry-mcn es vleil as i" r a.ious sup,poningservices.

The ccrps has a proi,,C rtartirne his-tor',r. In World War One. trn'o bettaiionsserved in Easi Africa, the Middie Eastand France" Their mosi fanous engage-ment -!i/as the tsatile oi Square lJillagainsi tlee Turks iir Falestine in Seo-iember l9 i8. Thrs hisioric vicio15. iscornmernoratecl to ihis day.

Iluring Wcrld War Two, 45 000Corps mernbers served ',,r'ith t}:e AtliedForces in East .&frica, italy anri thel!"{id.riie East. A.it}iough ttie Corps urasdishanded after both in;crlC *a,ars, it'uvas resuscitateri in the eartr1, Sixtieswhen the S.& Coloureci Corps TrainingCentre was established at Eersterivier.The firsi officers r,irere comrnissicnedin 1975.

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Experience rgained ,by 'r the SouthAfrican,,folce*, against SWAFO'hasled .ior :.a ', humber : of i specialisedinfantry. unitd; These . ,include: ,amoun[ed iqfantry unit, ],,a',motor.-cycle :nhit, ,{og'handlsrs, and traekers,

All i' theie ',uriits are ''ri.ained asinfantry trsfriie' ,selection; Themounted 'and. motor-cyclel unitsopelate. basically as infantry buteajoy, higher: rnobility."i11,, lerrtrin un.suitable-,for heavy :vehicles; One ofnnounted rgfantry:s great advania$esig, silence arrd,,itlii :ther:efore ,usedmostl5l:in, patioi work. The motor,lqtcle'units handle,ioad lpatrols andreactidn fore e rtasks.

Trackerg .,r,undeigo demandinghainine end,assist infantry units inpursuing telpoiists. Dogs and theirhandleis :support infantry patrols,aie .used ;for:r' ,bag6,.'"*";ritv,, forlracking. and for searching outmines and exploiives; Eaeh of theset4sks lequires a speciflcafy:irainedidog''-,'',.,,""..' r'r''--'i'-i-'

home of the School of Armour andsimilar units. Bloemfontein is also theheadquarters of t Speciai Service Bat-talion. This battaiion has a twin unit (2SSB) based at Zeerust, Western Trans-vaal.

Basic equipment consists of twoarmoured vehicles: the Olifant tankand the Eland Armoured Car whijeseveral new configurations of thefamous Ratel vehicle have also made anappearance.

SA Engineer CorpsArmy engineers have an impressiverecord of achievement often underhazardous conditions. From World WarOne to the present unconventionalcampaign, they have kept roads open,bu ilt temporarl' bridges over rjvers.disposed of enemy mines, providedwater supplies and established thephysical infrastructure without whichfighting elements would have groundto a ha1t.

Training is provided at variouscentres and those people withleadership potential are sent to theSchool of Engineers, Kroonstad.Bethlehem's 2 Field Engineer Regimentis the operational unit ofthe engineers.All construction is done by 1 Con-struction Regiment, based at Springs.The essential services are provided by47 Survel, Squadron, 35 EngineerSupport Unit, SADF Engineer SupportUnit and cartographers.

SA Corps of SignalsFor this corps, general training pro-grammes are carried out at Heidelberg(Army Gymnasium). Here national ser-vicemen with an aptitude for elec-tronics are trained in telecommunica-tions. These servicemen are appren-ticed artisans, students or universitvgraduates, technical co[lege studentsand technicai high school students.

After basic training, some are trans-ferred to 4 Electronic Workshop nearCape Town (the Army's major trainingcentre for radar operators); and othersto 2 and 5 Signal R.egiments, Wonder-boom, Preloria.

Those national servicemen whoremain behind at Heidelberg are splitinto several groups for specialisttraining. Those with leadership quali-ties are trained to become instructorsfor the technical personnel whomaintain and service Signals Corps,equ ipment.

Technical Service Corps (TSC)Members of this corps can be regardedas the "Mr Fix-its" of the army. Thesemen maintain, repair and reconditionevery piece of army equipment *barring signals' equipment. To them,Olifant tanks, Ratel infantry combat

vehicles, troop carriers, trucks, cars,heavy ordnance, pumps and generatorshold no hidden mysteries.

Most of the national servicemen allo-cated to TSC are apprentices or technicalhigh school students. After basictraining, each is given specialist in-struction in the trade of his choice orthe army equivalent of his civiliantrade. In addition, a number of Per-manent Force apprentices are taken ineach year.

lntelligence CorpsMembers of this corps provide intelli-gence backing to all army formationsand headquarters. Training is given atthe Army's Intelligence School,Kimberley.

lVomen in the ArrnyThe SA Army Women College wasestablished in 1971. as a civil defencecollege. Today, the more than 300volunteers enrolling each year followcourses designed lo provide basictraining required for further instructionin a host of support service musterings.This varied and interesting course lasts12 months. It inciudes handling smallarms and proficiency in parade workand physical fitness. Officer trainingcourses are aiso held.

The men from LenzMembers of 21 Ballalion are unique inthe sense that they are ai1 volunteers.

SA ArtilleryThe SA Artillery has a long and proudtradition as the South African Army,ssenior corps. Natal and the CapeColonl' both had voluntary artillerybatteries in the British tradition, whilethe then South African Republic(Transvaal) and the Orange Free Statemaintained state artilierv units staffedby full-time personnel.

SAA's two major fieid units, 4 Artil-lery Regiment and 14 Artillery Regiment,are Lrased near Potchefstroom, WesternTransvaal.

Their main artillery pieces are thelocaliy manufactured 15b mm G5medium gun and GG (mobile version ofthe G5), the 140 mm field gun and the127 mm multiple rocket-launcher.

The gun crews are supported bylocating batteries that use advancedelectronic equipment to pinpoint thesource of enemy mortar or artillery fire.

SA A nti-Aircraft (SAAA)

The SAAA operates closeiy with theAir Force. Equipment includes radar-controlled anli-aircrall guns. The Anti-Aircraft School and l0 Anti-AircraftRegiment are based at youngsfieid,Cape Town.

SA Armoured Corpsin a sense. lhis corps represents lhesteel fist ol the Army. Bloemfontein,capital of the Orange Free State, is the

A 35-mm anti-aircraft gun

Since the unit was established in 1.974.it has served as the main Lraining esla-blishment for Black Permanent Forcemembers of the Army.

TrainingVital for any modern and dedicatedarmy are well-trained men in its ranks.For this reason, each corps has one ormore specialist training schools wherethose displaying initiative are trainedas junior leaders and instructors. Inaddition, each corps, brigade or divi-sion has its own training programmesand proving grounds where the variousunits are moulded into a coherentfighting force.

The Army Battle School, commis-sioned in 1978, based at Lohatlha. nearPostmasburg, in the semi-desert regionof the north-west Cape, is at the apex ofall practical training arenas. The plainswhere the school is situated are aridscrub and represent the type ofcountrythe army is likely to operate in, in theevent of conventional conflict.

Large-scale exercises are held fromtime to time when units of the variouscorps are trained together at formationlevel. The latest such exercise wasThunder Chariot (1984). the largestpeace-time exercise in the Army's his-torv.

The army has itsstaff training at theVoortrekkerhoogte.

own institution ofSA Army College,

It provides training

jI

for all middle and senior-ranking officersup Io the rank of colonel. Severalhundred Permanent Force. CitizenForce and Commando Force officersfrom all over the country enrol yearlyto follow staff courses and receive in-struction in every conceivable aspect,of modern warfare.

Infantry soldiers during a training exercise

candidate officers of the sA Army receive instruction on sub-machine guns

10

The South African Defence Force seessport and physical training playingpositive roles in the physical andmental deveiopment of its members,thereby contributing to ihe SADF'soverall efficiency and combat-readi,ness. Therefore sport participation isseen as an integrated part of SADFtraining prcgram!'nes.

The aim of Defence Force Spori isnot merely achievements or to breakrecords, bui to iirrprove and maintainhigh standards in sporiing facilitiesand in the general organisation andadministration of sport. Today thereare fer,r, sports in which Defence doesnot participate. trn mosi categories agreat number of players compete atprovincial and inlernaliorral levels.

Sport is dealt with as part of themembers' military training and isorganised, arranged and controlled bysports councils, committees and clubs.This is done in terms of the principlesand ruies applicable to amateur sport.

The SADF annually produces its quotaof Springboks. Several of lts sportsmenand women have treen selected forSouth African invitation teams andcrowned as national champions.

Sport is not practised in isolationthough, close iiaison takes place atclub, provincial and national levelswith civilian sports bodies. Thesecompete in the relevant provinces'ieagues and iake part in national cham-pionships.

Various members of the S.{DF holdpositions on provincial and nationalsports bodies.

Members regularly pariicipale inprovincial anci national sport courses,and sometirnes act as instructors.Others serve on the provincial and

national bodies' examining bcards andare rnembers of their coaches' associa-tions, as is the case in boxing andwrestling.

Potted Sportsin 1939, officers of Roberts Helghtswere instructed to create physical re-creation faciliiies for hundreds of sol-diers not engaged in specific sportingevents. In :i981, General Jannie Gel-denhuys, then Chief of the Army, rein-troduced potted sports or "bondel-sports" as an active sport. l"{any peopiecan participate at minimum cost and

with little adrninistration. Unlimitednumbers take pari at different physicallevels and in various events"

CyclingDefence cycling has a world championin Wimpie van der Merwe. In the 1986World Amateur Road Cycling Tour, hetook second place, two points behindBelgium's Pierro Cuypers, and in 1987won the event. Not only did Defencehave its own team in the event, it alsohad membels in other competingteams.

Road RunningThe world famous Comrades Marathon{90 km) held annually in South ,A.frica,is one of the toughest marathons in theworld. In the early years of the race,Defence had a smail entry, but as therace members increased annually moreDefence runners took part. As a resulttheir achievements have improvedgreatly.

WatersportThe South African climate is particu-larly suited to watersport and hereDefence fares well, as many units arestationed at the coast. Surfing, sailing,barefoot water-skiing and lifesaving aresome of the sports where the SADF hasproduced wolld champions including

Gary Neirnan, Springbok barefoot water-ski champion in action

Defence Force cycling had a world champion in Wirnpie van der foIerwe

7X

Ben Fouch6e is a prornising Defence Forcegolfer

Quentin Posthumus and Garry Neimanwho won world titles in the ramp andslalom evenls.

The best known Defence competitorin worid sport is yachtsman, JohnMartin, who won two legs of the BOCAround ihe World Yacht Race andfinished fifth place overall. Martin hasbeen a Springbok for a number ofyears.He follows in the footsteps of BertieReed, one of South Africa's ieadingseamen.

RugbyOn the local rugby scene one of theoutstanding performances was givenby Pretoria and Cape Town DefenceRugby Clubs in 1987. Eight of the mostpowerful clubs were invited to takepart in the annual SA Club Champion-ships in Durban. The championship isone of the most prestigious tourna-ments on the South African Rugbycalendar. Cape Town Defence won thetrophy, with Pretoria Defence takingfourth place.

In 1987, Cape Town Def'ence RugbyClub won both major leagues in theWestern Province, beating the powerfulSleilenbosch Universily IMaties) leam,n,hile Pretoria Defenie won anothermajor event. the Carllon Cup.

Soccer

On the soccer field, Defence won thepopuiar Soccer Currie Cup Trophy for

the first time since 1978. All provincialteams compete in the Currie Cup Tour-nament.

WrestlingAmateur wrestling is one of thestrongest sports in the Defence Forceand plays a prominent role in NationalAmateur Wrestling. For many years,Defence has produced amateur cham-pions at national level and for the 10thconsecutive year had several ]uniorand Senior SA Champions in 1987,winning the Willie Liebenberg trophyfor the most points and the HenniePotgieter shield for the most champ-ions.

HockeyThe Defence Men's Hockey Teams havewon every minor and major titie inSouth African Hockey and PretoriaDefence's first team is the L987Champion of Champions.

As in rugby, two teams were invitedto the national ciub tournament -Pretoria Defence Club, the winners,and Potchefstroom which took fourthplace. The Defence Women's Hockey

team won all their matches at theNorth Fesiival Hockey Championships.These championships are in the sameieague as the men's Allied Tournament.

Power tiftingWietz Steyn recently became the newworld champion in the men's sectionwhile two women, Mannatjie Visserand Maryna de Bruyn, endeci iunners-up in the women's section during iheWorld championships.

KarateOver lhe past two decatles the SADFhas produced several Karate Spring-boks. The SADF is presently regardedas one of the strongest karate provincesin the RSA and severai SADF Karatikaserve as national referees.

Other SportsIn conclusion, there is SADF partici-pation in less u'ell-known sports suchas hot air ballooning, kick boxing, polocross, motocross and speed boating,u'here you will find members of theSADF wearing their Springbok blazerswilh pride and glory.

A member of the SADF in action during a show jumping event

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The SAAF is organised into two reg-ional and four functional commandi.The headquarters is in Pretoria. Airbases that do not fall under one of theregional commands fall under theheadquarters.

Western Air CommandWith its headquarters in Windhoek thiscommand controls all air operations insupport of counter-insurgencv missions,supply flights, evacuation of injuredpersonnel and dropping supplies. On-going assistance to the inhabitants ofthe northern areas includes flying inmedical teams, supplies, and food tod roughl-stricken and/or fl ooded areas.

Southern Air Command\\'ith ils headquarters at Silvermine,near Cape Town, Southern AirCommand is responsible lor allmaritime air operalions. air-sea rescuemissions as well as relief and rescueoperations in the vicinity ofthe coast.

It also takes part in maritime and

land operations with the Naval Com-mands West and East and the threeArmy commands within its area ofresponsibility. Silvermine controlsvarious squadrons equipped withdifferent aircraft ranging from maritimeheiicopter squadrons, one groundattack combat squadron, helicoptersquadrons flight and heavy helicop-tersJ, a medium transport squadron anda maritime reconnaissance squadron.

In co-operation with the SA Navythis command monitors ali shippingusing the Cape route and guards SouthAfrican fishing and mineral rightslerrilorially.

Airspace Control CommandAirspace Control Command is respon-sible fol supplying early warning andair defence weaponry back-up to theAir Force, while providing air trafficcontrol services to users of South Af-rican airspace. This is done by employ-ing two main svstems - mobile andstati c.

SADF LanguageService

Due to the multi.national composi-tion of the SADF, communicatioastake place in several langurges. Inorder to irnprove the effectivenessof communications and relationsamong all population groups, theSADF language service teachesAfrican languages to all PFmembers in daily contact withmembers of African papulationgroups.In this way the Defence Fsrce setsan example in transcultural con-tact, In addition, translation. edito-rial, terminological and inter-preting seryices are provided in allEuropean, African and some otherlanguages,

t7

Mobile slrstems can be developed atshort noiice almost anywhere in thecountry. Radar units give cover to tac-tical elements of the Air Force whileair defence missile and gun weaponryare used to protect strategic nationalpoints.

A highly sophisticated static systemensures that the industrial heartland ofthe country is safe-guarded againstenemy air activity by employing fighteraircraft in an intercepting role.

An integrated Air Traffic Controlorganisation, jointly operated by theSAAF and the Directorate of CivilAviation is currently being developed'This system rvill greatly improve flightsafety in South African airspace andwill be of direct benefit to all users ofthe airspace.

Flight control and airspace operatorsare trained by the Airspace ControlSchool at Air Force Base Waterkloof.

Air Logistics CommandThis command provides ihe specialisti

logisiic senices the SAAF requires.These lnclude creating new designsand approving modifications' Overallcontrol is obtained through utilisinghighly sophisticated compuler-con-trolled purchasi ng facili ties,

The Air Force has ovet 778 000 itemsin its inventory - one of the largest inthe southern hemisPhere.

SAAF Training Command

Headquartered in Pretoria, SAAFTraining Command controls alltraining institutions in the SAAF. Thisincludes pilots, navigators, flying crewand technical personnel training. Basictraining for technicians is given at theSchool-for Logistic Training, Verwoerd-burg.

Most apprentices must complete partof their training at one of a number oftechnikons. Due to the varietY ofsophisticated equipment and aircraftin use there are many satisfying andexciting careers on olfer for young men.

National servicemen and PemanentForce members complete their basic

military training ai the Air Force G5'rn-

nasium, Valhalla. Air Force personnelmust pass various courses at the Schoolfor Logistic Training and the SAAFCollege, while officers complete theirdevelopment and staff courses at theSAAF College.

Tactical SuPport Command

Taclical Support Command has lhetask of establiihing and operating fullyequipped mobile temporary field stripsor civilian airfields.

Its main elements are Citizen iForce

Tactical Airfield units located aroundthe country and ready for rapid mobili-sation. Highly specialised mobile unitsprovide every conceivable facility lhatmay be required lor a base of up 1o 500

people, and established literally any-where.

These include electricitY, watersupplylpurification, refuse removal,abiutions. mobile canteens, workshops,communications, air traffic control andlanding faciiities, storage and opera-tional command posts'

Refuelling a Mirage F1 fighter aircraft

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18

A flight engineer servicing an Alouette III helicopter

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19

TODAY'S navy is a fully fledged andhighly elfective fighting lorce.operating in conjunction with theArmy and Air Force. trts functions arethe same as those of other navies.

lt is organised. slatled and equippedto protect South Africa's 3 000-kilo-metre coastline, its six major deep-water harbours and Walvis Bay, as wellas its territorial waters and the EEZ(exclusive economic zone, includingfishing waters).

This means that, as with the otherarms of service of the SADF, it hasconventional and counter-insurgencyfunctions. In the former it co-operateswith the Air Force to counter armedmaritime threats against the Republicof South Africa and South West Africa/Namibia, and supports the iandwardbattle when necessary.

In the latter it co-operates with thepolice, harbour and local authorities,when protecting naval installations andnationai harbour key points againstterrorism and insurgency.

Facilities and EquipmentSimon's Town, the Nav-v's major base,is the only fully developed miiitarynaval base on the African coastlineoutside the Mediterranean.

Shortly after the base was taken overfrom the Royal Navy in terms of theSimon's Town Agreement, the S,{ NavYlaunched the first major developmentprogramme, including extensive newdocking facilities, workshops, store-rooms, office buildings and a Powerstation. Further extensions and im-provements lbllowed during ihe Sixtiesand Seventies.

The dockyard area has been eniargedtwice. First in the late Sixties, when a

substantial area of iand was reclaimedfrom the sea to build the submarinebasin and support facilities.

Later the harbour area was more thandoubied when the PW Botha tidalbasin, which encloses nearly 30 ha ofwater, was constructed. The harbourcan now accommodate up to 50 shipsat a time. The deep water of Simon'sBay, Iargely protected by the sur-rounding mountains against wintergales, can aiso provide safe anchoragefor warships of any size.

Repair and refitting facilities atSimon's Town are second to none.These include a synchro-lift which canlift vessels of up to 2 000 tons out ofthewater on to a platform from where theyare transported on a series of raiis to"parking bays" or one of two sheds for

easy access by the repair and mainte-nance teams.

Today. all repair, mainlenance andconversion programmes are carried outby dockyard personnel, often in co-operation with private local contrac-tors.

Vessels used by the Navy are ideallysuited to a task which, following themandatory arms embargo imposed bythe UN Security Council in 1977, nolonger includes protecting the generalWestern interests in the strategic Capesea-1anes.

These vessels include fast missile-cauying strike craft for surface attack, aflotilla of submarines, a flotilla of minecountermeasure vessels and twohelicopter-carrying replenishment ves-sels.

Cornmand and controlThe Navy's headquarters is based inPretoria for closer liaison with the otherarms of the SADF. There are two areacommands, i.e. the Naval CommandWest with headquarters at Siiverminein the Cape, and Naval Cornmand Eastwith its headquarters on the Bluff inDurban.

FersonnelThe total staff complement of the Navyis smaller than that of either the Armyor the Air Force. Most of its membersbelong to the Permanent Force, as the

effective operation of the Navy's vesselsand their advanced weapon and othersystems demands considerable invest-ment in training.

However, the Navy does command a

fairll, lslgs Citizen Force with baseslocated in areas from which mostnational servicemen allocated to theNavy are drawn. Two of these bases,SAS Rand and SAS Magdiesberg, areon the Transvaal Highveld, about 600km froil the nearest salt water, and theothers are at the coast.

Women play an important role inioday's Navy. The war-time SAWomen's Auxiliary Naval Service(SWANS) was resuscitated in the earlySeventies and all young FermanentForce recruits are drafted to the SASSaldanha, the SAS Jalsena or the SASSirnonsberg where they receive basictraining similar to their male counter-parts.

After that they undergo specialisttraining in non-combatant musterings,especially in administrative and tech-nicai fields. Some work as tactical dataoperators on advance communicationsequipment at Silvermine, the jointheadquarters of Southern AirCommand and Naval Command West,and others as naval radar operators atshore installations.

South African Indian volunteers whowant to join the Navy have their owntraining unit, the SAS /alsena, situated

Crew members of a rninesweeper

2A

on Salisbury Isiand in Durban harbour.This is a practical arrangement as

most Indians live in and aroundDurban. The available facilities allowfor a maximum intake of 200 volunteersa year. In 1987, the SAS Jalsena re-ceived aimost 2 000 applications.

Their service of two ),ears, whichincludes five months'basic training, isidentical to that of other naval voiun-teers.

On completion they can join thePermanent Force and usuallv all but afew elect lo do so.

General trainingAll national servicemen allocated tothe Navy, together with all youngvolunteers for the Permanent Force,are drafted to the SAS Saldanha on thewest coast for their 13-week basictraining. This includes a comprehen-sive course in the fundamentals ofseamanship.

Basic training is followed byspecialist training in the variousmusterings. If the trainee is to be anartisan or technician, he will go to theNavy's technical training school at theSAS Wingfield and if he is to be arating in another branch, he will con-tinue his training at the SASSimonsberg,

Later the prospective seaman isdrafted to a vessel for an extendedpractical training period or to someshore installation where he will be amember of a large team whose job it isto keep the vessels and their crewsoperating efficiently at sea. Thistraining cycle is repeated until traineescomply with the high standard ofproficiency required.

More than 2 000 civilians areemployed in the Simon's Town Navaldock-yard. It is the highesi concentra-tion of trade disciplines in ihe Re-public, and more than 50 differenttrades are practised. There are cur-rently more than 2 100 apprenticesundergoing training in the dockyard.

Basic tnaining for young officers isgiven at the Naval College, Gordon'sBay, 50 km north-east of Cape Town.Specially selected midshipmen are alsotrained as officers at the Naval College.Specialist training is given at the SASSimonsberg and the various flotillas.

Submarine FlotillaThe Navy's DAPHNE Class submarinesare based at Simon's Town, wheretrainirrg and docking facilities wereconstructed in record time for thearrival of the first submarine fromFrance in May 1971. The support baseis the SAS Hugo Biermann.

While the DAPHNE craft are smallcompared to submarines of the superpowers, they are quiet and highlymanoeuvrable and, with their deepdiving capability, well-suited tooperating in South African waters.They also require a relatively smallcomplement of about 50 officers and

A full logistic and support facilityhas been developed and the Navy'sown technicians and artisans have theexperience to strip and overhaul thesecraft. The maintenance programme isdesigned to keep at least two sub-marines at sea most of the time.

Candidate submariners - all volun-teers - undergo rigorous selection tests,

inciuding psychological tests todetermine whether they will be able toperform their duties efficiently asmembers of a team in the confinedspace of a submarine during longperiods at sea.

After an introd uctory cou rse offormal iraining followed by a shortspell at sea, candidates are givenspecialist instruction in the variousmusterings as well as in the mechanicsand functions of all systems and equip-ment on board.

An important training facility is thecomputer-controlled simulator whichrealisticaily reproduces all the opera-tional situations with which sub-marines malr be confronted, includingihe flooding or sinking of a vessel.Advanced training includes exerciseswith and against the Nav5,'s other ves-sels.

Strike Craft FiotillaThe flotiila of Minister Class StrikeCrall revealed ior the first time in Mav1979, is the pride ofthe |Javy.

The ships, as well as their sophisti-cated defensive and offensive deviceshave been designed and built in SouthAfrica. They are ideal in coastal watersand have the striking power of shipsmany times their size.

The craft carry guided surface-to-surface missiles capable of destroyingIarge vessels. Mounted aft, these arebacked by a comprehensive array ofelectronic devices which can track andidentify targets and ward off missileattacks.

. Unlike lhe large battleships of yore.they are very fast (with a maximumspeed in excess of 30 knots), highlymanoeuvrable and capable of changingcourse in a matter of seconds. Theyrequire minimum maintenance and re-pairs. and can operate from any port.

Mine Counterrneasures FlotillaThe MCM flotilla which operatesminesweepers and mine-hunters main-tains the expertise of being able toneutralise any enemy mining to theRepublic's harbours and iheir approaches.The operational life of the MCM vesselsis greatly extended by regular rotation ofvessels in commission and lhe excellentbase support facilities availabie. Besidesremaining proficient in their primaryrole, these vessels are also used forcoaslal patrols and sea-training. TheMine Countermeasures Flotilla isvirtually the only force of its kind inAfrica.

The Support Vessels

The SAN's first replenishment ship, theSAS Tafelberg, has been refitted andmodernised in the Simon's Town dock-yard. A large flighl deck belween lwosuperstructure islands and two hangars.

Marines on the Zambesi River (Caprivi)

27

,7

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cile ori eiiir.er side of the fr;nnel, -were

aii,dsC at the sa::ie iime. This has given-iler the capahitriiy of operating tvtraF:mas or Super Freion Freiicr:piers. Sheis there,r*re ilcr,{,- able io rep}enish bysia.1i, i6ui and v*rticaL :eplenishinenti':r.-;itre'pl. "{'lcir; 4{l ffiili aad tw+ 2G mm-:^":Otl We)'e d:SO AdCed.

The decisi*n to give her thisheliccpte.t' capahillty was taken whenit i:ecame clear lhrat the *qAAF Shack-tretons -vr;outd i?nally have tc he rietired--l.4/ittlorlt any relllacemeilt trelitg avaitr-able 1e tire near ii.rirlre. Th.e 5AST"afbrnberg pres€nted s{1e porsibiiity tnget scme "e-ves ;n tXle sky" andl at sfeesonai]le cost. RoXes +nvisagsd for:he Fur::ras, irtci;;de visuai reco:iiraie-s&nc€, ve$se} id-eatificatiori, vertlep,-lertrep to sliore, and c ttlx-nu.nicati*nsfi.ights, In a patrcl silpport rcle, tire$AS ?'afiJ&erg wili offer exceiient en-duiance ccr:,pl*d -,^.,lth tLr.e capahiiiiiesof iler hetritcp+"er.<.

The c*nv*rsicn iesuii*d ira ccnsider-

abie unulilised space hetcv.. tke ijightdeck, which lias i;een used !,1 providearnded acc".rnrnoiaiion arrri :rnedicai.faciliiies ai little add"itional co-ei"

Coupi*d rviih her helicoirtei-s and tneability tn carrlr large "b*al,s, 'ihis hasgiven tire SAS Tafbibel.6 a vaiuaL,tresearilh and rescue, aird rtrisaster reiiefpotentiai"

T'he repienistrrnei:t siliP 5ASSla*eilsf;e"r6 r{ias cc,:rllmissicireil. in1-987. The iccally d*signed and h'.:iii.ressel of 12 50t) tons wi-ti slt.c.ptre;riexit

ttre 5AS T-a.fbiberg in ail her p;:esent

role.. arad witrl greatl3r enhance atl th*S,4 hTa";y's capahili'iies in hel specificfielcn cf operaiions ai sea.

Fi--c'd 3" er gr ap *:si c S aanc'cy

'1ihe hyojr*grapher of ihe tda4i is theckr*rting auiil*xit.v for the $eas altrngthe criasts of tlee Repu'mlic cf SouthAfri n a en el 5 *uii-i trlv- e s't Afri c ai f ',larr:ii.r I e.

Tlie h-vdrn-rgraphic i:ranclh is t:he

oldesi in i-he ,ldav3r and tor maiiy 3/€arsits survey vessels have scoured thesou-i.hern cceans, carefuli,v plottinge\reIy under'r^,'ater ctag, prorrlontory,rnountain a:rd va,lie,v, to :rake the Capesea-tranes sai'el f*r Eii vessels.

The SAil i'-rofea is engaged in ihisimpcrieni jask. Sho is fitted with thei,ri:Lcsi l:lcdsrn autornaiic survelr. data-logging a*d stiip guidaace equipment.lL cornput*r guid.es tne ahip *n e pl"e-

selected track aclcsg ihe area to hesurrreyed. Tlie lnfcrniation gaihered b1r

tleis u.ressel is plocessed into a series ofc,i.larts arrd other publ-icaiions, i.ir-

c,ur ing raviE:t,orr guirjes anil Iide-tai:les. These are aico artailable anci onsale to tLre public and shippirtg lines cftb.e *world.

The l{av3r's ir"3rdr61tt**n*r co-ardinates navigation walningc t0lnariners in the South Atlantic andindiail iicean, and represents Soutil.Afiii:a cn the trnternational F{ydr:o-graphic {-}r6anisaticn"

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ffiiversTFre ltravy's frogmen are trained at5AS Srrncnsberg Diving SchoolSiuion's Tolnrn.

Atter rornpieting their basic trainingand searnanshi.p courses ai the S.45SaLdanka aad the SAS Srrnonslrerg,

candidate iivers must pass a series aistringent selection tests hefore emhark-i n g ott a :tlert Ll uti t ir; i ni ng il r.ig!'t I i :i-,e.

Thusc ii t:n cumpneic iir- ;",ur"e , er'-

tainlSr 6qlnsliiute crle of the fittesi andrnost effec'rive units in ihe SADF.

Their major role is protectingshipping anri harhour installationsagainst sabotags end insurgency. Feace-time duties include ..rnclelo,vater salvegr]or lepaiis, and assisting in 'ber'thing

naval vesseis in d:ydock.

&€ariqaes

The shift in emphasis in the 5A hiav5,'sciuties in 1979 ied to the revivai of thehtlanines Branch. trt is ihe function oftFris

-branch rio protect our trarhours and

narial iiastaiXations against coirventiona.trassaulI or sabctage f,r'om iar:c c: sea.

Some rnarin,es are nationai service-men Lrr rner-nbers or" the PernlanentForce, l-rui most are cira-run from tlaeranks of the Ciiizen Force. They areorganised on a txigade basis and op-erate in clcse co-operaticn with thepclice and other euthorities.

Units have now been esiabiished

frcn Rici-r-ard's Bay i,n ti-le north-eastthlcugh Durban, East {.oirdcn, FortEnizatleth, Simcn's Torrun, Tahle tsay toSaidanha Bav, as well as Waivis tsay^

Because the riuties of the rnarines arean ar,':ralgain of those of sailors andsondiers, they are iraineri as both, andconsequently their training is toughand crrmprehensive.

.After training, which includes deploy-rnent on ttre S\VAA"iamiilia rlver borders,such a harbour protecticln rrnit is pro-ficient ir-l infantry tactics, unarinedcornbat, diving techniques and counter-insurgency operations

"

The F{FEs (harb,our patrol nroatsJ usedby the marines aie designed and builtin South ,A,frica, and rank among themost heavil,rr armed smaltr tioats in the-"^"rorlt'i

.

Search apid R.escueR.escue operations aiong the southernand eastern seaboards are underiakenh,v units of the Narzy and the Air Forcein co-operaiion r,r,lth ilie Nationai SeaRescue trnstitute {NSRI}, a vo}unianyprivate organisation funded lalgeiy itydoreations from the pubiic.

Sver the c€mtur:ies, f,rorcx CEassic6c-ne,'r end Grcek :!nnel" e[fa-rooEogicalI;::ow:elge B'rns phved aar c"n,]on!ancl oee :.: rililii.ary *{rejftE:i}fts"

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Tlae new reple:liskment vessel of t&e S,& Navy, the S,{S Fra&ems&e-rg

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The morale of the South African Forcesin the operational area is very high.One of the most important contributingfactors is the South African MedicalService (SAMS) which is the lourtharm of the SADF.

The SA Medical Service providesthe necessary med ical and relatedsupport to the SADF in land-. air-, andseaward operations, and also carriesout its own distinctive operationaltasks.

As well. the SA Medical Serviceprovides continuous base-orientatedmedical and related services to allPermanent Force members and theirdependants, Citizen Force and Com-mando Force members, and nationalservicemen.

The SAMS follows a multi-cliscip-linary approach and its personnel re-present more than 50 recognisedmedical and paramedical prolessions.

PersonnelThe Service consists of a full and part-time lorce. The former has professi,cnalmen and women who are PermanenlForce members, and suitably qualifiednational servicemen who serve in theirrespective professions after undergoingbasic military orientation. The part-time force includes members of theCitizen Force and Commando Forceunits lhroughout the country.

To ensure that medical and related

services available are as comprehensiveas possibl'e and remain at the highestlevel ol proficiency. the Serviceappoints prominent private specialistsas consultants to supplement theexpertise of the growing number ofspecialists in its full-time complement.The utilisation of no less than 50different occupational categories ofpeople within the SA Medical Service,is an outstanding example of this multi-professiona l ism.

The Service maintains close contaclwith national health authorities andprofessional bodies. All professionalstaff employed by the Service areregistered with the SA Medical andDental Council and other bodies, toensure uniformity and excellence ofstandards in service and professionalconduct.

The Service is represented in avariety of medical related organisa-tions. A contributing factor is the

Surgeon's General's membership of theAdvisory Committee on NationalHealth, Population Development, theSA Medical and Dental Council, andthe Medical Association of SA. Medicalservices are rendered on request toindependent States in co-operationwith the Department of Foreign Affairs.

SAMS keeps itsell up-to-date withthe many new medical products on themarket by maintaining contact withmedical representatives from a large

selection of medical companies and byevaluating the ellicacy of theseprod ucts.

CSIR and Armscor also lurnishvaluable scientific and technologicalinformation at the request of SAMS tofulfil each and every need SAMS mayexperience in military operations andelsewhere.

The SAMS Nursing College is aninstitution registered with the SouthAfrican Nursing Council. Nursingtraining includes a four-year Diplomawhich, in associaiion with the Univer-sity of South Africa, leads to profes-sional nurse status * general, psychia-tric. community and midwife. Thereare olher lraining courses for enrollednurses as weli as a six-month trainingcourse for nursing assistants.

Bursaries are available for medicaland dental students and facilities forpost-graduate studies at the univer-sities of Pretoria. Stellenbosch and theOrange Free State. Various sections ofthe three military hospitals have beenaccorded academic status by the Medicaland Dental Council.

The Medical Service benefits fromthe arrangement because a workforceof clinical assistants in variousspecialities is placed at its disposal.

Medical CareAs with the best civilian and militarymedical services in the world, SouthAfrica places equal emphasis onpreventive, curative and rehabilitationservices.

"Prevention is better lhan cure" is a

very apt dictum as regards lhe SAMSpolicy to establish lacilities for pre-ventive medicine.

Hygiene officers. doctors and healthtraining staff combine efforts to createan awareness of preventive, curativeand rehabilitation services. As wellthey impart preventive knowledge tothe local population in specificnational states to try and control thespread of disease. These long-termprojects are already bearing fruit withthe promise of even better healthconditions lor lhe future.

Curalive services cover the fullspectrum of medical and related care.These may be conveniently dividedinto: medical, dental, psychiatric andnursing care, pharmaceutical, welfare,general military health, rehabilitation,specialist job selection, velerinaryservices and community health care.

The comprehensive medical care

Air Force memtrers are tested in a decompression chamber at the Institute of AviationMedicine

24

programme starts with consultationand diagnosis. This is followed byrecognised treatment by the approp-riate medical staff and hospitalisationif necessary.

Dental care covers the full spectrum,from extractions to conservation,maxillo-facial and oral surgery, andprostheses.

It is the policy ofthe Surgeon Generalto achieve optimal rehabilitation. Inthe SAMS this is regarded as a processwhereby the quality and length of lifeare extended and involves the combi-nation and co-ordination of medicai,paramedical, psvcho-sociological andeducational facilities in training andre-educating disabled persons.

The ultimate goal in rehabilitation isto assist the physically and/or mentaliydisabled individual in the optimumrealisation of his capabilities, ensuringthe adjustment necessary for a produc-tive, well-balanced lifestyle.

The process of rehabilitation ischaracterised by its intervention inphysical, social, psychological andspiritual levels of the individual'sexistence including appropriate after-care and follow-up. Within the SAMSthe utilisation of the multi-disciplinarytreatment team which is a fundamentalelement in the holistic approach torehabilitation and a pre-requisite forsuccessful adjustment, is standardpolicy.

Since a disabled individual'streatment and stay in hospital arelargely determined by the extent of hisinjury, he may spend anything fromone to 18 months in a recovery wing ofa military hospital.

The Medical Service is the largestdistributor of pharmaceutical suppliesto military and non-military institu-tions in the country. It is a supplyadministration of daunting proportionsand means that the Service's pharma-cists not only dispense medicines, butare responsible for administering thisvital service as well.

Other services renderedThe military welfare service promotesthe sound social functioning ofmembers of the SADF and theirfamilies, on the basic assumption thatthe best soldier is a soldier well-adjusted and free from worries aboutfamily or other social problems.

Many calls for welfare assistancecome from servicemen called up forborder duty after their initial two-yearperiod of training. Once a problem hasbeen identified, qualified officers takethe appropriate remedial action.

The general military health programmeinvolves applying various measuresand techniques to prevent the outbreak

A member of theSA Medical Servicespraying a poolwith insecticide aspart of a mosquito-control programme,

of disease or the development of healthhazards which may impair the readi-ness or efficiency of the SADF. Thus,the Medical Service's hygiene officersmonitor health conditions in the totalenvironment. They also ensure thatfood conforms to the most stringenthygienic standards.

The veterinary section's function isto prevent the occurrence and spread ofdisease among the SADF's animals,particularly horses and dogs, and totreat them accordingly. This includesthe control of diseases such as rabies inareas where the SADF is deployed.

Veterinarians also do extensive re-search programnres testing the suita-bility of species, selecting the bestnutrition under specific conditions andmanaging ali breeding programmes,

A survival centre provides trainingfor SAAF flying personnel and seiectgroups of other soldiers. The courseincludes survival techniques in bush,desert and coastal areas. It is based onthe assumption that a man with oniyhis uniform and knife must survivehowever harsh the conditions and anypossible enemy threat. Speciai trainingis given on poisonous and ediblevegetation and insects, and how to getfood from the sea without the usualequipment.

Military Medicine InstitutionsTo comply with the diverse specialisedneeds which a modern defence force,such as the SA Defence Force, expectsfrom its medical facilities, SAMS has,apari from the usual back-up of

specialised services, all the know-howin fields typical of military medicine.

The Service also renders specialistselection services for the Institute forMaritime Medicine. The SADF appliesits own stringenl Iests to screenprospective divers and submarinepersonnel for the Navy and the Mer,chant Navy. Similarly, the Institute forAviation Medicine at Verwoerdburg,Pretoria, screens pilots fdr the Air Forceand Civil Aviation.

At the same time, SAMS can, withgood reason, boast of expertise in fieldssuch as heat exhaustion, trauma andthe management of disasters. Duringextensive flooding coupled with theloss of many lives and homes atLaingsburg in 1984, SAMS personnelwere on the scene within hours. Doctorstreated patients and pharmacists renewedlost supplies, tablets for patientssuffering from non-visible ailments suchas high blood pressure, diabetes, arthriiis,etc. A psychological team as well asrescue workers treated inhabitants whosuffered from shock and depression.

The evacuation of the injured orseriously ill patient receives priorityattention in SAMS. If vehicle transportis too slow, or the pick-up point in-accessible, i.e, in combat areas or onmountain ranges, SA Air Force helicop-ters are tasked to evacuate the patient.

As soon as a soldier is wounded hebecomes a SAMS responsibility. Treat-ment starts immediately and is continueduntil he reaches a doctor or a doctorreaches him. Once stabilised the pa-tient is evacuated to a rear field or basehospital.

25

SA Delville Wood CommemorativeMuseum (France)

This museum has been created loproclairn the full signilicance ol SouthAlrica's National War Memorial alDelville Wood. ll recalls the sacrilice ol25 000 South Alrican volunleers. menancl women ol all races and creeds,who laid down their lives in two worldwars and in Ko'ea. and commemoratesthe readiness ol lhe people ol SouthAfrica to take up arms in defence of thevalues ol lhe Weslern world.

The design ol the museum is basedon lhe Caslle ol Cood Hope in CapeTown. the [irst permanenf iortificalionin Soulh Alrica. Its penlagonal shapelorms part olthe Soulh African DelenceForce emblem.

The archileclure of thc buildingharmonises lt ith the other structureson site. namell lhe Soulh Alrican Na-lional War Memorial and the Cross o[Conserrration.

The laller. occupying a cenlral posi-tion in lhe complex. is shellered by themuseum and can be seen lrom any angleinside through the glass panels, fi Ueirsthe inscriptiorr "For lheir laith and lortheir freedom they died".

One's first v iew on entering lhemuseum lhrough the main entrancc. isol an engraved glass wirrdorv depiclingDellville Wood afler lhe battle. Theinscriplion at the bottom ol lhis panelis taken from the speech delivered b1'Ceneral I B M Herlzog at the me morial'sinauguration on 10 October 1926.

The Battle honours awarded to theSouth Alrican forces during lhe Iwoworld wars and lhe Korean war areengraved on lhe large windows lacingthe courtyard. The engraved bordersurrounding them depicts SouthA lr ica's n at ion a I fl o r,r'er Prolealykaroides - and lhe flower emblems ofthe four provinces.

The passages Iinking the bastionshouse the bronze panels featuring theworks oi lour prominent South Africanartists: Dawie de jager, Mike Edwards,Tienie Pritchard and Jo Roos. Theparticipation of all South Africans,regardless of colour or creed, in combator auxiliary services, constitutes thetheme oi these r,r'orks ol art.

The message conveyed by these panelsis South Africa's preparedness to assisther Western aliies in their struggle toprolecl lhe freedom ol the WesternWorld.

The Monument. lhe museum arrd lhewood form a unity supplementecl blrthe Cemetery of the Commonwealth

26

War Graves Commission across the roadto Longueval, in which 151 SouthAfricans. B2 oi whom are identilied. lieburied amdng other soldiers of theBritish Empire.

Fort BeaufortThe idea of exploiling lhe rich mililaiy-historical potential of Fort Beaufort byestabl ishing a military museum. wasfirst considered in 1973. The buiidingbecame available for museum purposesin 1975. In 1980, iI was declared a

National Museum, and wilh lheMarlello Tower. forms a slrilingcomplex. The museum consisls ol nineexh ibit d isplay rooms.

The Marlello lower. completed sometime after 1893, forms part of the fortifi-cations at Fort Beaufort, that wereaulhorised a[ler lhe Sixlh Fronlier War.It is surrounded bv several oldhuildings r.t hich dale bu, k to ihe dalswhen Ft-rrt Beaulort played an importantrole in the defence of the frontier.

The round lower. conslrucled of largehewn stones, is in good condition and aswivel gun mounted on a wooden frameslill slands al lhe top of lhe fortress.The [ower's name is Jerived lrom Mor-tella, the scene ola Brilish naval raid inCo rs ica .

The Donkin Reserve MilitarylVIuseum

The Donkin Reserve Mililarv Museumwas oificially opened in igzg. It is

situated next to the Elizabeth DonkinMemorial Pyramid on lhe DonkinReserve. overlooking lhe brrildings ofMain Street and Algoa Bay in PortElizabeth. Access to ihe Muscum carrbe gained either by elimbing the slepsfrom Chapel Street or bJ, strolling overlhe Reserve lrom Belmonl Terrace. Themuseum is open to the public everyday except Christmas Day and GoodFriday. Admission is lree.

The museum calers lor and welcomesorganised schooi parties. Lectures onthe museum exhibits and historv ol tlreEast Cape are given by slall. Historicaland militarv video shows are ar,ailableupon requesl.

The museum's exhibits are displal,edin six rooms and the lighthouse 1or,r'er.In the lighthouse tower there are eightlevels each of which has a differentnaulical display.

Fort Klapperkop and FortSchanskop

The military museums, Fort Klapperkopand Forl Schanskop in Preloria. arepart of a system of four first-class fortifi-cations. They were built in the periodl896 lo lBgB to safeguard the capital ofthe old South Alrican Republic againsla further imperialist onsliught suih asthe abortirre jameson Raid of Decemberr 895.

Built in a spirit ol deliance. the lortsare a symbol of the sacrifice that the oldZAR was prepared to make to protectils lradilions. lreedom and national

Aerial view of Fort Klapperkop in Pretoria

Fiying history : The vintage Hornet Mcth of the SA Air Force Museurn which has been restoredto flying condition

identity against the might of an interna-tional superpower.

Fort Klapperkop was opened as theSADF's first museum during theRepublic Festival of 1966 with its primeobjective being to educate and motivateDefence Force members by exhibitingihe development of South Africa's ownmilitary capabilities, and instillingpride in their military traditions andachievements.

Secondly, the museum would serveas a wjndow of the SADF io portray our"proud image as winners to the generalpublic - parlicularly lor scholars whoare, after all, the national servicemenand leaders of the future.

Fort Schanskop, adjacent to the Voor-trekker monurnent, porirays the themeof the early military history of the ZARfrom the First War of Independenceand the Anglo-Boer War up to 1910.

Forl Klapperkop supplements thetherne of our proud history from 1910,including World Wars One and Two tothe current rnilitary operations thaisafeguard our country and nationagainst terrorism and subversion, andincursions across our borders.

Forl Klapperkop also houses the Na-tional Defence Force memorial. Thishonours all SADF members who havebeen kiiled on active service since 1961.

The SAAF Museur:rSince its establishment in 1976, theSAAF Museum has grc',vn ta becomethe largest single coliection of a..riaiionrelics in Southern Africa. Establishedunder the guidance of Col P M IMcGregor, the museum's early actjvitiescentred around the recover5, of aviaticnitems from crash sites, scrapyards andairfields, with the first appeals beingmade for photo aibums and log-books.

Among the most significant recoveries

of the early years were five Venturabombers from a farm in the WesternCape and scores of Avro Ansonfuselages and components from varioussites.

The rnuseum workshops at Lanseriahave been responsibie for restoring, toairworthy condition, a number ofvintage aircraft including a DH HornetMoth, a Fairchild Argus, a DH Chipmunkand a DH Vampire. These aircralt lo-gether with a Fieseler Storch, restoredby I Air Depot, operate as part of theuruseum's historic flight.

Other projects tackled by the AirForce units, on behalf of the museum,include the restoration of the SikorskyS-55 and Alouette II helicopters to beflown by 19 and 17 Sqn respectively.17 Squadron also works on the SAAF'soriglnal helicopter, a Sikorsky S-51.

As weli as the aircraft, over 70 air-frames are in storage, mainly at AFSSnake Valley. awaiting restoration orexchange deals.

Other important museum activitiesinclude the preservation ol uniforms,medais and tradges, with the museumlibrrary being responsible lor aero-nautical books, aircrew log-books,posters, maps and printed mernorabiiiadating back to World War One.

This library also houses one of thefinest colleciions of technical docurnentsrelating to aircraft of the past. A photo-graphic and fiim archive is plesentiybeing established.

Since 1978, the museum has issued31 commemorative envelopes of signifi-cant events in SAAF history and isresponsible for historicai researchreialing to SAAF units as well as localand foreign inquiries on the history ofthe SAAF.

Although the museurn has a srnalltemporary public display at Lanseria, afund-raising campaign has been

launched to construct a prestigiousnew museum on Bays Hill above AFBSwartkop, the SAAF's first base.

Naval MuseumsThe first irnportant collection of SANavai relics assembled in South Africais now on dispiay in the SA NationalMuseum ol Miiitary History in Johan-nesburg.

Although the SA Navy had retainedcertain historic guns and other navalrelics in the trophy accounts of itsships and shore establishments, it wasnot until 1965 thai the first NavalMuseum was mooted. A naval com-mittee chaired by Cdr (iater R Adm) SC Biermann was formed to bring anaval museum in itre Castle in CapeTown inlo being.

As there were insu llicient navalexhibits it was decided to share themuseum with the other arms of theservice and the Military Museum inthe Castle was opened by Gen R CF{iemstra on 25 November X966.

A highiv successfui maritime weekin Cape Town lrom 21 - 2S March 1968eventually led to the establishment o{South,Africa's first purely marilimemuseum on the floor above lhe MilitaryMuseum at the Castle.

The museum was opened by V AdmH H Biermann on 18 May 1971. Theexhibils included models and paintingsof warships and merchani vesiels.

The venue of the museum. in SouthAfrica's oidest and mosl imporlantbuilding. cnsured that sorne izr oocpeople visited it every year. On 17February 1986, the Military andMaritirne Museums at the Castle wereforced lo close to enable restoraLionwork on the wing in which they werehoused to commence.

Scon aflerwards the SA NationalMaritime Museum withdrew itsexhibits to establish a new maritime{luseurn in Table tsay Flarbour. Someol the military componenls are in slore,awaiting re-housing on completion olthe restoralion. Eventually the Castlewill have a large museurn complex,occupying lhe entire wall between theseaward-facing Buren and Katzenellen-bogen bastions.

Al present the SA Naval MuseumsBranch runs two museums: the N{ar-telio Tower in Simon's Town {openedon 2 May 1973) and the Museum ofCoast and.Anti-Aircraft Artiliery at FortWynyard in Green Point (opened inNovember 1987). Museum brochuresand research on museum items andrelated subjecls are published fromtime lo time.

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