1966 - Hand Grip Pressure in Older People
8
Brit. J . prev. soc. Med. 1966), 2 0 , 141-147 HAND GRIP PRESSURE I N OLDER PEOPLE BY W . F . ANDERSON AND N . R . COWAN Consultative Health Centre f o r Older People, Ruthergien, Lanarkshire I t i s postulated that grip strength i s o f value i n estimating progress after illness, that i t ca n a i d i n t he seeking o u t o f early pathological processes involving t h e related musculature, a n d that i t i s o f u s e i n t h e assessment o f certain generalized diseases, f o r e x - ample, th e myopathy associated with neoplasm a n d thyrotoxicosis. However, there i s a clear lack o f information concerning normal grip strength i n older persons a n d i t s u s e i n geriatric practice. Grip strength h a s been considered i n t h e past mainly i n terms o f ag e a n d zero order correlation, with inadequacy o f numbers i n older ages (Ruger a n d Stoessiger, 1927; Elderton a n d Moul, 1928; Fisher a nd Birren, 1947). Burke, Tuttle, Thompson, Janney, a n d Weber 1953), with only 2 subjects i n t h e ag e range 60-79 years, state that t he average grip strength o f males a t 7 9 years i s 32-2 k g . a n d that this i s about t h e same as that a t ag e 1 2 to 1 5 years. This paper ha s therefore a two-fold purpose: t o provide standards of hand grip pressure f o r healthy older people a t given weight a n d age, a n d thereby to encourage t h e routine measurement o f grip strength in geriatric practice. MErHODS T h e data relate to 3 6 2 men a nd 3 9 4 women seen a t t h e Rutherglen Consultative Health Centre f o r Older People (Anderson a n d Cowan, 1955). A l l were considered t o b e i n good health after a detailed clinical examination, which included ophthal- moscopic examination a n d where necessary electro- cardiographic assessment. I n particular, hand injuries, left-handedness, a haemoglobin level under 1 1 g . Sahli, o r a n apical systolic murmur louder than Grade 2 as described b y Levine a n d Harvey 1949) excluded people from this series. T h e hand grip pressure w as measured with a Meredith dynamometer. Each individual was permitted three tries with each hand a n d t h e highest reading i s t h e o n e recorded. Body weight was measured with men a n d women wearing a minimum o f clothing a n d no footwear. T he weighing machine was o f th e Steelyard platform type reading accurately to 85 g. RESULTS Table I shows that men have more powerful hand grips than women. T he average hand grip pressures o f men a n d women differ significantly f o r bothhands Right hand: mean difference =9 2 kg.; s =0 333912; t =27 4 ; p e r cent level = -96. Left hand: mean difference=9 1 kg.; s =0 329895; t =27-5; 5 p e r cent. level = -96 . T h e test o f significance used f o r these mean differences required t o take account o f t h e significant differences between t h e standard B L E I MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, AND COEFFICIENTS OF VARIATION OF THE SEVERAL VARIABLES, BY S E X Variable S e x Mean ± S.E. Standard Coefficient Deviation o f Variation Male 39-±S0*28 54 13*7 Right. Female 30*3±0*18 3 - 6 11*9 Hand Grip Pressure kg.). Male 37*S±0*28 14i1 Left Female 28-4±0-18 3 - 6 12-6 Male 63*0±0-49 9 4 14-9 Body weight kg.) . . Female 61*6±0-62 12-4 20-1 Male 72-4±0*32 6 - 9 9 * 5 A g e (completed years) .. .. .. 9.8 Female 7014 O13S 69 9 * 8 1 4 1
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Transcript of 1966 - Hand Grip Pressure in Older People
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B r i t . J . p r e v . s o c . M e d . ( 1 9 6 6 ) , 2 0 , 1 4 1 - 1 4 7
HAND GRIP PRESSURE I N OLDER PEOPLE
BY
W. F . ANDERSON AND N. R . COWAN
C o n s u l t a t i v e H e a l t h C e n t r e f o r O l d e r P e o p l e , R u t h e r g i e n , L a n a r k s h i r e
I t i s p o s t u l a t e d t h a t g r i p s t r e n g t h i s o f v a l u e i ne s t i m a t i n g progress a f t e r i l l n e s s , t h a t i t ca n a i d i n t h e
s e e k i n g o u t o f e a r l y p a t h o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v i n gt h e r e l a t e d m u s c u l a t u r e , a n d t h a t i t i s o f us e i n t h e
a s s e s s m e n t o f c e r t a i n g e n e r a l i z e d d i s e a s e s , f o r ex -
a m p l e , t h e m y o p a t h y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h n e o p l a s m a n d
t h y r o t o x i c o s i s . H o w e v e r , t h e r e i s a c l e a r l a c k o f
i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g " n o r m a l " g r i p s t r e n g t h i no l d e r persons a n d i t s us e i n g e r i a t r i c p r a c t i c e . G r i p
s t r e n g t h h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e p a s t m a i n l y i nt e r m s o f ag e a n d zero o r d e r c o r r e l a t i o n , w i t h
i n a d e q u a c y o f n u m b e r s i n o l d e r ages ( R u g e r a n d
S t o e s s i g e r , 1 9 2 7 ; E l d e r t o n a n d M o u l , 1 9 2 8 ; F i s h e r
a n d B i r r e n , 1 9 4 7 ) . B u r k e , T u t t l e , T h o m p s o n ,J a n n e y , a n d W e b e r ( 1 9 5 3 ) , w i t h o n l y 2 7 s u b j e c t s i nt h e ag e range 6 0 - 7 9 y e a r s , s t a t e t h a t t h e average g r i ps t r e n g t h o f m a l e s a t 7 9 y e a r s i s 3 2 - 2 k g . a n d t h a t t h i si s a b o u t t h e same as t h a t a t ag e 1 2 t o 1 5 y e a r s . T h i s
paper h a s t h e r e f o r e a t w o - f o l d purpose: t o p r o v i d e
s t a n d a r ds o f h a n d g r i p p r e s s u r e f o r h e a l t h y o l d e rp e o p l e a t g i v e n w e i g h t a n d a g e , a n d t h e r e b y t o
encourage t h e r o u t i n e measurement o f g r i p s t r e n g t hin g e r i a t r i c p r a c t i c e .
MErHODS
T h e d a t a r e l a t e t o 3 6 2 men a n d 3 9 4 women seen a t
t h e R u t h e r g l e n C o n s u l t a t i v e H e a l t h C e n t r e f o rO l d e r P e o p l e ( A n d e r s o n a n d C o w a n , 1 9 5 5 ) . A l l
w e r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e i n g o o d h e a l t h a f t e r a d e t a i l e dc l i n i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n , w h i c h i n c l u d e d o p h t h a l -
m o s c o p i c e x a m i n a t i o n a n d w h e r e necessary e l e c t r o -c a r d i o g r a p h i c a s s e s s m e n t . I n p a r t i c u l a r , h a n di n j u r i e s , l e f t - h a n d e d n e s s , a h a e m o g l o b i n l e v e l u n d e r
1 1 g . S a h l i , o r an a p i c a l s y s t o l i c murmur l o u d e r t h a n
G r a d e 2 as d e s c r i b e d b y L e v i n e a n d H a r v e y ( 1 9 4 9 )e x cl u d e d p e op l e f r o m t h i s s e r i e s .
T h e h a n d g r i p pressure was m e a s u r e d w i t h a
" M e r e d i t h " d y n a m o m e t e r . E a c h i n d i v i d u a l was
p e r m i t t e d t h r e e t r i e s w i t h e a c h h a n d a n d t h e h i g h e s tr e a d i n g i s t h e o ne r e c o r d e d .
B o d y w e i g h t was m e a s u r e d w i t h men a n d womenw e a r i n g a minimum o f c l o t h i n g a n d no f o o t w e a r .T h e w e i g h i n g m a c h i n e was o f t h e S t e e l y a r d p l a t f o r m
t y p e r e a d i n g a c c u r a t e l y t o 8 5 g .
RE S ULTS
T a b l e I s h o w s t h a t men h a v e more p o w e r f u l h a n d
g r i p s t h a n women. T h e average h a n d g r i p pressureso f men a n d women d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y f o r b o t h h a n d s
( R i g h t h a n d : mean d i f f e r e n c e =9 2 k g . ; s=0 3 3 3 9 1 2 ;
t ' = 2 7 4 ; 5 per c e n t . l e v e l= - 9 6 . L e f t h a n d : mean
d i f f e r e n c e = 9 1 k g . ; s=0 3 2 9 8 9 5 ; t ' = 2 7 - 5 ; 5 p er
c e n t . l e v e l = - 9 6 ) . T h e t e s t o f s i g n i f i c a n c e u s e d f o rt h e s e mean d i f f e r e n c e s r e q u i r e d t o t a k e a c c o u n t o f
t h e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e s t a n d a r d
B L E I
MEANS, STANDARD D E V I A T I O N S , AND COEFFICIENTS OF V AR I ATI ON O F THE S E VE R AL V A R I A B L E S , BY SEX
V a r i a b l e S e x Mean ± S . E . S t a n d a r d C o e f f i c i e n tD e v i a t i o n o f V a r i a t i o n
Male 3 9 - ± S 0 * 2 8 54 1 3 * 7R i g h t .
F e m a l e 3 0 * 3 ± 0 * 1 8 3 - 6 1 1 * 9Hand G r i p P r e s s u r e ( k g . ) .
M a l e 3 7 * S ± 0 * 2 8 53 1 4 i 1L e f t
F e m a l e 2 8 - 4 ± 0 - 1 8 3 - 6 1 2 - 6
M a l e 6 3 * 0 ± 0 - 4 9 9 4 1 4 - 9Body w e i g h t ( k g . ) . . .. .. ..
F e m a l e 6 1 * 6 ± 0 - 6 2 1 2 - 4 2 0 - 1
Male 7 2 - 4 ± 0 * 3 2 6 - 9 9 * 5A g e ( c o m p l e t e d y e a r s ) . . . . . . 9.8 F e m a l e 7 0 1 4 O 1 3 S 69 9 * 8
1 4 1
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W. F . ANDERSON AND N . R . COWAN
d e v i a t i o n s o f h a n d g r i p p r e s s u r e s b y s e x . T h e
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s ar e g r e a t e r i n men t h a n women
( R i g h t h a n d : F =2 1 5 ; P <0 0 0 1 . L e f t h a n d : F =2 0 5 ;
P < 0 - 0 0 1 ) .
T h e c o r r e l a t i o n T a b l e s IL a n d I I I s h o w t h e r e l a -
t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e r i g h t h a n d g r i p pressure a n dl o g w e i g h t f o r men a n d women r e s p e c t i v e l y . The
c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o r r e l a t i o n d a t a f o r t h e l e f t h a n d
g r i p pressure f o l l o w a s i m i l a r t r e n d * . The d i s t r i b u -t i o n s o f h a n d g r i p pressures ar e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l ys k e w ( R i g h t h a n d : men t=1 2 6 ; women t = 1 - 3 5 .
L e f t h a n d : men t = 1 4 4 ; women t=0 5 6 ) or k u r t o t i c( R i g h t h a n d : men t = - 0 - 6 8 ; women t=-0 3 7 .
L e f t h a n d : m en t =-0-48; women t = - 0 2 1 ) . T h e
d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f b o d y w e i g h t d e p a r t s i g n i f i c a n t l yf r o m " n o r m a l i t y " . T h e y a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y s k e w
( m e n t=2 7 4 ; women t=3 2 4 ) b u t a r e n o t s i g n i f i -c a n t l y k u r t o t i c ( m e n t = - - 0 - 6 5 ; w o m e n t=0 8 1 ) .H o w e v e r , a l o g a r i t h m i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f b o d y
w e i g h t d a t a s h o w s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d e p a r t u r e f r o m
" n o r m a l i t y " w i t h r e g a r d t o s k e w n e s s ( m e n t= 0 0 8 ;
w o m e n t = - 0 9 7 ) o r k u r t o s i s ( m e n t = - 1 4 2 ;
women t =-0 5 0 ) . T h e 0 0 1 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e i st =2 5 7 5 8 . C o n s e q u e n t l y , a l o g a r i t h m i c t r a n s f o r m a -
t i o n o f b o d y w e i g h t d a t a i s u s e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s .
* T h e f u r t h e r c or r e l a ti o n t a b l e s may b e o bt a i n e d f r o m t h e a u t h o r s .
T A B L E I I
DISTRIBUTION OF R I G H T HAND G R I P P R E S S U R E ( k g . ) AND BODY WEIGHT ( l o g k g . ) FOR MEN
Hand G r i p L o g W e i g h tP r e s s u r e
1 * 6 0 0 0 - 1 *6 4 00 - 1 * 68 00 - 1 * 7 2 0 0 - 1 * 7 6 0 0 - 1 * 8 0 0 0 - 1 * 8 4 00 - 1 * 8 8 0 0 - 1 * 9 2 0 0 - 1 * 9 6 0 0 - 1 * 9 9 9 9 T o t a l
2 2 - 1 1
2 6 - 2 3 3 1 9
3 0 - 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 4 5 0
3 4 - 2 1 2 1 0 2 0 1 8 1 3 1 7 6
3 8 - 3 1 4 1 6 2 5 2 5 2 2 1 2 1 1 7
4 2 - 1 6 1 2 1 3 1 7 8 5 6 2
4 6 - 4 1 0 9 9 4 2 1 3 9
5 0 - 1 3 2 1 7
5 4 - 5 7 1 1
T o t a l 1 9 4 0 5 1 8 2 7 4 6 8 2 7 9 1 3 6 2
T A B L E I I I
DISTRIBUTION OF R IG HT HAND G R I P P R E S S U R E ( k g . ) AND BODY WEIGHT ( l o g k g . ) FOR WOMEN
Hand G r i p Lo g W e i g h tP r e s s u r e
1 * 5 2 0 0 - 1 * 6 0 0 0 - 1 * 6 8 0 0 - 1 * 7 6 0 0 - 1 * 8 4 0 0 - 1 * 9 2 0 0 - 2 - 0 0 0 0 - 2 * 7 9 9 9 T o t a l
2 0 - 2 2
2 2 - 1 1 4 4 2 1 2
2 4 - 7 8 7 4 2 1 2 9
2 6 - 3 7 1 9 1 6 1 2 2 5 9
2 8 - 2 1 1 2 4 2 9 2 0 4 9 0
3 0 - 1 4 1 1 3 4 2 4 5 7 9
3 2 - 3 9 2 2 1 7 9 2 6 2
3 4 - 1 7 1 6 1 1 3 3 8
3 6 - 4 7 4 1 5
3 8 - 1 3 2 6
4 0 - 4 1 2 2
T o t a l 7 3 4 8 9 1 4 0 9 6 2 5 3 3 9 4
1 4 2
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HAND GRIP P R E S S U R E I N OLDER PEOPLE
T h e d a t a o f T a b l e I I i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e g r e s s i o no f r i g h t h a n d g r i p p r e s s u r e o n b o d y w e i g h t f o r m eni s l i n e a r a s f o l l o w s :
S o u r c e o f D e g r e e s Sum o f Mean
V a r i a t i o n o f S q u a r e s S q u a r eF r e e d o m
T o t a l . . . . . . 3 6 1 1 0 6 1 2 - 6W e i g h t s . . . . . . 9 2 1 5 0 9
I n d i v i d u a l s i n W e i g h tG r o u p s ( e r r o r ) . . 3 5 2 8 4 6 1 - 7 2 4 0 4
W e i g h t s . . . . . . 9 2 1 5 0 9L i n e a r D e v i a t i o n . . 1 1 9 6 8 7
D e v i a t i o n s f r o m L i n e a rR e g r e s s i o n . . 8 1 8 2 2 2 2 - 7 7
F = 0 - 9 5
T h e r e g r e s s i o n i n v o l v i n g t h e s e t w o v a r i a b l e s i sl i n e a r a l s o f o r t h e l e f t h a n d o f m e n . T h i s l i n e a r i t yo f r e g r e s s i o n i s d o u b t l e s s r e l a t e d t o t h e a b s e n c e o f
o b e s e m en i n t h i s s t u d y . None w e r e 2 5 p e r c e n t .o r m o r e o v e r i d e a l w e i g h t a s e s t i m a t e d f r o m
A n d e r s o n ' s n o m o g r a m ( 1 9 4 8 ) . Of t h e 3 9 4 w o m e n ,1 0 8 w e r e 2 5 p e r c e n t . o r more o v e r i d e a l w e i g h t . I tmay b e a s e x p e c t e d , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t women s h o w a
s i g n i f i c a n t d e p a r t u r e f r o m l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n o f h a n d
g r i p p r e s s u r e s o n b o d y w e i g h t a s s h o w n i n T a b l e I V
( b e l o w ) .
T h e r e g r e s s i o n o f h a n d g r i p p r e s s u r e ( Y ) o n l o gw e i g h t ( X 1 ) a n d a g e ( X 2 ) i s a s s u m e d t o b e f o r me no f t h e f o r m
y =a X 1 + b X 2 + C
a n d f o r wo m e n o f t h e f o r m
y =a X 1 + b X 1 ± c X 2 + d
w h e r e a , b , c , a n d d a r e c o n s t a n t s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e
m e t h o d o f l e a s t s q u a r e s .
T h e d a t a g i v e r e g r e s s i o n s w h o s e e q u a t i o n s a r e :
MEN R i g h t Y = 3 2 - 9 4 5 0 2 8 X I -0-32700776X2
+3 9 5 3 2 8 2
Left Y=33 905594X1 - 0 - 3 1 2 8 1 0 6 5 X 2- 0 8 2 4 6 4 8
WOMEN R i g h t Y = 1 4 6 - 9 8 8 9 3 5 X I - 3 9 - 7 2 8 2 0 8 X 2
- 0 - 1 9 9 0 8 4 8 X 2 -91 2 3 3 0 4
L e f t Y = 1 7 9 - 2 9 8 1 7 6 X 1 - 4 8 A 4 4 8 8 7 4 X l 2- 0 - 2 1 8 1 5 1 5 X 2 - 1 2 1 - 4 8 8 0 2
w h e r e Y= h a n d g r i p pressure ( k g . ) , X 1 =body w e i g h t
( l o g k g . ) , a n d X 2 =age ( c o m p l e t e d y e a r s ) .
T h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s o f t h e o b s e r v e d v a l u e s
o f h a n d g r i p p r e s s u r e s f r o m t h e r e g r e s s i o n s g i v e n
a b o v e a r e :
M E N R i g h t S Y . 1 2 = 4 - 3 5 4 3 2 7 k g .L e f t S Y . 1 2 =4 1 7 6 6 8 5 k g .
WOMEN R i g h t S Y . 12 3= * 2 2 7 9 7 9 k g .L e f t S Y. 23= 1 2 6 4 2 5 k g .
T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f X 1 a n d X 2 f o r men a n d o f
X I , X A 1 , a n d X 2 f o r women ar e h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t l yd i f f e r e n t f r o m z e r o ( P < 0 1 0 1 f o r a l l c o e f f i c i e n t s ) .
T a b l e s V t o V I I I s h o w f o r men a n d women t h em e a n s a n d f i r s t a n d n i n e t y - n i n t h p e r c e n t i l e s o f h a n dg r i p pressure i n t e r m s o f b o d y w e i g h t a n d age.
T h e " m u l t i p l i e r s " u s e d i n t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e t e s t sa n d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l e s t i m a t e s
on t h e r e g r e s s i o n s o f h a n d g r i p p r e s s u r e s are:
M E N C11= 0-63690338
C22= 0 - 0 0 0 0 5 7 4 2 0 1 3 3
C12= 0 - 0 0 0 4 2 4 3 2 3 2 4
WOMEN c11= 2 7 7 - 4 3 1 3 9 9C22= 2 1 7 4 7 2 0 2 5C33= 0 - 0 0 0 0 5 9 6 6 8 2 1 7C12=-7 7 - 6 1 0 5 7 4 8
C 1 3 = 0 0 0 9 1 2 2 3 2 1 6
C 2 3=-0-002l262042
T A B L E I V
FINDINGS I N WOMEN
Hand S o u r c e o f V a r i a t i o n D e g r e e s o f Sum o f Mean S q u a r eF r e e d o m S q u a r e s
D e v i a t i o n s f r o m l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n . . 3 9 2 4 8 2 9 - 2
R i g h t D e v i a t i o n s f r o m c u r v e d r e g r e s s i o n . . 3 9 1 4 7 2 8 - 0 1 2 - 0 9
( F = 8 * 3 7 ) C u r v i l i n e a r i t y o f r e g r e s s i o n . . . . 1 1 0 1 * 2 1 0 1 * 2 0
D e v i a t i o n s f r o m l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n . . 3 9 2 4 7 5 5 - 6L e f t D e v i a t i o n s f r o m c u r v e d r e g r e s s i o n . . 3 9 1 4 6 0 9 - 6 1 1 - 7 9
( F = 1 2 - 3 8 ) C u r v i l i n e a r i t y o f r e g r e s s i o n . . . . 1 1 4 6 0 1 4 6 - 0 0
1 4 3
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W . F . A N D E R S O N AND N . R . COWAN
T A B L E V
MEANS AND PERCENTILES OF R I G H T HAND G R I P P R ESSUR E ( k g . ) F OR M EN, IN TER M S OFBODY WEIGHT AND AGE
B o d y W e i g h t P e r c e n t i l e A g e ( y r s )( l o g k g . ) a n d
Mean 6 0 - 6 3 - 6 6 - 6 9 - 7 2 - 7 5 - 7 8 - 8 1 - 8 4 - 8 7 - 8 9
1 - 5 8 0 0 - 1 s t 3 4 - 4 3 3 5 3 2 - 6 3 1 - 7 3 0 - 8 2 9 - 8 2 8 - 7 2 7 - 7 2 6 - 6 2 5 - 5Mean 3 6 - 6 3 5 - 6 3 4 - 6 3 3 - 6 3 2 - 6 3 1 - 6 3 0 - 7 2 9 - 7 2 8 - 7 2 7 - 79 9 t h 3 8 - 7 3 7 - 6 3 6 - 5 355 3 4 5 3 3 5 3 2 - 6 3 1 - 7 3 0 - 8 3 0 - 0
1 - 6 2 0 0 - 1 s t 3 6 - 0 3 5 - 2 3 4 - 3 3 3 - 4 3 2 - 4 3 1 - 4 3 0 - 4 2 9 - 3 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 0Mean 3 7 - 9 3 6 - 9 3 5 - 9 3 4 9 3 3 9 3 3 - 0 3 2 - 0 3 1 - 0 3 0 0 2 9 - 09 9 t h 3 9 - 7 3 8 - 6 3 7 5 3 6 - 5 355 3 4 5 3 3 - 6 3 2 - 7 3 1 - 9 3 1 - 0
1 * 6 6 0 0 - 1 s t 3 7 - 6 3 6 - 8 359 3 5 - 0 3 4 - 1 3 3 0 3 2 - 0 3 0 - 9 2 9 - 7 2 8 - 6Mean 3 9 - 2 3 8 - 2 3 7 - 2 3 6 - 2 353 3 4 - 3 3 3 * 3 3 2 - 3 3 1 - 3 3 0 - 49 9 t h 4 0 - 8 3 9 - 6 3 8 - 5 3 7 . 5 3 6 - 5 355 3 4 - 6 3 3 - 8 3 3 - 0 3 2 - 2
1 - 7 0 0 0 - 1 s t 3 9 - 2 3 8 - 3 3 7 * 5 3 6 - 6 3 5 - 6 3 4 - 6 3 3 - 5 3 2 - 4 3 1 . 3 3 0 o 1Mean 4 0 - 5 3 9 . 5 3 8 - 5 3 7 - 6 3 6 - 6 356 3 4 - 6 3 3 - 6 3 2 - 7 3 1 - 79 9 t h 4 1 - 8 4 0 ) 7 3 9 - 6 3 8 5 3 7 5 3 6 - 6 357 3 4 - 9 3 4 1 3 3 - 3
1 7 4 0 0 - 1 s t 4 0 - 6 3 9 - 8 3 9 0 3 8 - 2 3 7 - 2 3 6 - 1 350 3 3 9 3 2 - 7 3 1 - 5Mean 4 1 - 8 4 0 - 8 3 9 . 9 3 8 - 9 3 7 . 9 3 6 - 9 359 3 5 - 0 3 4 0 3 3 - 09 9 t h 4 3 - 0 4 1 8 4 0 7 3 9 - 6 3 8 - 6 3 7 - 7 3 6 - 8 3 6 - 0 353 3 4 . 5
1 - 7 8 0 0 - 1 s t 4 2 - 0 4 1 - 3 4 0 - 4 3 9 - 6 3 8 - 6 3 7 . 5 3 6 - 4 3 5 - 2 3 4 - 0 3 2 - 8Mean 4 3 - 1 4 2 - 2 4 1 - 2 4 0 - 2 3 9 - 2 3 8 - 2 3 7 - 3 3 6 - 3 353 3 4 . 39 9 t h 4 4 - 2 4 3 - 1 4 1 . 9 4 0 - 8 3 9 - 8 3 8 - 9 3 8 - 1 3 7 - 3 3 6 - 6 3 5 - 8
1 8 2 0 0 - 1 s t 4 3 - 3 4 2 - 5 4 1 - 7 4 0 - 8 3 9 - 8 3 8 - 8 3 7 - 6 3 6 ' S 353 3 4 - 1Mean 4 4 5 4 3 - 5 4 2 5 4 1 5 4 0 . 5 3 9 - 6 3 8 - 6 3 7 - 6 3 6 - 6 3 5 - 69 9 t h 456 4 4 - 4 4 3 - 3 4 2 - 2 4 1 - 2 4 0 . 4 3 9 5 3 8 - 7 3 8 - 0 3 7 - 2
1 8 6 0 0 - 1 s t 4 4 5 4 3 - 7 4 2 - 8 4 1 9 4 0 . 9 3 9 - 8 3 8 - 7 3 7 - 6 3 6 - 4 3 5 - 2Mean 4 5 - 8 4 4 - 8 4 3 - 8 4 2 - 8 4 1 8 4 0 9 3 9 9 3 8 - 9 3 7 - 9 3 7 - 09 9 t h 4 7 - 1 459 4 4 - 8 4 3 - 8 4 2 - 8 4 1 - 9 4 1 - 1 4 0 - 2 3 9 . 4 3 8 - 7
1 9 0 0 0 - 1 s t 456 4 4 . 7 4 3 - 8 4 2 - 9 4 1 - 9 4 0 9 3 9 - 8 3 8 - 7 3 7 . 5 3 6 - 4Mean 4 7 - 1 4 6 - 1 451 4 4 1 4 3 - 2 4 2 - 2 4 1 - 2 4 0 - 2 3 9 - 2 3 8 - 39 9 t h 4 8 - 6 4 7 . 5 4 6 - 4 454 4 4 - 4 4 3 - 5 4 2 - 6 4 1 - 8 4 1 - 0 4 0 - 2
1 - 9 4 0 0 1 s t 4 6 - 6 458 4 4 - 8 4 3 9 4 2 - 9 4 1 - 9 4 0 - 8 3 9 . 7 3 8 - 6 3 7 . 5- 1 - 9 7 9 9 Mean 4 8 - 4 4 7 - 4 4 6 - 4 4 5 5 4 4 . 5 4 3 * 5 4 2 5 4 1 - 6 4 0 - 6 3 9 - 6
9 9 t h 5 0 * 2 4 9 * 1 4 8 - 1 4 7 - 1 4 6 - 1 451 4 4 - 2 4 3 * 4 4 2 - 5 4 1 - 7
T A B L E V I
MEANS AND PERCENTILES OF LEFT HAND G R I P PRESSURE ( k g . ) FOR M E N , IN TERMS OFBODY W E I G H T AND AGE
B o d y W e i g h t P e r c e n t i l e Ag e ( y r s )( l o g k g . ) a n d
Mean 6 0 - 6 3 - 6 6 - 6 9 - 7 2 - 7 5 - 7 8 - 8 1 - 8 4 - 8 7 - 8 9
1 - 5 8 0 0 - 1 s t 3 2 - 1 3 1 - 3 3 0 4 2 9 5 2 8 - 6 2 7 - 7 2 6 - 7 2 5 - 7 2 4 - 6 2 3 - 6Mean 3 4 - 2 3 3 - 3 3 2 - 3 3 1 - 4 3 0 4 2 9 5 2 8 - 6 2 7 - 6 2 6 - 7 2 5 - 7
9 9 t h 3 6 - 3 3 5 - 2 3 4 - 2 3 3 - 2 3 2 - 2 3 1 - 3 3 0 4 2 9 - 5 2 8 - 7 2 7 - 9
1 - 6 2 0 0 - 1 s t 3 3 - 8 3 3 - 0 3 2 - 1 3 1 - 2 3 0 - 3 2 9 - 3 2 8 - 4 2 7 - 3 2 6 - 3 2 5 - 2Mean 3 5 - 5 3 4 - 6 3 3 - 7 3 2 - 7 3 1 - 8 3 0 - 8 2 9 - 9 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 0 2 7 - 19 9 t h 3 7 - 3 3 6 - 2 3 5 - 2 3 4 - 2 3 3 - 3 3 2 - 3 3 1 - 5 3 0 - 6 2 9 - 8 2 9 - 0
1 - 6 6 0 0 - 1 s t 354 3 4 - 6 3 3 - 7 3 2 - 9 3 2 - 0 3 1 - 0 3 0 0 2 9 - 0 2 7 - 9 2 6 - 7M ean 3 6 - 9 3 6 - 0 350 3 4 - 1 3 3 - 1 3 2 - 2 3 1 - 3 3 0 3 2 9 - 4 2 8 - 49 9 t h 3 8 - 4 3 7 . 4 3 6 - 3 353 3 4 - 3 3 3 - 4 3 2 - 6 3 1 - 7 3 0 9 3 0 - 2
1 - 7 0 0 0 - 1 s t 3 7 0 3 6 - 2 3 5 - 4 3 4 . 5 3 3 - 6 3 2 - 6 3 1 - 6 3 0 5 2 9 - 4 2 8 - 2Mean 3 8 - 3 3 7 - 3 3 6 - 4 354 3 4 - 5 3 3 - 6 3 2 - 6 3 1 - 7 3 0 - 7 2 9 - 89 9 t h 3 9 - 6 3 8 - 4 3 7 - 4 3 6 - 3 3 5 - 4 3 4 - 5 3 3 - 6 3 2 - 9 3 2 - 1 3 1 - 4
1 - 7 4 0 0 - 1 s t 3 8 - 5 3 7 - 7 3 6 - 9 3 6 - 1 3 5 - 2 3 4 - 2 3 3 - 1 3 2 - 0 3 0 - 9 2 9 - 7M e a n 3 9 - 6 3 8 - 7 3 7 - 7 3 6 - 8 359 3 4 - 9 3 4 - 0 3 3 - 0 3 2 - 1 3 1 - 29 9 t h 4 0 7 3 9 - 6 3 8 - 5 3 7 5 3 6 - 5 357 3 4 - 9 3 4 - 1 3 3 - 3 3 2 - 6
c o n t b n e
1 4 4
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HAND GRIP P R E S S U R E I N OLDER PEOPLE 1 4 5
T a b l e V I , c o n t i n u e d
B o d y W e i g h t P e r c e n t i l e A g e ( y r s )( l o g k g . ) a n d
Mean 6 0 - 6 3 - 6 6 - 6 9 - 7 2 - 7 5 - 7 8 - 8 1 - 8 4 - 8 7 - 8 9
1 - 7 8 0 0 - 1 s t 3 9 9 3 9 - 2 3 8 - 4 3 7 - 5 3 6 - 6 3 5 6 3 4 5 3 3 - 4 3 2 - 2 3 1 - 0Mean 4 1 * 0 4 0 - 0 3 9 * 1 3 8 * 1 3 7 - 2 3 6 - 3 3 5 3 3 4 - 4 3 3 5 3 2 - S9 9 t h 4 2 - 0 4 0 * 9 3 9 - 8 3 8 - 7 3 7 - 8 3 6 - 9 3 6 - 1 354 3 4 - 7 3 4 - 1
1 - 8 2 0 0 - 1 s t 4 1 - 2 4 0 - 5 3 9 - 7 3 8 - 8 3 7 - 9 3 6 - 9 3 5 - 8 3 4 - 7 3 3 - 5 3 2 - 3Mean 4 2 - 3 4 1 - 4 4 0 4 3 9 - 5 3 8 - 6 3 7 - 6 3 6 - 7 357 3 4 - 8 3 3 . 99 9 t h 4 3 - 4 4 2 - 3 4 1 - 2 4 0 - 2 3 9 - 3 3 8 - 4 3 7 - 6 3 6 - 8 3 6 - 1 354
1 - 8 6 0 0 - 1 s t 4 2 - 5 4 1 - 7 4 0 - 8 4 0 - 0 3 9 0 3 8 - 0 3 7 0 359 3 4 - 7 3 3 - 6Mean 4 3 - 7 4 2 - 7 4 1 - 8 4 0 9 3 9 * 9 3 9 0 3 8 - 0 3 7 - 1 3 6 - 2 3 5 - 29 9 t h 4 4 - 9 4 3 - 8 4 2 - 8 4 1 - 8 4 0 - 8 4 0 0 3 9 - 1 3 8 - 4 3 7 - 6 3 6 - 9
1 - 9 0 0 0 - 1 s t 4 3 - 6 4 2 - 8 4 1 9 4 1 0 4 0 1 3 9 1 3 8 - 1 3 7 0 359 3 4 - 8Mean 4 5 - 0 4 4 - 1 4 3 - 2 4 2 - 2 4 1 - 3 4 0 3 3 9 . 4 3 8 5 3 7 5 3 6 - 69 9 t h 4 6 5 - 454 4 4 - 4 4 3 * 4 4 2 5 - 4 1 * 6 4 0 * 8 4 0 * 0 3 9 * 2 3 8 * 4
1 9 4 0 0 1 s t 4 4 - 7 4 3 - 8 4 3 0 4 2 - 1 4 1 - 1 4 0 1 3 9 1 3 8 - 1 3 7 0 359- 1 - 9 7 9 9 Mean 4 6 - 4 4 5 5 4 4 * 5 4 3 - 6 4 2 - 6 4 1 - 7 4 0 - 8 3 9 - 8 3 8 - 9 3 7 - 9
9 9 t h 4 8 - 1 4 7 - 1 4 6 - 1 4 5 - 1 4 4 - 1 4 3 - 3 4 2 - 4 4 1 - 6 4 0 - 8 4 0 0
T A B L E V I I
MEANS AND PERCENTILES OF R I G H T HAND G R I P P R E S S U R E ( k g . ) FOR WOMEN, I N TERMS OFBODY WEIGHT AND AGE
B o d y W e i g h t P e r c e n t i l e Ag e ( y r s )( l o g k g . ) a n d
Mean 6 0 - 6 3 - 6 6 - 6 9 - 7 2 - 7 5 - 7 8 - 8 1 - 8 4 - 8 7 - 8 9
1 - 5 4 0 0 - 1 s t 2 6 - 8 2 6 - 3 258 252 2 4 - 7 2 4 - 1 2 3 5 2 2 - 9 2 2 - 2 2 1 - 6Mean 2 9 - 1 2 8 - 5 2 7 * 9 2 7 * 3 2 6 - 7 2 6 - 2 2 5 * 6 2 5 - 0 2 4 * 4 2 3 * 89 9 t h 3 1 - 5 3 0 - 8 3 0 - 1 2 9 5 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 6 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 5 2 6 - 0
1 - 5 8 0 0 - 1 s t 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 7 2 7 - 2 2 6 - 7 2 6 - 1 2 5 - 5 2 4 - 9 2 4 - 3 2 3 - 6 2 2 - 9Mean 3 0 - 0 2 9 - 4 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 6 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 4 2 5 - 8 252 2 4 - 69 9 t h 3 1 - 7 3 1 - 1 3 0 - 4 2 9 - 7 2 9 - 1 2 8 5 2 7 - 9 2 7 - 4 2 6 - 8 2 6 - 3
1 - 6 2 0 0 - 1 s t 2 9 - 4 2 8 - 9 2 8 - 4 2 7 - 9 2 7 - 3 2 6 - 7 2 6 - 1 2 5 - 4 2 4 - 7 2 4 - 0Mean 3 0 7 3 0 - 1 2 9 5 2 8 - 9 2 8 - 3 2 7 - 7 2 7 - 1 2 6 - 6 259 2 5 - 49 9 t h 3 2 - 1 3 1 * 3 3 0 * 7 3 0 - 0 2 9 * 4 2 8 * 8 2 8 * 2 2 7 * 7 2 7 * 2 2 6 - 7
1 - 6 6 0 0 - 1 s t 3 0 - 3 2 9 - 8 2 9 - 3 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 6 2 6 - 9 2 6 - 2 2 5 - 5 2 4 - 7Mean 3 1 - 3 3 0 - 7 3 0 - 1 2 9 5 2 8 - 9 2 8 - 3 2 7 - 7 2 7 - 1 2 6 - 6 2 6 - 09 9 t h 3 2 - 4 3 1 - 6 3 0 * 9 3 0 - 3 2 9 * 7 2 9 * 1 2 8 * 6 2 8 * 1 2 7 - 6 2 7 - 2
1 - 7 0 0 0 - 1 s t 3 0 * 9 3 0 - 5 3 0 * 0 2 9 - 4 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 5 2 6 - 7 2 6 - 0 2 5 - 2Mean 3 1 - 8 3 1 - 2 3 0 - 6 3 0 0 2 9 - 4 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 6 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 49 9 t h 3 2 - 7 3 2 - 0 3 1 - 3 3 0 - 6 3 0 0 2 9 - 5 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 5 2 8 - 1 2 7 - 7
1 - 7 4 0 0 - 1 s t 3 1 - 4 3 0 9 3 0 4 2 9 - 8 2 9 - 2 2 8 5 2 7 - 8 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 3 2 5 - 5Mean 3 2 - 2 3 1 - 6 3 1 - 0 3 0 4 2 9 - 8 2 9 - 2 2 8 - 6 2 8 - 0 2 7 - 4 2 6 - 89 9 t h 3 2 - 9 3 2 - 2 3 1 - 5 3 0 9 3 0 4 2 9 - 8 2 9 - 4 2 8 - 9 2 8 5 2 8 - 1
1 - 7 8 0 0 - 1 s t 3 1 - 6 3 1 - 2 3 0 7 3 0 1 2 9 - 4 2 8 - 7 2 8 - 0 2 7 - 2 2 6 5 2 5 - 7Mean 3 2 - 4 3 1 - 8 3 1 - 2 3 0 - 6 3 0 - 0 2 9 - 4 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 6 2 7 - 09 9 t h 3 3 - 1 3 2 - 4 3 1 - 7 3 1 - 1 3 0 * 6 3 0 * 1 2 9 * 6 2 9 * 2 2 8 * 7 2 8 - 3
1 - 8 2 0 0 - 1 s t 3 1 - 8 3 1 - 3 3 0 - 8 3 0 1 2 9 - 5 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 0 2 7 - 3 2 6 - 5 2 5 - 7Mean 3 2 - 5 3 1 - 9 3 1 - 3 3 0 - 7 3 0 - 1 2 9 - 5 2 8 - 9 2 8 - 3 2 7 - 7 2 7 - 19 9 t h 3 3 - 2 3 2 - 5 3 1 - 8 3 1 - 2 3 0 - 7 3 0 - 2 2 9 - 8 2 9 - 3 2 8 - 9 2 8 - 5
1 - 8 6 0 0 - 1 s t 3 1 - 7 3 1 - 2 3 0 - 6 3 0 0 2 9 - 3 2 8 - 6 2 7 - 9 2 7 - 1 2 6 - 4 256M ean 3 2 - 5 3 1 - 8 3 1 - 2 3 0 - 6 3 0 - 1 2 9 5 2 8 - 9 2 8 - 3 2 7 - 7 2 7 - 1
9 9 t h 3 3 - 2 3 2 - 5 3 1 - 9 3 1 - 3 3 0 - 8 3 0 - 3 2 9 - 9 2 9 - 4 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 6
1 - 9 0 0 0 - 1 s t 3 1 - 3 3 0 - 8 3 0 - 2 2 9 - 6 2 8 - 9 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 5 2 6 - 8 2 6 - 0 2 5 - 3
Mean 3 2 - 3 3 1 - 7 3 1 - 1 3 0 - 5 2 9 - 9 2 9 - 3 2 8 - 7 2 8 - 1 2 7 - 5 2 6 - 9
9 9 t h 3 3 - 3 3 2 - 6 3 2 - 0 3 1 - 4 3 0 - 9 3 0 - 4 2 9 - 9 2 9 - 4 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 6
1 - 9 4 0 0 1 s t 3 0 - 6 3 0 - 0 2 9 - 4 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 5 2 6 - 8 2 6 - 1 2 5 - 4 2 4 - 7- 1 - 9 7 9 9 Mean 3 2 - 0 3 1 - 4 3 0 - 8 3 0 - 2 2 9 - 6 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 4 2 7 - 8 2 7 - 2 2 6 - 6
9 9 t h 3 3 - 4 3 2 - 8 3 2 - 2 3 1 - 6 3 1 - 0 3 0 - 5 3 0 - 0 2 9 - 5 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 6
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146 W . F . ANDERSON AND N . R . COWAN
T A B L E V I I I
MEANS AND PERCENTILES OF L E F T HAND G R I P P R E S S U R E ( k g . ) F OR WOME N, I N T E R M S OFBODY WEIGHT AND AGE
Body W e i g h t P e r c e n t i l e A g e ( y r s )( l o g k g . ) a n d
Mean 6 0 - 6 3 - 6 6 - 6 9 - 7 2 - 7 5 - 7 8 - 8 1 - 8 4 - 8 7 - 8 9
1 . 5 4 0 0 - 1 s t 2 4 - 6 2 4 - 1 2 3 - 5 2 2 - 9 2 2 - 3 2 1 - 6 2 1 - 0 2 0 - 3 1 9 - 6 1 8 - 9Mean 2 6 - 9 2 6 - 2 2 5 - 6 2 4 - 9 2 4 - 3 2 3 - 6 2 3 - 0 2 2 - 3 2 1 - 7 2 1 - 09 9 t h 2 9 - 1 2 8 - 4 2 7 - 7 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 3 2 5 - 6 2 5 - 0 2 4 - 3 2 3 - 7 2 3 - 1
1 5 8 0 0 - 1 s t 2 6 - 2 2 5 - 7 2 5 - 1 2 4 - 5 2 3 - 9 2 3 - 2 2 2 - 6 2 1 - 9 2 1 - 1 2 0 - 4Mean 2 7 - 9 2 7 - 3 2 6 - 6 2 6 - 0 2 5 * 3 2 4 - 7 2 4 - 0 2 3 - 4 2 2 - 7 2 2 - 19 9 t h 2 9 - 6 2 8 - 9 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 5 2 6 - 8 2 6 - 1 2 5 - 5 2 4 * 9 2 4 - 3 2 3 - 7
1 - 6 2 0 0 - 1 s t 2 7 - 5 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 4 2 5 - 8 2 5 - 2 2 4 - 6 2 3 - 9 2 3 - 1 2 2 - 4 2 1 - 6Mean 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 5 2 6 - 9 2 6 - 2 2 5 - 6 2 4 - 9 2 4 - 2 2 3 - 6 2 2 - 99 9 t h 3 0 - 1 2 9 - 4 2 8 - 6 2 7 - 9 2 7 - 2 2 6 - 6 2 6 - 0 2 5 - 4 2 4 - 8 2 4 - 3
1 - 6 6 0 0 - 1 s t 2 8 - 6 2 8 - 0 2 7 - 5 2 6 - 9 2 6 - 2 2 5 - 6 2 4 - 8 2 4 - 1 2 3 - 3 2 2 5Mean 2 9 - 6 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 3 2 7 - 6 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 3 2 5 - 6 2 5 - 0 2 4 - 3 2 3 - 79 9 t h 3 0 - 6 3 0 - 0 2 9 - 1 2 8 - 3 2 7 - 7 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 5 2 5 - 9 2 5 - 4 2 4 - 9
1 * 7 0 0 0 - 1 s t 2 9 - 3 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 6 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 2 2 5 - 5 2 4 - 7 2 3 - 9 2 3 - 1Mean 3 0 - 2 2 9 - 5 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 5 2 6 - 9 2 6 - 2 2 5 - 6 2 4 - 9 2 4 - 39 9 t h 3 1 - 0 3 0 - 2 2 9 - 5 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 1 2 7 - 5 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 5 2 5 - 9 2 5 - 5
1 - 7 4 0 0 - I s t 2 9 - 8 2 9 - 3 2 8 - 7 2 8 - 1 2 7 - 4 2 6 - 7 2 5 - 9 2 5 - 1 2 4 - 3 2 3 - 5Mean 3 0 - 6 2 9 - 9 2 9 - 3 2 8 - 6 2 8 - 0 2 7 - 3 2 6 - 7 2 6 - 0 2 5 - 3 2 4 - 79 9 t h 3 1 - 4 3 0 - 6 2 9 - 8 2 9 - 1 2 8 - 5 2 7 - 9 2 7 - 4 2 6 - 9 2 6 - 4 2 5 * 9
1 - 7 8 0 0 - 1 s t 3 0 - 2 2 9 - 6 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 4 2 7 - 7 2 6 - 9 2 6 - 1 2 5 - 3 2 4 - 5 2 3 - 7Mean 3 0 - 9 3 0 - 2 2 9 - 5 2 8 - 9 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 6 2 6 - 9 2 6 - 3 256 2 5 - 09 9 t h 3 1 - 6 3 0 - 8 3 0 - 1 2 9 - 4 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 2 2 7 - 7 2 7 - 2 2 6 - 7 2 6 - 3
1 - 8 2 0 0 - 1 s t 3 0 - 3 2 9 - 7 2 9 - 2 2 8 - 5 2 7 - 8 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 2 2 5 - 4 2 4 - 6 2 3 - 7Mean 3 1 - 0 3 0 - 3 2 9 - 7 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 4 2 7 - 7 2 7 - 1 2 6 - 4 2 5 - 7 2 5 - 19 9 t h 3 1 - 7 3 0 - 9 3 0 - 2 2 9 - 5 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 4 2 7 9 2 7 - 4 2 6 - 9 2 6 - 4
1 - 8 6 0 0 - 1 s t 3 0 - 2 2 9 - 6 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 3 2 7 - 6 2 6 - 8 2 6 - 1 2 5 - 2 2 4 - 4 2 3 - 6M ean 3 0 - 9 3 0 - 3 2 9 - 6 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 3 2 7 - 7 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 4 257 2 5 - 09 9 t h 3 1 - 7 3 1 - 0 3 0 - 2 2 9 - 6 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 5 2 8 - 0 2 7 - 5 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 5
1 9 0 0 0 - 1 s t 2 9 - 8 2 9 - 2 2 8 - 5 2 7 - 9 2 7 - 2 2 6 - 4 2 5 - 6 2 4 - 9 2 4 - 1 2 3 - 3Mean 3 0 - 7 3 0 - 1 2 9 - 4 2 8 - 8 2 8 - 1 2 7 - 5 2 6 - 8 2 6 - 2 2 5 - 5 2 4 - 99 9 t h 3 1 - 7 3 1 - 0 3 0 - 3 2 9 - 7 2 9 - 1 2 8 - 5 2 8 - 0 2 7 - 5 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 5
1 - 9 4 0 0 1 s t 2 9 - 0 2 8 - 4 2 7 - 8 2 7 - 1 2 6 - 5 2 5 - 7 2 4 - 9 2 4 - 2 2 3 - 4 2 2 - 6- 1 - 9 7 9 9 Mean 3 0 - 4 2 9 - 7 2 9 - 1 2 8 - 4 2 7 - 8 2 7 - 1 2 6 - 5 2 5 - 8 2 5 - 2 2 4 - 5
9 9 t h 3 1 - 8 3 1 - 1 3 0 - 4 2 9 - 8 2 9 - 1 2 8 - 6 2 8 - 0 2 7 - 4 2 7 - 0 2 6 - 4
T h e p r o d u c t moment z e r o o r d e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s b e t w e e n e a c h p a i r o f v a r i a t e s w h e r e t h e
r e l a t i o n s h i p i s l i n e a r a r e a s s h o w n i n T a b l e I X .
T A B L E I X
CORRELATION COEFICENTS
Men W o m enV a r i a t e s
R i g h t L e f t R i g h t L e f t
Hand g r i p p r e s s u r e a n d l o g w e i g h t - - . . + 0 - 4 3 0 7 + 0 - 4 5 4 1
Hand g r i p p r e s s u r e a n d a g e - - . . - 0 - 4 7 7 6 - 0 - 4 4 2 9 - 0 - 4 3 3 4 - 0 - 4 6 6 3
L o g w e i g h t a n d a g e . . . . . . . | - 0 - 0 7 6 5 - 0 - 3 1 7 7
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HAND GRIP P R E S S U R E IN OLDER PEOPLE
T h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , e x c e p t l o g w e i g h t
a n d a g e f o r m e n , a r e h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n tf r o m z e r o (P<0 0 1 ) . T h e s e x c o n t r a st b e t w e e n t h e
s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f - 0 3 1 7 7 f o rl o g w e i g h t a n d a g e i n women a n d t h e n o n - s i g n i f i c a n tv a l u e o f -00765 i n m e n m ay r e f l e c t t h e a b s e n c e o f
o b e s e men i n t h i s s e r i e s .T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n a r e a s
f o l l o w s :
Hand Men Women
R i g h t 0 6 0 0 3 0 - 4 6 1 5L e f t 0 - 6 1 3 2 0 - 5 1 7 7
T h e s e v a l u e s t h o u g h s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m
z e r o a r e s o m e w h a t s m a l l . T h e y i n d i c a t e t h a t , w h i l e
b o d y w e i g h t a n d a g e a r e o f v a l u e i n a s s e s s i n g hand
g r i p p r e s s u r e , i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o s e e k a d d i t i o n a le f f e c t i v e c o r r e l a t i v e s .
SUMMARY
( 1 ) T h e h a n d g r i p p r e s s u r e o f 3 6 2 m e n a n d 3 9 4
women c o n s i d e r e d t o b e h e a l t h y a n d a g e d 6 0
t o 8 9 y e a r s i s a s s e s s e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o b o d yw e i g h t a n d a g e .
( 2 ) I n b o t h s e x e s h a n d g r i p p r e s s u r e i s s i g n i f i c a n t l yr e l a t e d t o b o d y w e i g h t a n d a g e . T h e i m p o r t a n t
e q u a t i o n s a r e :
M EN R i g h t Y=32 9 4 5 0 2 8 X 1 - 0 3 2 7 0 0 7 7 6 X 2+ 3 - 9 5 3 2 8 2
L e f t Y=33 9 0 5 5 9 4 X 1 - 0 - 3 1 2 8 1 0 6 5 X 2- O 0 8 2 4 6 4 8
WOMEN R i g h t Y = 1 4 6 - 9 8 8 9 3 5 X I - 3 9 . 7 2 8 2 0 8 X 1 2- 0 - 1 9 9 0 8 4 8 X 2 -91 2 3 3 0 4
L e f t Y=179 2 9 8 1 7 6 X 1 -48 4 4 8 8 7 4 X l- 0 * 2 1 8 1 5 1 5 X 2 - 1 2 1 - 4 8 8 0 2
w h e r e Y=hand g r i p p r e s s u r e ( k g . ) , X I =bodyw e i g h t
( l o g k g . ) ,a n d
X 2 = a g e( c o m p l e t e d
y e a r s ) .
( 3 ) T h e m e a n s , f i r s t a n d n i n e t y - n i n t h p e r c e n t i l e s o f
h a n d g r i p p r e s s u r e i n t e r m s o f b o d y w e i g h t
a n d a g e a r e p r e s e n t e d .
We s h o u l d l i k e t o a c k n o w l e d g e w i t h g r a t e f u l t h a n k sa d v i c e o n s t a t i s t i c a l m e t h o d s g i v e n b y Dr R . A . R o b b ,M i t c h e l l L e c t u r e r o n M e t h o d s o f S t a t i s t i c s , G l a s g o w
U n i v e r s i t y .A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t i s made t o t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e
f o r S c o t l a n d f o r a g r a n t p r o v i d e d o n t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n
o f t h e A d v i s o r y C o m m i t t e e o n M e d i c a l R e s e a r c h .
R E FE R E N CESA n d e r so n , A . B . ( 1 9 4 8 ) . C i t e d i n " T h e P r a c t i c e o f E n d o -
c r i n o l o g y " . p . 3 1 9 . E y r e & S p o t t i s w o o d e , L o n d o n .A n d e r s o n , W. F . , a n d C o w a n , N . R . ( 1 9 5 5 ) . L a n c e t , 2 ,
2 3 9 .B u r k e , W. E . , T u t t l e , W. W . , T h o m p s o n , C . W . , J a n n e y ,
C . D . , a n d W e b e r , R . J . ( 1 9 5 3 ) . J . a p p l . P h y s i o l . , 5 , 6 2 8 .E l d e r t o n , E . M . , a n d M o u l , M. ( 1 9 2 8 ) . A n n . E u g e n .
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c u l t a t i o n o f t h e H e a r t " , p . 1 4 5 . S a u n d e r s , P h i l a d e l p h i a .R u g e r , H . A . , a n d S t o e s s i g e r , B . ( 1 9 2 7 ) . A n n . E u g e n .
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