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Thus after the mid*19#0s initiation started in the diagnosis of the problem and some short*term as

well as long term suggestions were gi%en by different studies "+linthoff 1, 19 0- Tabasaran, 19 #

and 19 1- /roll 19 $. These studies were basically meant for the smooth functioning of the olid

aste 2anagement Pro3ect and (uic' collection and disposal of the waste. ome other studies were

on the possibility of pricing for garbage ser%ices "!grawal et al. 19 4- +linthoff, 19 0- T6 199#-

2) T6 19 5$.

1 ! Rat"#$a%

7%en with all these research and studies, the problem of solid waste management in Kathmandu has

been increasing o%er the years. Presently, the tas' of solid waste management comes under the

auspices of concerned municipalities. The ser%ice is pro%ided almost free of charge using funds

a%ailable at the disposal of the municipalities. Nearly 40*458 of the total budget of the 2etropolisgoes for solid waste management "K2/, epartment of olid aste 2anagement, 199 $.

:ne of the studies conducted by the /entral )ureau of tatistics shows that unmanaged waste

disposal was considered the main cause of en%ironmental problems in Kathmandu followed by

unmanaged sewage "/) 199#, in /) 199 a$. Thus solid waste management is a growing issue

in the conte;t of urban en%ironmental degradation of Kathmandu . The rate of growth of population

of the Kathmandu alley is more than #8, which is the highest among the cities of Nepal. ue to

the rapid increase in population and increase in the consumption of pac'ed goods, the amount as

well as the (uantum of non*biodegradable waste is increasing o%er time. !mong the total waste

generated in Nepal, 08 is generated only from Kathmandu and only

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Ben'ins, 199

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and 1 from the middle =one were selected. Table 1 shows the detail regarding the selected wards

and si=e of the sample.

Tab%( 1 Sa*3%( H#&s()#%'s

ard Totalhouseholds"Nos.$

amplehouseholds"Nos.$

Total@ouseholds"8$

!rea /o%ered by sample " (.'m.$

TotalPopulation

Populationensity per s(.

Km

1F

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here, p is the %alue of the proportion in the population, e is the acceptable error and ' α is a

coefficient dependent on the confidence le%el for α H 0.95 " i.e. ? 95 8 confidence le%elE$ k α H

1.9#. The term p"1*p$ is ma;imum for p H 0.5. Then the formula becomesG

n H 0.9#0FIe4

Thus, to achie%e a ma;imum error of 0.05 "58$ in the estimation of proportion, n H 0.9#0FI05 4 H

< F. Therefore, a minimum sample si=e of < F households is re(uired.

1 0 - Data C#%%(ct"#$ M(t)#' G

The name and number of the household head was collected from the final %oters> list of 4000 for

the 5 selected wards. !fter preparing the list of the household head sample households were

selected randomly using the random Table. The information from the household was collected with

the help of a structured (uestionnaire. The (uestionnaire was finali=ed after a pre*test. The pre*test

was made in ward no. 1F with 58 "45$ of the sample households. The result of the pre*test was

presented in a closed door meeting with the team of Jni%ersity Professors. The (uestionnaire was

finali=ed incorporating all the suggestions pro%ided by the Professors. The (uestions were on

demographic characteristics of the households, information on waste generation by types, waste

disposal practices "e.g. throwing in street, ri%er, burning etc.$, door*to*door collection systems,

monthly fee, and willingness to pay for the better management of waste and causes for not willing

to pay. +amily income, sources of income, education le%el, and possession of domestic amenities

were also among the (uestions as'ed.

The (uestions were filled by %isiting the selected households from !ugust to No%ember 4001. The

households were %isited twice to complete the (uestionnaire. :n the first day socio*economic

information were collected and households re(uested to deposit the wastes in different plastic bags.

:n the ne;t day the wastes were weighted. Three research assistants "one from each =one$ were

employed for the wor'.

1 0 0 A$a% t"ca% M(t)#':

The data were entered in the computer and analy=ed using different statistical tools. ata were

grouped for the /ore, 2iddle and :uter =ones. ome of the information was analy=ed using simple

statistical tools and others analy=ed econometrically. The econometric models used for the analysis

of household beha%ior and illingness to Pay is gi%en in the rele%ant sections.

5

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!MA4OR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

! 1 Wast( G($(rat"#$ "$ t)( H#&s()#%'s:

The table 4 shows that a%erage waste generation by the households is 0.49'g per capita per day

"0.4#'g in the core =one, 0.

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!bout 5 8 of the households are ser%ed by the door*to*door collection system. The ma3ority of

them recei%e the ser%ice by paying the fee and few are recei%ing the ser%ice not because of the fee

but because of the location of their house along the road. 2unicipal collectors pro%ide the ser%ice

without recei%ing any bonus since they are the employees of the municipality.

Tab%( : D##r9t#9D##r C#%%(ct"#$ a$' D"s3#sa% #+ Wast(

6ones atisfied with the present collection system 7n%ironmentally safe disposal of the collected

wasteTotal No. of @@

with oor to oor

/ollection

atisfied Not

atisfied

es No onCt 'now

!ll =ones 4F5 "100$ 40 " F$ < "1#$ 1 " $ F# "19$ 1 1 " F$/ore "100$ " $ 10 "14$ 1< "15$ " $ # " $2iddle 11# "100$ 10< " 9$ 1< "11$ F "

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Tab%( ;: Wast( C#%%(ct#rs a$' C#%%(ct"#$ Fr(

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based on data for components of household wastes, by type of material 3udged ha%ing recycling

potential.

! - 1 M#'(%? H 3#t)(s"s a$' Data

Normally waste is a function of consumption. The relationship between waste and consumption

acti%ities may be e;pressed as "Aichardson et al. 19 $G

* β -

here,

* H %ector of components of solid waste

β H ector of technical waste transformation coefficients relating the types and (uantities of solid

waste to each consumption acti%ity

- H is a %ector of consumption acti%ities selected by the household.

!ny particular waste may be generated by the consumption of more than one commodity. @ere no

attempt is made to identify the technical waste transformation coefficients associated with the

indi%idual products. &t mainly tries to compare the relationship between different types of waste

generation and socio*economic %ariables affecting the (uantity of waste.

The ma3or determinants of household consumption acti%ities are assumed to be household monthly

income "T:T&$, si=e of the household "T:TP:P$, educational status of the household " A! $ and

e;tra land area in the house compound "7LTM!$. The model for the waste component isG

T:T H β 0 β T:T& β 2T:TP:P β 3 A! β 4 7LTM! β / e

hereG

T:T H (uantity of waste per household per day "Kg$

T:T&H 2onthly income of the household "As.$

T:TP:PH @ousehold si=e "numbers of persons$

A! H 7ducational status, "number of college graduates$

7LTM! H 7;tra land area within the compound of the selected household "ha.$

10

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@ere household is assumed as a production unit producing solid wastes.

The hypothesis is as followsG

1. &ncrease in income is e;pected to increase the demand for con%enience factors and ser%ices

embodied in commodities. The sign of the coefficient is e;pected to be positi%e for all

types of waste.

4. ! larger household si=e is e;pected to generate higher (uantity of waste since more

households are included in the unit- thus, the sign is also e;pected to be positi%e.

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/omponent &ncome

"T:T&$

"T:TP:P$ land

"7LTM!$

" A! $

T:T "all

=ones$

*4. 0

" .#$

0.4# "#.4F$ 0.F9 " .5$ 0.0

"1.5 $

*0.1F"4. $ 1. 0.45 <

T:T

"/ore$

*4.19

"*

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of @@ fee in As. !%e of @@ wtp inAs.

!%e !mountin As.

!%e

!ll

6one

41< "F9$ #0

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&n the fee structure, households who are paying fees below As. 45 are mainly the residences of the

core city area. They pay a %ery small amount of fee for the collection of the waste to the municipal

employee. The municipal employees are also happy as they get an e;tra bonus.

The number of the households ha%ing door*to*door collection system is slightly higher than thenumber of households participating in the fee*based door*to*door collection system. &t is because

the core city households ha%e reported that they ha%e door*to*door collection system but are not

paying any fee as they li%e %ery close to the collection point.

! 0 ! W"%%"$,$(ss t# Pa a$' "ts R(%at"#$s)"3 ="t) Ot)(r Var"ab%(s:

! regression analysis was made with the help of the P window program. ? illingness to Pay?

was regressed with the Total &ncome of the household "T:T&$, time re(uired to reach the municipal

collection center "TTA$, e;tra land area around the house "7LTM!$, and the collage graduate

people " A! $. /onsciousness Training "/:TA$ was ta'en as a dummy %ariable. /ertain

hypothesis was made regarding the coefficient of the independent %ariable.

The hypothesises areG

1 T:T& will positi%ely affect the illingness to Pay "T TP$ i.e. higher the income higher

will be TP for better management of the waste

4. TTA will also positi%ely affect to TP i.e. more the time needed for the disposal of waste

at the free collection center, higher the TP for the collection and safe disposal of the

waste

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#. The total (uantity of the waste "T:T $ also has a positi%e relationship with TP i.e.

higher the (uantity of waste- higher will be the illingness to pay for the collection and

management of the waste.

! 0 - W"%%"$,$(ss t# Pa a$' "ts R(%at"#$s)"3 ="t) S#c"#9Ec#$#*"c Var"ab%(s

The regression results are presented in Table 10. The result of 7(uation 1 shows that illingness to

Pay is positi%ely related to the total income. The coefficient of income is positi%e "0.4 $, which

means that for a 100 8 increase in income the TP will increase by 4 8 or to put it in another

way, the elasticity of TP with respect to income is 0.4 . The time needed to throw the waste in

the public collection point has also a positi%e and significant relationship with the illingness to

Pay. reater the time re(uired for throwing the waste, greater the amount that people are willing to

pay for better management of the waste. The coefficient of time is .09, which shows that a 100 8increase in time will cause 9 8 increase in the illingness to pay for better management of the

waste. raduate " A! $ shows a positi%e relationship with TP though it is %ery insignificant.

@ouseholds ha%ing e;tra land areas ha%e positi%e but insignificant effects. uring the sur%ey, it was

found that the ma3ority of the rich households ha%e e;tra land area and they mainly want to throw

the waste e%en if the organic content is high "see 7(. No 1 in Table 10$. imilarly, /:TA is

negati%e, which is also contradictory to the assumption "hypothesis$. &t may be because of the low

(uality of the training. &n the sur%ey it was considered that those who ha%e attended any program,

which simply discussed about the waste management or en%ironmental issues, was considered asconsciousness training. The training was mainly by N : or clubs, which were mainly moti%ated to

ma'e the households participate in the fee*based collection system. Thus the (uality of the training

may not be as desired and as such, it may not be able to ha%e a positi%e effect. The total e;plained

portion of the ad3usted A 4 is 0.

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F T TP 1.F5 0.45 0.

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The =one wise relationship of TP with the %ariables is presented in table 11. The regression

results show that in the #&t(r 2#$( the e;tra land area has a negati%e effect on T TP. &t shows that

greater the e;tra land area, more the waste is used as compost and low willingness to pay for waste

management. Total income, time to dispose the waste and the number of graduate members in the

house ha%e significant positi%e relations with the willingness to pay which are as hypothesi=ed.

@owe%er, e;tra land area has a positi%e relation with the willingness to pay in the core and middle

areas. &n the core area the households with e;tra land area are %ery low in number "about 14 8$. &n

the core area, e;tra land area does not mean the a%ailability of a 'itchen garden. The land is for the

car par'ing or for the chouk 2.

Tab%( 11 W"%%"$,$(ss t# Pa a$' "ts R(%at"#$ ="t) #t)(r Var"ab%(s b 7#$(s

6one ep. ar !d3.A 4 + /onst /oefficient of &ndependent ariableM7LTA! MTTA MT:T& M A!

Total MT TP 0.4 1.F5 .# 1.59 *001 0.0 0.4 0.04:uter MT TP 0.5 0.99 45 *0.14 *0.05 0.10 0.F 0.0</ore MT TP 0.#4 5 4.9F 1.49 0.

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the ma3ority of the households "5

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!bout 5 8 households are participating in the door*to*door collection by paying certain fee.

@owe%er, people are not much aware of the en%ironmental problems and safe disposal of the waste.

&t still shows that the households of Kathamndu ha%e the feeling of N&2)! "i.e. not in my

bac'yard$. !bout 5 8 of the city people do not 'now where the collected waste is disposed. &n

terms of =ones, people li%ing in the core =one seem to be less aware than in other =ones. This shows

that people are conscious regarding the waste problem within their compound but they do not care

where and how the waste is disposed. +ew people 'now about the disposal place of the collected

waste. @owe%er, those who 'now the disposal site do not 'now whether the disposal practice is

en%ironmentally safe or not.

2ore than 90 8 of waste collectors are municipal wor'ers in the core =one where as their

proportion in other =one is negligible. &n the middle =one it is a N : " &MT 7n%ironment$, which

co%ers 8 of the households practicing door *to*door collection, and a pri%ate firm is collectingwaste from the outer =one.

&n the core =one households, which are not participating in the door*to*door collection system, are

managing their wastes mostly by throwing it on the streets. hereas in the middle and outer =ones

the ma3ority households are managing their wastes either by burying or burning on their land. They

also prepare compost within the compound.

The waste component relationship shows that si=e of the household and income are the ma3or factor

determining the total (uantity of the waste in all the =ones. &t was also found that education has a

negati%e effect on waste generation.

!bout 0 8 of the households are willing to pay for the better management of waste. The a%erage

amount of only households who are illingness to Pay is As. 4 per month. @owe%er, it we ta'e

the a%erage of all the households TP is As. 5 per household. The willingness to pay is highest in

the outer =one and lowest in the core =one. &t may be due to the free < collection by the municipality

that the core people are not willing to pay. @owe%er, in the middle and outer =ones the municipality

rarely collects the waste. Thus the willingness to pay is higher in outer and middle =ones and lower

in the core =one. !gain the en%ironmental awareness of the households seems to be %ery low and

due to this they are willing to pay for en%ironmentally safe land filling. @owe%er, they simply want

the waste to be out from their house. They are ready to pay only for this. Thus, the a%erage

3 &n the core =one the area co%erage by the ward is %ery small and the municipality withsome subsidy collects the waste by its tractors along the road and ma3ority of the households areco%ered. here as in middle and outer =one the area co%erage by the ward is high and municipality

rarely collects the waste from the door of the households.

19

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willingness to pay seems to be lower than that of the cost re(uired for the management of the waste.

The illingness to pay is also positi%ely related to the household income and household si=e.

2ost households feel that the lac' of stiff penalty and non*e;ecution of law is the basic problem for

the effecti%e management of waste. Thus, pro%ision of strong penalties and effecti%e e;ecution of the law will be the ma3or tool to reduce the problem of solid waste management in Kathmandu. &t is

found that en%ironmental awareness is %ery low among the residents of Kathmandu. Thus, stringent

regulations with en%ironmental awareness programs for household sorting and composting can

reduce the %olume and (uantity of waste for land filling. &t could be suggested that a fee be charged

as per the electricity or water bill to the households to co%er the costs, since the willingness to pay

is positi%ely related to the le%el of income. !t the initial stage only regular direct cost should be

co%ered by the charge and fi;ed cost as well as en%ironmental costs should be subsidi=ed. :ther

wise there will be the possibility of illegal dumping. !fter the successful implementation of thisscheme then only full cost pricing of the solid waste generation should be initiated and this will be

the only sustainable way for the better management of waste of Kathmandu 2etropolis.

20

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R(+(r($c(s

!grawal, . N. et al. " eptember, 19 4$ ?Aeport on Proposal for olid aste isposal +ee for KathmanduIMalitpur Town Panchayats? Aeport ubmitted to Nepal olid aste 2anagement

Pro3ect, @is 2a3estyCs o%ernmentINepal, 2inistry of or's and Transport, epartment of

@ousing, )uilding and Physical Planning and +ederal Aepublic of ermany, erman !gency

for Technical /ooperation " T6$ MT .

)eede, . N.- . 7. )loom "1995$, ?The 7conomics of 2unicipal aste? The *orld 5ank research

6bserver , ol. 10, No. 4, pp 11?perience , aste /oncern, ha'a,)angladesh

+linthoff, +. "19 0$ !ssignment Aeport in the olid aste 2anagement in Kathmandu ho*Pro3ect

earo. 0150,

T6 "199#$ CAeport on +act +inding 2ission for the olid aste 2anagement in NepalC Prepared

on behalf of T6.

K2/IK 2P "4004$ pecial /leaning Program for !!A/ ummit, Kathmandu 2etropolitan

/ityI Kathmandu alley 2apping Pro3ect, Kathmandu

Mal, 2ewa "4000$ CProfits from asteG N : Med &nitiati%e for olid aste 2anagement in

Muc'nowC in inha !. @.2a(sood et al. "7ds.$ -ommunity 5ased 8olid *aste =anagement: The

$sian >?perience , aste /oncern, ha'a, )angladesh

2acauley, 2olly K.- 2argaret !. alls "1995$ olid aste Aeduction and resource /onser%ationG

!ssessment Policy, Aesource for the +uture iscussion Paper 95*

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2urta=a, 2d. ulam and 2ohammad !bdur Aahman "4000$ C olid aste 2anagement in Khulana

/ity and a /ase tudy of a /):G !mader ParibartanC in inha !. @.2a(sood et al. "7ds.$

-ommunity 5ased 8olid *aste =anagement: The $sian >?perience , aste /oncern, ha'a,

)angladesh

Nirmal, 2.). "4000$ C/ommunity )ased olid aste 2anagementGG 7;perience of 7;noraC in

inha !. @.2a(sood et al. "7ds.$ -ommunity 5ased 8olid *aste =anagement: The $sian

>?perience , aste /oncern, ha'a, )angladesh

Qureshi, !r3um Par%e= "4000$ C aste )ustersG !n 7;perience of Pa'istanC in inha !. @.2a(sood

et al. "7ds.$ -ommunity 5ased 8olid *aste =anagement: The $sian >?perience , aste /oncern,

ha'a, )angladesh

Aai, ."1990$ tatement on the Prospect of +urther itali=ing the aste*Aecycling concept for Nepal, Aeport on the or'shop ?Aecycling of aste in Nepal?, 2A2/, Kathmandu.

A7 TJ/ "4000$ ! tudy of solid aste and its 2anagement in Kathmandu, 'esearch and 8tudy

-enter "A7 TJ/$- Kathmandu Nepal

Aichardson, Aobert !. "19 $ 7conomic !nalysis of the /omposition of @ousehold olid astes

Bournal of 7n%ironmental 7conomics and 2angement 5, 10?perience , aste /oncern, ha'a , )angladesh

olid aste 2anagement )oard " 2)$ and " T6$ mbh "19 F$ olid aste /ollection +ee, 2) and

T6

2) and T6 "19 5$ Aeport on er%ice +ee /ollection, 2) and T6.

Tabasaran, : "19 #$ 7;perts Aeport on the Aeorgani=ation of olid aste isposal in the

Kathmandu * alley especially in the /ities of Kathmandu, Patan and )ha'tapur- Aeport submitted

to erman !gency for Technical /ooperation " T6$ and @is 2a3estyCs o%ernment of Nepal.

Tabasaran , :. et al. "19 1$ Aeport Aegarding the Possibility of /omposting of 2unicipal Aefuse in

Kathmandu alley 7specially in Kathmandu, Patan and )ha'tapur, Aeport submitted to the @is 2a3estyCs

o%ernment of Nepal and T6.

Thapa, opal ). and urendra Aa3 e%'ota "1999$ ? 2anaging olid aste in 2etro Kathmandu?

)ang'o'G !sian &nstitute of Technology

22

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