1948 Palestine war 1

1948 Palestine warThe 1948 Palestine war refers to the events in the British Mandate of Palestine between the United Nations vote onthe partition plan on November 30, 1947,[1] to the end of the first Arab-Israeli war on July 20, 1949.[2]

War is divided into two phases:[3]

The 19471948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine (sometimes called an "intercommunal war")[4] in which theJewish and Arab communities of Palestine, supported by the Arab Liberation Army, clashed, while the region wasstill fully under British rule.

The 1948 ArabIsraeli War after May 15, 1948, marking the end of the British Mandate and the birth of Israel, inwhich Transjordan, Egypt, Syria and Iraq sent expeditionary forces into Palestine where they fought the Israeliarmy.

At the issue of the war, the State of Israel kept most of the area that had been allocated by the UN General AssemblyResolution 181. Israel also took control of almost 60% of the area allocated to the proposed Arab state,[5] includingthe Jaffa, Lydda and Ramle area, Galilee, some parts of the Negev, a wide strip along the Tel-Aviv-Jerusalem roadand some territories in the West Bank. Transjordan took control of the remainder of the West Bank, putting it undermilitary rule, and the Egyptian military took control of the Gaza Strip. No Arab Palestinian state was created.Demographic changes occurred in the country. Between 600,000 and 760,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or wereexpelled from the area that became Israel and became Palestinian refugees.[6] On the other hand, around 10,000 Jewswere forced to leave their homes in Palestine.[7] In the three years following the war, about 700,000 Jews immigratedto Israel, residing mainly along the borders and in former Arab lands.[8] Around 136,000 were some of the 250,000displaced Jews of World War II.[9] Around half were part of the 750,000 to 900,000 Jews who left or were expelledfrom Arab countries between 1948 and the Six-Day War.[10] [11]

The Israelis refer to this period as their War of Independence or War of Liberation, because it saw the birth of theState of Israel. Their traditional historiography also sometimes makes this start on 15 May 1948.[12] Palestinians andArabs refer to this as al-Nakba (the catastrophe), because of the huge number of displaced people and the failure oftheir nationalist aspirations to create their state with the loss in the war.

BackgroundIn the immediate aftermath of the United Nations' approval of the Partition plan of Palestine between Jews andArabs, the explosions of joy amongst the Jewish community were counterbalanced by the expression of discontentamongst the Arab community. Soon after, violence broke out and became more and more prevalent. Murders,reprisals, and counter-reprisals came fast on each other's heels, resulting in dozens of victims killed on both sides.The sanguinary impasse persisted as no force intervened to put a stop to the escalating cycles of violence.

1948 Palestine war 2

UN Partition Plan

Proposed separation of Palestine.

On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assemblyapproved a plan, UN General Assembly Resolution 181, to resolve theArab-Jewish conflict by partitioning Palestine into two states, oneJewish and one Arab. Each state would comprise three major sections,linked by extraterritorial crossroads; the Arab state would also have anenclave at Jaffa. With about 32% of the population, the Jews would get56% of the territory, an area that contained 499,000 Jews and 438,000Arabs, though most of this territory was in the inhospitable NegevDesert in the south. The Palestinian Arabs would get 42% of the land,which had a population of 818,000 Palestinian Arabs and 10,000 Jews.In consideration of its religious significance, the Jerusalem area,including Bethlehem, with 100,000 Jews and an equal number ofPalestinian Arabs, was to become a Corpus Separatum, to beadministered by the UN.[13]

The Jewish leadership accepted the partition plan as "the indispensableminimum,"[14] glad to gain international recognition but sorry that theydid not receive more.[15]

Arguing that the partition plan was unfair to the Arabs with regard tothe population balance at that time, the representatives of thePalestinian Arabs and the Arab League firmly opposed the UN actionand even rejected its authority to involve itself in the entire matter.[16]

They upheld "that the rule of Palestine should revert to its inhabitants,in accordance with the provisions of [...] the Charter of the United Nations."[17] According to Article 73b [18] of theCharter, the UN should develop self-government of the peoples in a territory under its administration.

19471948 Civil War in Mandatory PalestineThe 19471948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine lasted from 30 November 1947, the date of the United Nationsvote in favor of the termination of the British Mandate of Palestine and the UN Partition Plan,[1] to the termination ofthe British Mandate itself on 14 May 1948. During the first two months of the Civil War around 1,000 people werekilled and 2,000 people injured.[19] By the end of March, the figure had risen to 2,000 dead and 4,000 wounded.[20]

These figures correspond to an average of more than 100 deaths and 200 casualties per week in a population of2,000,000.From January onwards, operations became increasingly militarized, with the intervention of a number of ArabLiberation Army regiments inside Palestine, each active in a variety of distinct sectors around the different coastaltowns. They consolidated their presence in Galilee and Samaria.[21] Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni came from Egypt withseveral hundred men of the Army of the Holy War. Having recruited a few thousand volunteers, al-Husayniorganised the blockade of the 100,000 Jewish residents of Jerusalem.[22] To counter this, the Yishuv authorities triedto supply the city with convoys of up to 100 armoured vehicles, but the operation became more and more impracticalas the number of casualties in the relief convoys surged. By March, Al-Hussayni's tactic had paid off. Almost all ofHaganah's armoured vehicles had been destroyed, the blockade was in full operation, and hundreds of Haganahmembers who had tried to bring supplies into the city were killed.[23] The situation for those who dwelt in the Jewishsettlements in the highly-isolated Negev and North of Galilee was even more critical.This situation caused the USA to withdraw their support for the Partition plan, thus encouraging the Arab League to believe that the Palestinian Arabs, reinforced by the Arab Liberation Army, could put an end to partition. The

1948 Palestine war 3

British, on the other hand, decided on the 7 February 1948, to support the annexation of the Arab part of Palestine byTransjordan.[24]

While the Jewish population had received strict orders requiring them to hold their ground everywhere at allcosts,[25] the Arab population was more affected by the general conditions of insecurity to which the country wasexposed. Up to 100,000 Arabs, from the urban upper and middle classes in Haifa, Jaffa and Jerusalem, orJewish-dominated areas, evacuated abroad or to Arab centers eastwards.[26]

Ben-Gurion invested Yigal Yadin with the responsibility to come up with a plan in preparation for the announcedintervention of the Arab states. The result of his analysis was Plan Dalet, which was put in place from the start ofApril onwards. The adoption of Plan Dalet marked the second stage of the war, in which Haganah passed from thedefensive to the offensive.The first operation, named Nachshon, consisted of lifting the blockade on Jerusalem. 1500 men from Haganah'sGivati brigade and Palmach's Harel brigade conducted sorties to free up the route to the city between 5 April and 20April. The operation was successful, and enough foodstuffs to last 2 months were trucked into to Jerusalem fordistribution to the Jewish population.[27] The success of the operation was assisted by the death of Al-Husayni incombat. During this time, and independently of Haganah or the framework of Plan Dalet, irregular troops from Irgunand Lehi formations massacred a substantial number of Arabs at Deir Yassin, an event which, though publiclydeplored and criticized by the principal Jewish authorities, had a deep impact on the morale of the Arab population.At the same time, the first large-scale operation of the Arab Liberation Army ended in a "dbcle", having beenroundly defeated at Mishmar HaEmek,[28] coinciding with the loss of their Druze allies through defection.[29]

Within the framework of the establishment of Jewish territorial continuity foreseen by Plan Dalet, the forces ofHaganah, Palmach and Irgun intended to conquer mixed zones. Palestinian Arab society was shaken. Tiberias, Haifa,Safed, Beisan, and Jaffa were taken prior to the end of the Mandate, with Acre falling shortly after, resulting in theflight of more than 250,000 Palestinian Arabs.[30]

The British had essentially withdrawn their troops. The situation pushed the leaders of the neighboring Arab states tointervene, but their preparation was not finalised, and they could not assemble sufficient forces to turn the tide of thewar. The majority of Palestinian Arab hopes lay with the Arab Legion of Transjordan's monarch, King Abdullah I,but he had no intention of creating a Palestinian Arab-run state, since he hoped to annex as much of the territory ofthe British Mandate of Palestine as he could. He was playing a double-game, being just as much in contact with theJewish authorities as with the Arab League.In preparation for the intervention from neighbouring states, Haganah successfully launched Operations Yiftah[31]

and Ben-'Ami[32] to secure the Jewish settlements of Galilee, and Operation Kilshon, which created a united frontaround Jerusalem. The inconclusive meeting between Golda Meir and Abdullah I, followed by the Kfar Etzionmassacre on the 13 May by the Arab Legion, led to predictions that the battle for Jerusalem would be merciless.

Course of the 1948 ArabIsraeli WarOn 14 May 1948, David Ben-Gurion declared the independence of the state of Israel. Within hours, two Egyptiancolumns with air cover entered southern Israel, while fighting erupted in Jerusalem and on the Jerusalem-Tel Avivhighway, where Israeli forces captured two Arab villages and the city of Acre. Two Egyptian Air Force Spitfiresbombed Tel Aviv. One of them was shot down and its pilot taken prisoner. Arab forces captured the Israeli kibbutzof Kfar Etzion and massacred its inhabitants.[33] Numerous settlements in the Negev and Galilee were isolated andexposed to Arab attack on all sides, and had to rely on their own armories for defense. The hastily mobilized IsraeliArmy had to engage in offensive actions to remove Arab forces from key positions, block the advance of theircolumns, and rush to seal gaps in Israel's defenses.[34]

Over the next few days, approximately 1,000 Lebanese, 5,000 Syrian, 5,000 Iraqi, and 10,000 Egyptian troops (initial numbers) invaded the newly established state. Four thousand Jordanian troops invaded the Corpus separatum

1948 Palestine war 4

region encompassing Jerusalem and its environs, as well as areas designated as part of the Arab state by the UNpartition plan. They were aided by corps of volunteers from Saudi Arabia, Libya and Yemen. The Arab nationsgradually increased the number of troops by the thousands as the war later progressed (see table of "strength" neartop of page).In an official cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the UN Secretary-General on 15May 1948, the Arab states publicly proclaimed their aim of creating a "United State of Palestine" in place of theJewish and Arab, two-state, UN Plan. They claimed the latter was invalid, as it was opposed by Palestine's Arabmajority, and maintained that the absence of legal authority made it necessary to intervene to protect Arab lives andproperty.[35]

Israel, the United States and the Soviet Union called the Arab states' entry into Israel illegal aggression, while UNSecretary-General Trygve Lie characterized it as "the first armed aggression which the world had seen since the endof the [Second World] War." China, meanwhile, broadly backed the Arab claims. Both sides increased theirmanpower over the following months, but the Israeli advantage grew steadily as a result of the progressivemobilization of Israeli society and the influx of an average of 10,300 immigrants each month.

Truce

Folke Bernadotte

The UN declared a truce on 29 May, which came into effect on 11 June andlasted 28 days. The ceasefire was overseen by UN mediator Folke Bernadotteand a team of UN Observers made up of army officers from Belgium, UnitedStates, Sweden and France.[36] Bernadotte was voted in by the GeneralAssembly to "assure the safety of the holy places, to safeguard the well beingof the population, and to promote 'a peaceful adjustment of the futuresituation of Palestine'".[37] The truce was designed to last 28 days and an armsembargo was declared with the intention that neither side would make anygains from the truce. Neither side respected the truce; both found waysaround the restrictions placed on them. Both the Israelis and the Arabs usedthis time to improve their positions, a direct violation of the terms of theceasefire. "The Arabs violated the truce by reinforcing their lines with freshunits and by preventing supplies from reaching isolated Israeli settlements;occasionally, they opened fire along the lines".[38] The Israeli Defense Forceswere able to acquire weapons from communist Czechoslovakia as well as improve training of forces andreorganization of the army during this time. Yitzhak Rabin, an IDF commander at the time of the war and laterIsrael's fifth Prime Minister, stated "[w]ithout the arms from Czechoslovakia... it is very doubtful whether we wouldhave been able to conduct the war".[39] As well as violating the arms and personnel embargo, they also sent freshunits to the front lines like the Arabs.[38] The Israel army increased its manpower from approximately 30,000 or35,000 men to almost 65,000 during the truce. They were also able to increase their arms supply to "more thantwenty-five thousand rifles, five thousand machine guns, and more than fifty million bullets".[38] As the trucecommenced, a British officer stationed in Haifa stated that the four-week-long truce "would certainly be exploited bythe Jews to continue military training and reorganization while the Arabs would waste [them] feuding over the futuredivisions of the spoils".[38] This officer was correct for the Jews were able to reorganize and reequip while the Arabsbecame unprepared to return to combat.

1948 Palestine war 5

Operations Dani and DekelIsraeli operations labeled Dani and Dekel broke the truce and caused 60,000 Palestinian inhabitants to be forciblyexpelled from Ramlah and Lydda. In Ben-Gurion's view Ramlah and Lydda constituted a special danger becausetheir proximity might encourage co-operation between the Egyptian army, which had started its attack on KibbutzNegbah, near Ramlah, and the Arab Legion, which had taken the Lydda police station. However, the authorconsiders that Operation Dani, under which the two towns were seized, revealed that no such co-operation existed.Additionally, widespread looting took place during these operations. In total, about 100,000 Palestinians becamerefugees in this stage according to Morris.[40]

Nazareth was captured on 16 July, and by the time the second truce took effect at 19:00 18 July, the whole lowerGalilee from Haifa Bay to the Sea of Galilee was captured by Israel.

Operation Yoav and Hiram

October battles

On 15 October, the IDF launched Operation Yoav in the northernNegev. Its goal was to drive a wedge between the Egyptian forcesalong the coast and the Beersheba-Hebron-Jerusalem road andultimately to conquer the whole Negev. Yoav was headed by theSouthern Front commander Yigal Allon. The operation was a hugesuccess, shattering the Egyptian army ranks and forcing the Egyptianforces to retreat from the northern Negev, Beersheba and Ashdod. On22 October, Israeli naval commandos sank the Egyptian flagship EmirFarouk.

An Israeli mortar team outside Safsaf in October1948

On 22 October, the third truce went into effect.[41]

On 24 October, the IDF launched Operation Hiram and captured theentire upper Galilee, driving the ALA and Lebanese army back toLebanon. At the end of the month, Israel had captured the wholeGalilee and had advanced 5 miles (8.0km) into Lebanon to the LitaniRiver.

On 22 December, the IDF drove the remaining Egyptian forces out ofIsrael with Operation Horev (also called Operation Ayin). The goal ofthe operation was to secure the entire Negev from Egyptian presence,destroying the Egyptian threat on Israel's southern communities andforcing the Egyptians into a ceasefire. The operation was a decisiveIsraeli victory, and Israeli raids into the Nitzana area and the Sinaipeninsula forced the Egyptian army, which was encircled in the GazaStrip, to withdraw and accept a ceasefire. On 7 January 1949, a trucewas achieved. Israeli forces withdrew from Sinai and Gaza underinternational pressure.

1948 Palestine war 6

On 5 March, Operation Uvda was launched. On 10 March, the Israelis reached Umm Rashrash (where Eilat was builtlater) and took it without a battle. The Negev Brigade and Golani Brigade took part in the operation. They raised ahand-made flag ("The Ink Flag") and claimed Umm Rashrash for Israel.

Aftermath

Borders

In 1949, Israel signed separate armistices with Egypt on 24 February, Lebanon on 23 March, Jordan on 3 April, andSyria on 20 July. The new borders of Israel, as set by the agreements, encompassed about 78% of MandatoryPalestine as it stood after the independence of Jordan in 1946. This was about 18% more than the UN partitionproposal allotted it. These ceasefire lines were known afterwards as the "Green Line". The Gaza Strip and the WestBank were occupied by Egypt and Jordan respectively. The United Nations Truce Supervision Organization andMixed Armistice Commissions were set up to monitor ceasefires, supervise the armistice agreements, to preventisolated incidents from escalating, and assist other UN peacekeeping operations in the region.

Casualities

Israel lost 6,373 of its people, about 1% of its population in the war. About 4,000 were soldiers and the rest werecivilians. The exact number of Arab losses is unknown but is estimated at between 8,000[] and 15,000.[]

Demographic consequences

During the 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine and the 1948 ArabIsraeli War that followed, around750,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled from their homes. In 1951, the UN Conciliation Commission for Palestineestimated that the number of Palestinian refugees displaced from Israel was 711,000.[42] This number did not includedisplaced Palestinians inside Israeli-held territory. The list of villages depopulated during the Arab-Israeli conflictincludes more than 400 Arab villages. It also includes about ten Jewish villages and neighbourhoods.The Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus are a controversial topic among historians.[43]

The Palestinian refugee problem and the debate around the right of their return are also major issues of theArab-Israeli conflict. Arab Palestinians have staged annual demonstrations and protests on 15 May of each year. Thepopularity and number of participants in these annual al Nakba demonstrations has varied over time. During theal-Aqsa Intifada after the failure of the Camp David 2000 Summit, the attendance at the demonstrations againstIsrael increased.During the 1948 War, around 10,000 Jews were forced to evacuate their homes in Palestine or Israel,[44] but in thethree years following the war, 700,000 Jews settled in Israel, mainly along the borders and in former Arab lands.[45]

Around 136,000 came from the 250,000 displaced Jews of World War II.[9] About another 270,000 came fromEastern Europe. The bulk of the restaround 300,000 peopleconstituted the first wave of a total of 750,000 ormore Jews who over the course of the next thirty years would flee an increasingly hostile Arab world.[46]

ControversiesAfter the war, Israeli and Palestinian historiographies differed on the interpretation of the events of 1948. In the Westthe majority view was of a tiny group of vastly outnumbered and ill-equipped Jews fighting off the massed strengthof the invading Arab armies. It was also widely believed that the Palestinian Arabs left their homes on the instructionof their leaders. In 1980, with the opening of the Israeli and British archives, Israeli historians started giving newinsights on the history of this time period. In particular, the role played by Abdullah I of Jordan, that played by theBritish government, the Arab aims during the war, the balance of force, and the events related to the Palestinianexodus have been nuanced or given new interpretations.[47] Some of them are still hotly debated among historiansand commentators of the conflict today.[48]

1948 Palestine war 7

DatesWhen the 1948 Palestine war actually began is disputed. Localized and limited fighting began shortly after the UNpartition resolution on November 29, 1947,[49] and full fledged war broke out on May 15 after the completewithdrawal of British units.[49] According to Efraim Karsh, the term Palestine war refers to the events between theUnited Nations vote on the partition plan on November 30, 1947, to the end of the first Arab-Israeli war on July 20,1949.[2] [50] According to others, the war began with the entry of Arab armies into Palestine on May 15, 1948.[51] [52][53] [54] [55] [56]

Further reading Yoav Gelber, Palestine 1948, Sussex Academic Press, Brighton, 2006, ISBN 978-1-84519-075-0 Saleh Abdel Jawad, The Arab and Palestinian Narratives of the 1948 War, in Robert I. Rotberg, Israeli and

Palestinian Narratives of Conflict, Indiana University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-253-21857-5. Efraim Karsh, The Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Palestine War 1948, Osprey publishing, 2002. Walid Khalidi (ed.), All that remains.ISBN 978-0-88728-224-9. Walid Khalidi, Selected Documents on the 1948 Palestine War [57], Journal of Palestine Studies, 27(3), 79, 1998. Benny Morris, 1948, Yale University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9 Ilan Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Oneworld Publications, 2006, ISBN 978-1-85168-555-4 Eugene Rogan & Avi Shlaim, The War for Palestine - Rewriting the history of 1948, Cambridge University Press,

2001. David Tal, War in Palestine, 1948. Strategy and Diplomacy, Routledge, 2004.

References[1] Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine A/RES/181(II)(A+B) 29 November 1947 (http:/ / domino. un. org/ unispal. nsf/

5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/ 7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253!OpenDocument) Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/20081225144011/ http:/ / domino. un. org/ unispal. nsf/ 5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253!OpenDocument) December 25, 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

[2] This corresponds to the signature of the armistice agreement between Syria and Israel. Others consider the war ended at the last cease fire onJanuary 8, 1949.

[3] Demise of the British empire in the Middle East: Britain's responses to nationalist movements, 1943-55, by Michael Joseph Cohen, MartinKolinsky. p. 54. 1998

[4] David Tal, War in Palestine, 1948. Strategy and Diplomacy, Routledge, 2004.[5] Cragg, Kenneth. "Palestine. The Prize and Price of Zion." Cassel, 1997. ISBN 978-0-304-70075-2. Pages 57, 116.[6] "It is impossible to arrive at a definite persuasive estimate. My predeliction would be to opt for the loose contemporary British formula, that

of 'between 600,000 and 760,000' refugees; but, if pressed, 700,000 is probably a fair estimate" - Benny Morris, The Birth of the PalestinianRefugee Problem Revisited, p603-4.

[7] "Jewish Refugees of the Israeli Palestinian Conflict" (http:/ / www. mideastweb. org/ refugees4. htm). Mideast Web. . Retrieved 2008-07-13.[8] Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, chap. VI.[9] Displaced Persons (http:/ / www. ushmm. org/ wlc/ article. php?lang=en& ModuleId=10005462) retrieved on 29 October 2007 from the US

Holocaust Museum.[10] De Gaucy, Gerald, "The New State of Israel". Derek Verschoyle Ltd, London. 1952. Pages 28,29. 15 May 1948 to 31st December 1949 -

22.3% from "Asia" including 10.4% from Yemen; 13.9 % from Africa, 2.1% from Egypt; 58.3% from Europe including 22.3% from Poland.1January 1950 to 31st December 1950 - 34.3% from Asia, 18.6 from Iraq; Africa 15.7% with 4.6% from Egypt; Europe 48% with 27.7% fromRumania. USA between 0.5% and 1%.

[11] Stearns, 2001, p. 966.[12] Howard Sachar, A History of Israel. From the Rise of Zionisme to our Time, 2007, p.315[13] Pappe, 2006, p. 35[14] El-Nawawy, 2002, p. 1-2[15] Morris, 'Righteous Victims ...', 2001, p. 190[16] Gold, 2007, p. 134[17] Arab League Declaration on the Invasion of Palestine 15 May 1948 (http:/ / www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/ jsource/ History/ arab_invasion.

html), Jewish Virtual Library. Archived (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5v5scvum7) 19 December 2010 at WebCite[18] http:/ / www. un. org/ aboutun/ charter/ chapter11. shtml

1948 Palestine war 8

[19] Special UN commission (16 April 1948), II.5[20] Yoav Gelber (2006), p.85[21] Yoav Gelber (2006), pp.51-56[22] Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971), chap.7, pp.131-153[23] Benny Morris (2003), p.163[24] Henry Laurens (2005), p.83[25] Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971), p.163[26] Benny Morris (2003), p.67[27] Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971), pp.369-381[28] Benny Morris (2003), pp.242-243[29] Benny Morris (2003), p.242[30] Henry Laurens (2005), pp.85-86[31] Benny Morris (2003), pp.248-252[32] Benny Morris (2003), pp.252-254[33] The Palestine Post - State of Israel is Born (14 May 1948)[34] "Arab Armies Invade" (http:/ / www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/ jsource/ History/ Invade. html). Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. . Retrieved

2010-06-26.[35] "The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem: 19171988. Part II, 19471977" (http:/ / domino. un. org/ UNISPAL. NSF/ 0/

d442111e70e417e3802564740045a309?OpenDocument).[36] "The First Truce" (http:/ / www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/ jsource/ History/ truce1. html). . Retrieved 2009-02-22.[37] Morris, Benny (2008). 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-12696-9.[38] Morris, Benny. 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War.[39] Bregman, Ahron; Jihan El-Tahri (1999). The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs. BBC Books.[40] Morris, 2004, p. 448.[41] Shapira, Anita. Yigal Allon; Native Son; A Biography Translated by Evelyn Abel, University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN

978-0-8122-4028-3 p 247[42] General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the Period from

11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950 (http:/ / domino. un. org/ unispal. nsf/ 9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883!OpenDocument), published by the United Nations Conciliation Commission, 23 October 1950. (U.N.General Assembly Official Records, 5th Session, Supplement No. 18, Document A/1367/Rev. 1) Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/20090405124440/ http:/ / domino. un. org/ unispal. nsf/ 9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883!OpenDocument) April 5, 2009 at the Wayback Machine.

[43] http:/ / www. history. ac. uk/ reviews/ paper/ hughesMatthew. html The War for Palestine. Rewriting the History of 1948 by Eugene L.Rogan and Avi Shlaim . Accessed 2009-08-08. Archived (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5iwzyIK8U) 2009-08-11.

[44] "Jewish Refugees of the Israeli Palestinian Conflict" (http:/ / www. mideastweb. org/ refugees4. htm). Mideast Web. . Retrieved 2008-07-13.[45] Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, chap.VI.[46] Sachar, pp. 395403.[47] Avi Shlaim, The Debate about 1948, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Aug., 1995), pp.287-304.[48] Benny Morris, Benny Morris on fact, fiction, & propaganda about 1948, The Irish Times, 21 February 2008, reported by Jeff Weintraub

(http:/ / jeffweintraub. blogspot. com/ 2008/ 02/ benny-morris-on-fact-fiction-propaganda. html) Archived (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/5j0sy4bPE) 14 August 2009 at WebCite

[49] The Arab-Israeli dilemma, Par Fred John Khouri, p. 68[50] Karsh, p. 8[51] Bitter harvest: a modern history of Palestine, By Sami Hadawi, 1991 p.84 and p.92. Hadawi writes that "Israelis have always claimed" that

the war started on May 15, 1948.[52] Two sides of the same coin : Jewish and Palestinian refugees : hearing, DIANE Publishing, p. 13. 2007[53] The Middle East: a history. by Sydney Nettleton Fisher. Knopf, 1979. Page 678[54] Economic policy in Iraq, 1932-1950 By Joseph Sassoon, p. 98. 1987[55] From the ends of the earth: the peoples of Israel. Howard Morley Sachar. p. 38. 1964[56] The Middle East: The Origins of Arab-Israeli Wars. Avi Shlaim. in Ngaire Woods, ed., Explaining International Relations since 1945

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 219-40. Chronology section. "15 May 1948 Proclamation of the State of Israel and outbreak of thePalestine war."

[57] http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0377-919X(199821)27%3A3%3C60%3ASDOT1P%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-%23

Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and Contributors1948 Palestine war Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=452079702 Contributors: Abnn, Alansohn, AndresHerutJaim, Backslash Forwardslash, Balagen, BigHairRef,Bongwarrior, Bucktoothie, Camw, Canadian Monkey, CasualObserver'48, Ceedjee, Chesdovi, Chewdiss, Closedmouth, Danielleb32, Dekisugi, Drewcoax, ErikHaugen, Frietjes, GHcool,Gallowaysbooger, Giant guppy, Good Olfactory, Greyshark09, HannesP, Hildegarti, Hmbr, Huldra, Ian Pitchford, Icepick 47, Ironholds, It's-is-not-a-genitive, Itsmejudith, J.delanoy,Jailrancenow, Jayjg, Johnbibby, JokerXtreme, Joy, Jrtayloriv, Lapsed Pacifist, Legoktm, LilHelpa, Magioladitis, Marokwitz, Massacretraitors, Mimihitam, Nableezy, Nekohakase, Noisetier,Obkenob, Padres Hana, Plastikspork, Roland rancidity, RolandR, SJP, Skyezx, SlimVirgin, Snotbonger, Stellarkid, Synchronism, Tempestuous44, TheGerm, Trotskyrein3, Ynhockey, Zzuuzz, leflottante, , 60 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:UN Partition Plan For Palestine 1947.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.png License: Public Domain Contributors: U.S.Central Intelligence AgencyFile:Folke-Bernadotte.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Folke-Bernadotte.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Fred J, Gabor, Ondrejk, Talmoryair, Thuresson, 4anonymous editsFile:1948 arab israeli war - Oct.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1948_arab_israeli_war_-_Oct.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Humus sapiens,Talmoryair, TimeshifterFile:Zionist mortar team outside Zafzaf in October 1948.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zionist_mortar_team_outside_Zafzaf_in_October_1948.png License:unknown Contributors: Palestine Remembered

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1948 Palestine warBackground UN Partition Plan

19471948 Civil War in Mandatory PalestineCourse of the 1948 ArabIsraeli War Truce Operations Dani and DekelOperation Yoav and HiramAftermathBorders Casualities Demographic consequences

Controversies Dates Further readingReferences

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