1941-1945

WORLD WAR II

Quiz 1. 2. The expansionist and aggressive actions of two

nations led to the outbreak of WWII. Name these two countries.

3.What impact did World War II have on the U.S. economy?

4. True or False: American war production and factory output were key factors in the Allied victory of World War II.

5. True or False: World War II reduced the number of job opportunities for women, African Americans, and other minorities in the U.S.

What were the Primary Causes of World War II ?

1. Terms of the Treaty of Versailles at the end of WWI-harsh terms for Germany

2. Failure of appeasement 3. The rise of dictators and the aggressive (expansionist) actions of Germany and Japan

4. Failure of the League of Nations to keep world peace

5. Global economic crisis of the 1930s led to problems in many countries.

WWII: Allied and Axis Powers WWII: Allied and Axis Powers

Allied Powers Axis Powers Great BritainFrance Soviet Union U.S. (1941)China (Italy joins Allies after war begins)

GermanyItaly Japan

Statistics on WWII Statistics on WWII No war in history killed more people or

destroyed more property than WWII .

WWII was a TOTAL war. Over 70 nations took part in the fighting.

Over 70,000,000 people served the armed forces during the war.

What impact did WWII have on the U.S.?

1. The U.S. emerged from the conflict with the most powerful military in the world.

2. It ended the Great Depression and put Americans to work

3. It changed the roles and expectations of women and minorities

4. WWII increased the size and power of the federal government.

5. The war marked the beginning of the nuclear age and the commitment of the U.S. to an active role in international affairs.

Mobilizing for War

How did U.S. industries How did U.S. industries help the Allies win WWII? help the Allies win WWII?

U.S. quickly converted factories to war production: planes, rifles, tanks, ammunition, uniforms, etc…

U.S. workers produced 2x more supplies than German workers and 5x the war materials as Japanese workers.

3. Automobile factories produced tanks and trucks instead of cars.

4. Ford Motor company set up an assembly line for B-24 bombers

5. By the end of the war, the auto industry produced almost one-third of all military equipment for the war.

***American war production (industrial power) turned ***American war production (industrial power) turned the tide in favor of the Allies the tide in favor of the Allies

NOTE: NOTE: America was a third rate military power in 1940. By 1945 it was producing more weapons and firepower than the rest of the world put together.

Women workers groom lines of transparent noses for deadly A-20 attack bombers (1942) At Henry Ford's gigantic new plant at Willow Run, outside Detroit, an assembly line a mile long poured out B-24 bombers at a rate of a plane every 63 minutes.

What steps did the U.S. What steps did the U.S. Government take to promote Government take to promote

production? production? 1. Cost Plus Contracts-the government

offered companies the cost of production plus a guaranteed profit to produce war supplies

2. Reconstruction Finance Corporation –loaned money to companies to convert to wartime production

What were Liberty Ships? What were Liberty Ships? Liberty ship- basic cargo ship during

WWII

Welded, not riveted, the ship was easy and cheap to build and much harder to sink than a riveted ship.

Damaged Liberty ships were easier to repair.

Victory Victory Ships Ships ready for ready for cargo cargo

Line up of some of women welders including the women's welding champion of Ingalls [Shipbuilding Corp., Pascagoula, MS].

What new agencies did the What new agencies did the Government set up to organized Government set up to organized

the war effort?the war effort?War Production Board—set priorities for

war production and organized the distribution of raw materials and supplies to companies.

Office of War Mobilization– settled arguments between different agencies over supplies

*** WWII increases the power and size of the federal government and its control over the economy.

What steps were taken to build up the U.S. Armed

Forces? Selective Service and Training Act –(1940) first peacetime draft in American military history

G.I. Bill of Rights –granted benefits and rights those who served in the military

Basic Training camps were set up across the nation

Women and minorities served in the military

What was military service What was military service like for minorities? like for minorities?

Segregated Army –African Americans served in WWII but in separate units and facilities. Blacks were often assigned to support units.

Double V Campaign—African Americans said they were fighting for double victory

victory over Hitler’s racism victory over racism at home Native Americans –used their language and

served as “code talkers” to sent coded messages during the war.

Tuskegee AirmenTuskegee Airmen

African American Soldier

http://www.history.com/videos/tuskegee-airman-luther-smith

Native Americans in WWII—”Code Talkers”

Comanche Code Talkers, WWII

What jobs did women perform the military

during WWII?Women’s Army Corps (WAC) –women were

barred from combat, but they were allowed to join the armed forces and take jobs to free men for combat. They worked as secretaries, drivers, nurses

WASPS-Women Air Force Service Pilots –ferried planes across the United States freeing up male pilots for combat

***WWII opened up many opportunities for women in the military and in the workforce that had been off limits to them before the war.

Women Air Force Service Pilots

WACS Video http://www.history.com/shows/wwii-in-hd/vi

deos/women-in-the-cockpit

was the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, a program of systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany. Two-thirds of the population of nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before the Holocaust were killed.

The Holocaust

Facts about the HolocaustFacts about the Holocaust1. 6,000,000 Jews and 4,000,000 other

Europeans were killed by the Nazis during WWII.

2. Two-thirds of the population of nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before the Holocaust were killed.

3. Nazis persecuted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Slavs, and the disabled.

Nuremberg Laws (1935)Nuremberg Laws (1935)Stripped German Jews of their rights and

freedoms Took away their citizenshipJews could not marry other GermansJews could not hold public office or votePassports were marked with a red “J” and

they were required to wear the yellow star of David

Jews could not work in many jobs=journalists, farmers, teachers, doctors, attorneys, or operate businesses

An event unseen since the Middle Ages occurs as German students from universities formerly regarded as among the finest in the world, gather in Berlin and other German cities to burn books with "unGerman" ideas. Books by Freud, Einstein, Thomas Mann, Jack London, H.G. Wells and many others go up in flames as they give the Nazi salute. May 10, 1933.

A hundred years earlier, the A hundred years earlier, the German-Jewish poet, German-Jewish poet, Heinrich Heine, had stated, Heinrich Heine, had stated, "Where books are burned, "Where books are burned, human beings are destined human beings are destined to be burned too."to be burned too."

•One report stated 7500 businesses had been destroyed and 267 synagogues burned. 91 Jews lost their lives.

What was Kristallnacht? What was Kristallnacht? ““Night of Broken GlassNight of Broken Glass””

The German police staged attacks against Jews.

Jewish Refugees Try to Jewish Refugees Try to Flee Germany Flee Germany

Albert Einstein escaped from Germany (Nobel Peace Prize, 1921) His scientific theories led to the creation of the first atomic bomb.

Anne Frank’s family went into hiding Some fled Germany only to be turned away

from other countries including Cuba, Mexico, Paraguay, Argentina, and Costa Rica.

In 1939, a ship full of Jewish refugees off the coast of Florida waited for days for permission to dock in the U.S. before they were turned away.

What was the What was the ““The Final The Final SolutionSolution”” to the to the ““Jewish Jewish

Problem?Problem?””Concentration Camps—Jews were

loaded onto railroad cars and transported to camps where they worked as slave laborers.

Extermination camps– the weak, elderly and handicapped were executed in gas chambers. These mass executions increased in number during the war.

Victims of the Holocaust

Why Did the Holocaust Take Why Did the Holocaust Take Place? Place?

(Reasons why the Holocaust (Reasons why the Holocaust Occurred) Occurred)

1. The German sense of injury after WWI2. Severe economic problems blamed on

the Jews3. Hitler’s control over the German nation4. Europe had a long tradition of anti-

Semitism (prejudice and persecution of Jews)

5. The lack of a strong tradition of representative government in Germany

6. German fear of Hitler’s secret police

USE YOUR NOTES AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON

NOTEBOOK PAPER:1. List at least 5 ways WWII opened up

opportunities for women and minorities.

2. What factors contributed to the onset of the Holocaust?

3. In what ways did the U.S. contribute to the Allied victory in WWII?

Place your work in the tray

WWII: Early Battles

World War II1939- War begins in Europe

1941-U.S. enters the war

1945-WWII ends

Who were the primary political leaders involved

in WWII?U.S.—Franklin D. Roosevelt (Harry

Truman)Great Britain---Winston ChurchillSoviet Union---Joseph StalinGermany—Adolf Hitler Italy –Benito MussoliniJapan—Hirohito and military leaders

Stalin, FDR, and Churchill

Where did the U.S. Fight Where did the U.S. Fight WWII on Two Fronts?WWII on Two Fronts?

1. In the Pacific against Japan

2. In Europe and North Africa against Germany

and Italy

Axis Powers December

1939

Axis PowersDecember

1940

Axis (Black)

December 1941

Axis December 1942

What were the important What were the important early battles of WWII? early battles of WWII? (1941-1942) (1941-1942) U.S. entered WWII in 1941. By late 1942, the Allies had stopped the German

and Japanese advance. The U.S. fought a war on two fronts and

managed to gain the upper hand against Hitler and the Axis powers.

May 1942—Fall of the Philippines Battle of the Coral SeaJune 1942– Battle of Midway February 1943—Germans defeated at StalingradMay 1943– Germans driven out of North Africa

Pearl Harbor

US Enters WWII

Major Early Battles, 1941-1943

Pacific Europe and North Africa

1942 Japan takes the Philippines

1942 U.S. wins the Battle of the

Coral Sea 1942 U.S. wins the Battle

of Midway

1943 Soviets defeat the Germans at

Stalingrad1943 Germans Driven out of

North Africa

War in the Pacific: How did the U.S. lose the

Philippines? (1942)A few hours after Pearl Harbor the

Japanese attacked American airfields in the Philippines.

General Douglas MacArthur was driven

from the islands. He vowed to return. Bataan Death March: The Japanese

captured 75,000 POWs and forced them to walk 65 miles to a prison camp.

“ They’d halt us in front of these big artesian wells… so we could see the water and they wouldn’t let us have any. Anyone who would make a break for water would be shot or bayoneted. Then they were left there. Finally, it got so bad further along the road that you never got away from the stench of death. There were bodies laying all along the road in various degrees of decomposition—swollen. Burst open, maggots crawling by the thousands.”

--quoted in Death March: The Survivors of Bataan

What was the Doolittle Raid?

(April, 1942 )After the attack on Pearl Harbor, FDR was

looking for a way to raise the morale of the American people.

He authorized a surprise bombing of Tokyo (Japan) using 16 bombers launched from an aircraft carrier in the Pacific.

Jimmy Doolittle and his men dropped their bombs and then crash-landed across the border in China.

The raid inflicted very little damage, but it did boost American morale.

Jimmy Doolittle Jimmy Doolittle Medal of Honor

Distinguished Service Medal (2)Silver StarDistinguished Flying Cross (3)

Air Medal (4)

Test PilotInstructor Military CareerMIT

Why was the Battle of Midway an important turning point in WWII?

(1942) The U.S. under the command of Admiral

Chester Nimitz defeated Japan at the Battle of Midway.

(Most of the American pilots had never flown in combat.)

The Japanese Navy lost 4 of its largest aircraft carriers. They never fully recovered.

U.S. code breakers gave the Americans the advantage in the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Coral Sea by giving them advance warning of the planned attacks.

Europe and North Africa, Europe and North Africa, 1941-19431941-1943

The Allies did not agree on the best way to defeat Hitler in Europe.

Joseph Stalin wanted the Americans and the British to attack Germany from the east to take pressure off the Soviet Union.

Churchill and FDR felt they should start at the edges of the Germany empire –the periphery.

FDR sent troops to North Africa (Morocco and Algeria)

North African Campaign The Allies invaded North Africa.

Americans troops under General Dwight D. Eisenhower defeated the German troops in May 1943.

http://www.history.com/shows/wwii-in-hd/videos/north-africa-campaign#north-africa-campaign

Attack in North Africa Attack in North Africa

U.S. Tank Crew

Generals MacArthur and George Marshall

War in EuropeWar in Europe

General MontgomeryGeneral George

Patton

U.S. Fighting in ItalyU.S. Fighting in Italy

What was the Battle of the What was the Battle of the Atlantic? Atlantic?

The Allies and Axis powers fought for control of the Atlantic.

America cargo ships were easy target for German submarines

By 1942, the U.S. had lost 360 ships—many were oil tankers. In May and June over 1.1 million tons of shipping were sunk.

To protect their ships, the U.S. Navy used a convoy system: groups of cargo ships were escorted by navy warships.

The U.S. used new technology to protect ships: radar, sonar, and depth charges. The Americans also produced more ships than the Germans sank.

Battle of the Atlantic

Battle of Stalingrad

What Happened when the What Happened when the Germans Attacked the Germans Attacked the

Soviet City of Stalingrad? Soviet City of Stalingrad? (1942)(1942)

For months the Germans bombed the city but Stalin refused to give up

The Germans took control of Stalingrad, but when winter came the Soviets trapped them in the city. Many starved or froze to death.

The Germans surrendered in Feb., 1943, and from this point on the Soviets moved steadily westward toward Germany.

***Victory at Stalingrad was considered a ***Victory at Stalingrad was considered a turning point in the war against Germany. turning point in the war against Germany.

Video Stalingrad http://www.history.com/videos/battle-at-mi

dway#command-decisions-stalingrad-joseph-stalin-russian-front-world-war-ii-world-war-2-the-history-channel

http://www.history.com/videos/battle-at-midway#command-decisions-stalingrad---deserters

***http://www.history.com/shows/wwii-in-hd/videos/north-africa-campaign#world-war-ii-battle-of-stalingrad (COLOR)

http://www.history.com/shows/wwii-in-hd/videos/battle-iwo-jima#world-war-ii-battle-of-stalingrad

Early Battles: Why did they matter?

By 1943 the Allies had halted German and Japanese advances.

The Battle of Stalingrad in Europe and the Battle of Midway in the Pacific put the Axis powers on the defensive.

Axis Powers December

1939

Axis PowersDecember

1940

Axis (Black)

December 1941

Axis December 1942

The Home Front: WWII Transforms America

How Did WWII Transform the How Did WWII Transform the Nation? Nation?

1. ***Massive industrial expansion and output= prosperity

2. Americans went back to WORK 3. Rationing and managing the wartime

economy4. Paying for the war5. Increase in science and technology6. Japanese Internment

How did Women and Minorities Benefit from

WWII? Women, blacks and Hispanics took

jobs that had been filled by white males.

Women gained attention for their abilities to perform jobs many thought only men could do.

African Americans and other minorities served in the armed services.

Rosie the RiveterRosie the Riveter

How did Americans at Home How did Americans at Home Support the War Effort? Support the War Effort?

Rationing of goods at home Planted Victory GardensBought E Bonds to help fund the war

Turned in scrap metal Hollywood celebrities promoted the war effort

War posters and movies

Sugar Rationing

Why were Japanese Americans placed in

internment camps during WWII?

During WWII Japanese Americans were relocated to internment camps away from the West coast. Many were concerned that Japanese Americans were spies or supported the Japanese attack on the U.S.

The imprisonment of American citizens is considered one of the greatest infringement of the basic rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. Korematsu v United States–U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the relocation was constitutional because it was based on military urgency, not race.

German POWs in Mississippi

Analyze the Supreme Court Decision: Korematsu v. United

States (1944) Page 596Decision of the Court:

Significance of the ruling:

The Final Years of War The Final Years of War

1943-1945

Major Battles, 1943-1945 Major Battles, 1943-1945

Pacific“Island Hopping “

Europe

Tarawa GuadalcanalLeyte Gulf

(Philippines) OkinawaIwo Jima

D-Day (June 1944)

Battle of the Bulge-last major offensive by the Germans. They were defeated

Eisenhower gives orders for D-Day

D-Day invasion, June 6, 1944

http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/d-day-invasion#d-day-invasion

Facts

http://www.history.com/videos/d-day-invasion-of-europe#d-day-invasion-of-europe

Election of 1944Election of 1944

Battle of the Bulge: Bloodiest Battle of WWII—lost 19,000

Americans

Battle of the Bulge

1945: The War Ends 1945: The War Ends 1. The Third Reich collapses (Germany) 2. Franklin Roosevelt dies and Harry

Truman becomes president 3. The war is over in Europe (V-E Day) 4. The first atomic bomb is used by the

United States on Japan 5. Japan is defeated (V-J Day) 6. The United Nations is created 7. German leaders are tried for war crimes:

The Nuremberg Trials

Adolph Hitler Commits Suicide, April 30, 1945

Churchill: The War is Over

Harry Truman at Potsdam, Germany, 1945

The End of the War in the The End of the War in the PacificPacific

1945

War in the Pacific

Japanese Kamikaze Pilots

Atomic Bombs: “Little Boy” and “Fat Man”

V

End of the War

Why was WWII the Deadliest War in World

History?1. Cities were bombed—civilians died

in numbers like never before2. 11,000,000 died in the Holocaust3. Improved technology led to higher

death tolls (including the atomic bomb)

4. Total military and civilian deaths were over between 60 and 70 million world wide (WWI=10 million)

4. U.S. lost 320,000 and another 800,000 wounded

What was the long term What was the long term significance of the Allied significance of the Allied

victory WWII?victory WWII?The U.S. emerged from WWII a global military, political, and industrial leader. The nation’s economy was very strong.

At the end of WWII the U.S. and the Soviet Union emerged as the two major world powers for the next 40 years.

WWII marked the beginning of the nuclear age (nuclear weapons)

http://www.history.com/shows/wwii-in-hd/videos/d-days#japanese-internment-in-america

Video Japanese internment History Channel

Video Concentration Camp Liberation-History Channel

http://www.history.com/shows/wwii-in-hd/videos/d-days#concentration-camp-liberation

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/videos#d-day-invasion-of-normandy

http://www.history.com/videos/strange-nazi-sabotage

Allies attempt sabotage using exploding rats