1932 Election1932 Election

• Democrats nominated Democrats nominated the governor of New the governor of New York, FDR (cousin of York, FDR (cousin of Theodore Roosevelt) - Theodore Roosevelt) - promised a “New Deal”promised a “New Deal”

• Democrats won the Democrats won the majority in the House majority in the House and Senateand Senate

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) won the 1932 Presidential election 57.4% to Hoover’s 39.7%.

• FDR gathered information from many university professors/ economic experts (Rexford Tugwell, Raymond Moley, Adolph Berle Jr.) known as the Brain Trust.

Most diverse administration in US history: including blacks, Jews, Catholics, and women. Frances Perkins became 1st female Cabinet member as Secretary of Labor

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The New Deal had three major goals:

I. Relief for the unemployed

II. plans for economic

Recovery

III. Reforms to prevent another depression

The First 100 Days - 1933The First 100 Days - 1933

• Bank HolidayBank Holiday

• Emergency Banking Relief Act – Gov’t. Emergency Banking Relief Act – Gov’t. gained ability to authorize banks to open.gained ability to authorize banks to open.

• Fireside chats – FDR gave weekly radio Fireside chats – FDR gave weekly radio addresses to the public.addresses to the public.

• 20th Amendment “lame duck amendment”20th Amendment “lame duck amendment”

Fireside Chats• FDR gave 30 radio speeches to the nation, which became known as fireside chats.

FDR’s first fireside chat on the bank crisis. (March 12, 1933)

Glass-Steagall ActGlass-Steagall Act

• Established the FDICEstablished the FDIC

• Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation– Provided insurance toProvided insurance to

individual bank accounts individual bank accounts

up to $5,000 up to $5,000

(now up to $250,000)(now up to $250,000)

Federal Securities ActFederal Securities Act

• The SEC, Securities The SEC, Securities Exchange Commission Exchange Commission was created to increase was created to increase confidence in the stock confidence in the stock market.market.– Practices must be open Practices must be open

to the public.to the public.– No insider trading.No insider trading.

2121stst Amendment Amendment

• Beer-Wine Revenue Act Beer-Wine Revenue Act • FDR hoped to increase FDR hoped to increase

revenue by legalizing revenue by legalizing some alcohol sales some alcohol sales

(sin taxes).(sin taxes).

Help is on the Way!Help is on the Way!

• The Agricultural Adjustment Act – The Agricultural Adjustment Act – farmers were paid to slow down farmers were paid to slow down production, which would raise production, which would raise prices. Why controversial?prices. Why controversial?

• The Civilian Conservation Corps The Civilian Conservation Corps – Built roads, parks, planted trees, Built roads, parks, planted trees,

and developed flood control.and developed flood control.

And More…And More…

• The Public Works Administration / National The Public Works Administration / National Industrial Recoveries ActIndustrial Recoveries Act– Built schools and government buildingsBuilt schools and government buildings– Built roads and bridgesBuilt roads and bridges

• The National Recovery AdministrationThe National Recovery Administration– Set prices and minimum wagesSet prices and minimum wages

And Still More…And Still More…

• National Housing Act & National Housing Act &

The Federal Housing CommissionThe Federal Housing Commission– Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)

provided loans to homeowners in defaultprovided loans to homeowners in default

• The Federal Emergency Relief The Federal Emergency Relief Administration - Harry HopkinsAdministration - Harry Hopkins– Provided funds for direct relief to Provided funds for direct relief to

poor / needy through state & local poor / needy through state & local governments governments

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1936 Election - Defeats Alf 1936 Election - Defeats Alf Landon in a landslideLandon in a landslide

• With over 60% of popular vote seen as a With over 60% of popular vote seen as a thumbs up to the New Dealthumbs up to the New Deal

• New Democratic coalition:New Democratic coalition:

1. The South1. The South

2. White ethnic groups in the cities2. White ethnic groups in the cities

3. Midwestern farmers3. Midwestern farmers

4. Labor unions4. Labor unions

5. African-Americans - why significant?5. African-Americans - why significant?

Critics of the New DealCritics of the New Deal

Huey Long

Father Coughlin

Dr. FrancisTownsend

FDR Faces OppositionFDR Faces Opposition

• Conservatives say his Big Government has Conservatives say his Big Government has gone too far - American Liberty League …gone too far - American Liberty League …some liberals say not far enough. some liberals say not far enough.

• The conservative Supreme Court strikes The conservative Supreme Court strikes down the NRA (down the NRA (Schechter v. U.S.)Schechter v. U.S.) and AAA and AAA ((U.S. v ButlerU.S. v Butler).).

• He is accused of assuming legislative He is accused of assuming legislative powers.powers.

• FDR has an answer…?FDR has an answer…?

““Court-Packing” PlanCourt-Packing” Plan

• Even some Dems thought Even some Dems thought this went too far - this went too far - Congress did not grant his Congress did not grant his request for a new panel of request for a new panel of judges - 1st time!judges - 1st time!

• But for various reasons he But for various reasons he ended up nominating ended up nominating seven new judges over his seven new judges over his term in office.term in office.

Works Progress AdministrationWorks Progress Administration

• 1935 – 1943, $11 billion spent to create 1935 – 1943, $11 billion spent to create jobs.jobs.– 850 airports850 airports– 651,000 miles of roads651,000 miles of roads– 125,000 public buildings125,000 public buildings

National Youth AdministrationNational Youth Administration

• Provided education, jobs, counseling, Provided education, jobs, counseling, and recreation to young people.and recreation to young people.– Issued part time jobs for studentsIssued part time jobs for students– Found work for drop-outsFound work for drop-outs

The Wagner Act & Fair Labor The Wagner Act & Fair Labor Standards ActStandards Act

• National Labor Relations Act (Sponsored National Labor Relations Act (Sponsored by Senator Robert Wagner)by Senator Robert Wagner)– Supported union rightsSupported union rights– Prohibited firing of union membersProhibited firing of union members

• Fair Labor Standards ActFair Labor Standards Act– Reduced work week to 40 hoursReduced work week to 40 hours– Minimum wage – 25 cents Minimum wage – 25 cents

• (40 cents by 1945)(40 cents by 1945)

– Banned hazardous work for minorsBanned hazardous work for minors

Social Security ActSocial Security Act• Old Age Insurance – employee paid half Old Age Insurance – employee paid half

and employer paid half.and employer paid half.

• Unemployment Insurance – employees Unemployment Insurance – employees could draw from this if out of work.could draw from this if out of work.

• Aid to Families w/Dependent Children Aid to Families w/Dependent Children and the Disabledand the Disabled

New Deal Impact New Deal Impact & Legacy& Legacy

1.1. Expanded role of the federal government Expanded role of the federal government in the lives of Americans (Social Security)in the lives of Americans (Social Security)

2.2. Support - rise of power of unions (CIO)Support - rise of power of unions (CIO)

3.3. Minor advances for minorities: blacks & Minor advances for minorities: blacks & Native AmericansNative Americans

4.4. Support for Keynesian EconomicsSupport for Keynesian Economics

5.5. Political realignment of the Democratic Political realignment of the Democratic and Republican Partiesand Republican Parties

The WPA “Dollar”The WPA “Dollar”The WPA “Dollar”The WPA “Dollar”

Artists of the WPAArtists of the WPAArtists of the WPAArtists of the WPA

Kansas Kansas CityCityfrom from

Politics, Politics, Farming, & Farming, &

the Lawthe Law

Thomas Thomas Hart Hart

Benton,Benton,19361936

Kansas Kansas CityCityfrom from

Politics, Politics, Farming, & Farming, &

the Lawthe Law

Thomas Thomas Hart Hart

Benton,Benton,19361936

The Annual MoveThe Annual Moveby Otis Dozier, 1936by Otis Dozier, 1936

The Annual MoveThe Annual Moveby Otis Dozier, 1936by Otis Dozier, 1936

Construction of the Construction of the DamDam

by William Gropperby William Gropper

Construction of the Construction of the DamDam

by William Gropperby William Gropper

Women of Flint, MIWomen of Flint, MIby Joseph Varakby Joseph Varak

Women of Flint, MIWomen of Flint, MIby Joseph Varakby Joseph Varak

The Cradle Will RockThe Cradle Will Rock, , 19371937

The Cradle Will RockThe Cradle Will Rock, , 19371937

Orson Welles & Orson Welles & John HousemanJohn Houseman

The theater, when The theater, when it’s good, is always it’s good, is always

dangerous!dangerous!

WPA BookbindingWPA BookbindingWPA BookbindingWPA Bookbinding

The The American Guide American Guide SeriesSeries

The The American Guide American Guide SeriesSeries

Former SlaveFormer Slave InterviewsInterviews

Former SlaveFormer Slave InterviewsInterviews