U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE DANIEL c. ROPER, SECllETAllY

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS WILLIAM LANE AUSTIN, D1aaCTOa

FIFTEENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1930

THE INDIAN POPULATION OF THE.

UNITED STATES AND ALASKA

PllEPAllED UNDEll THE SUPEllVISION OF DR. LEONE.TRUESDELL

CAil/ Stldis1itia11 for Potulldio11

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1937

For 1ale by the Superintendent of Documenta, Wa1hlngton, D. C. .. .. .. .. ... - - - - - .. Price 25 centa

c

CONTENTS

Page

Ill'DIOIJJCTIDll---------------------------------- l lDatl'l.lctlou to OU11.aretora--------------- l C-rebilltJ ot tt.e atatiatics ot 1930

Witb ttoH ot 1910--------------------- l

Cbepter l. DIDI.All POJ'UlA!l'ION BY STATES AllD COtllll'IJS-- 2

PreYiou.a am&Ml'lltlou ot lnd.iau-------- 2 Bttect ot cbsagH in tbe utbod. ot

91IUlll!rat1on·------------------------- 2 In41en populetion bJ 4iYisione oad

Steteo----------------------------- 2 Indian population in relation to the t-1 population--------------------- 4

Indian populeUon per 100 equare miles-- 5 Ind.ten population by urban and .naresl

•rea•---------------------------------In41en populeUon b7 counueo----------

2. Dl>IAllS BY S'l'OCk AND TRIBE---------------- 33 LingullUc otocko---------------------- 33 llluaeretion by •tock and trite, 1930 and

1910--------------------------------- 33 Cleadtioation b7 otock •114 tribe in

1930 aJl4 1910------------------------- 33 Aiconquiaa Stock-----------------·-- 37 Vlrginia-C.rollna Indlana----------- 39 Atbapaalwl Stock-------------------- ~ Ceddoan Stock---------------------- 41 Cblmakuall Stock--------------------- 41 Cbinookaa Stock-------------------- 41 Cbitl.Mcbsn Stool<------------------ 41 --n Stock--------------------- 42 Coat_. Stock------------------- 42 Iroquoiaa Stock------------------- 42

IC.alapocian Stool<------------------- 43 llCorok Stool<---------------------- 43 Kareaan Stoel<---------------------- 43 ICiowen Stock------------------------ 43 lltuoan Stock------------------------ 43 Kllt-1aa Stock-------------------- 43 lloi4u Stoel<------------------------ 44 111- Stoot------------------------- 44 -ogean Stoot-------------------- 44 Pimn Stock------------------------ 45

- Stool<------------------------- 45 Salinon Stool<---------------------- 45 Sall-n Stoot------------------- 45 SllaJN81luten Stock------------------ 46 Sbaoten Stock----------------------- 46 Sboahonean Stool<-------------------- 47 Siouan Stock------------------------ 48 '1'anoan Stock------------------------ 51 'l'onlte...., Stock-------------------- 51 Tunioan Stock----------------------- 51

11a•hoaa Stock--·-------------------- 51 Wintun Stoel<------------------------ 51 Wi70t Stoel<------------------------ 52 Yuonan Stoot----------------------- 52 Yanan Stoot----------------------- 52 Yoltuto stock----------------------- 52 Yuoheen Stoel<--------------------- 52 Yultian stock------------------------ 52 Ylmu Stool<------------------------ 52 Yuro1t Stoel<------------------------- 53 ZW.ian Stock----------------------- 53 All otbar tribH ot the Uni te4

Stat a a •114 tribe not reported.......... 5' Cena4ien an4 llnican tribee--------- 54 Ala- tribe•--------------------- 55 Other lorell!ll-born Indiana---------- 55

Stook and tribe by State• and. countlea-... 5Dc

Page 3. CLASSIFICATION BY AlllIXTIJliE OF BLOOD------ 70

Detelllinatlon ot purity ot blood-------- 70 EDuureUcn bf blood in 1930 end 1910-- 70 In41ene ot fllll enc! irJ.xe4 blood, bf

Stete1-------------------------------- 70 Ind.lane at tull tind. 11.iJ:Lad. blood, bJ

otock and tribe---------------------- 71

4. .AGE DlS'DIIBUTION------------------------- 85 A&• •tat1•t1c• tor IAdiana, 1860-1920--- ms Age tebuleUons in 1930----------------- 85 Coapariaou with earlier censu.aea------· 86 llecllan "89 by color and neUYltJ-------- 87 lledian oge ot Indi•ne by blood---------- 88 Age by urt•n and rural ereea------------ 89 Age 41etribution by States--.................................... 90

5. llARITAL COMlITION------------------------- 121 llarlttil condition ot Indit-ns, 1890-1930- 121 llarit11l con4Uion by sex---------------- 121 Ccmpeirieon with otLer recea------------- 122 llarital condition by St.tea------------- 122 lloritel cOJ>diUcn by stock ead tribe---- 123

6, SC1tOOL ATTINllANCE------------------------- 130 School etteadence bf age---------------- 130 School attend.ence tor Indiana, 1900-1930 130 School attendance bJ d.1viaiona and

States-----------·-------------·---- 131 School attend.nee by stock e.Dd. tribe---- 131

7. ILLITERACY------------------------------- 143 lllitereoy in tbe Iadien population----- 143 Lad.ion lllite,..cy b:r •&•--------------- 143 Illiteracy by Stetee-------------------- 143 Illiteracy b)' stuck, tribe, 6Dd. blood.-- 1'4

B. INABILITY TO SPEAK JlllGLISll---------------- 1D5 Tabulations b;y color and. nativity ............... 10:5 Foreign-born Ind.ha.a in 1930------------ le& Inability to opeak IDglish, by St•tee--- 156 IDabil1t7 to apuk English, by stock,

tribe, an<! blood---------------------- 158 Inability to speak Englteh, by age----- 168

9. COllPOSITION OF 'ftlE DIDI.AN POPUIATiOI\ OF COu'MTIES A."ID CITilll---------------------- 165 Stt.tiatica ot In41t.ns tor cowittea------ l&D St•ti1tica ot Indian• tor citle•-------- 165

10, OCCUPKl'IOMS------------------------------- 199 The occu.ptitlon return.a----------... ·------ 199 Inciie.na ea ~eint'\ll worker•-·------------ 199 Indien gaintu.1 workers by Sttatea-------- 200 Indie:n gaint\i.l work.era b7 age------·---- 200 Indian gaio.tu.l workers bf social aco-

nmic g.~p•----·--------------------- 201 Occupe.tiona b;v Stbte•--------.. ---------- 201 Occupt.tiona by tage-----------... --.. --........... 201

11. DmIAll FAllll OP!iRATORS AND FAll&S OPIRATm BY IlmIAllS------------------------------- 227

12. IlmIAN POPULATION OF J.1.ASKA--------------- 230 Areaa ot enumention-------------------- 230 Indbn population by lingu.istic stock--- 230 Campoaitton or the Indian population---- 231 Induatrr groupa----- ... ------------------- 232

III

IY COll'l'BllTS

'fable Pago 1. Illdl.u populoUoa ot tbe tla1tod 8'9tu •114 AJ.eoka: 1890 to lno---------------------------------- 2 a. IA4i1Ul -1otioo b)' di"1"1ooo - stet••• 1890 to 1930--------------------------------------- 3 3. !otol population ud. IA4ian pop11letioa ot 20 Hlectod 8tetH, with percent dUtribution end

-.r ot Illdiona per 10,000 ot tho tote! pop"11tion1 1930 end 1910-------------------------- 11 "· Illdl.u popalotion per 100 oquare llilH (lend erooJ, tor tbe tlnitod Statoo oa4 20 aelootod Stotoo:

1930 - 1910------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 D. Illdl.u population in urban end .,. .. " ..... , b)' ge_.phic di•ioiono: 1930, 1920, and 1910------- 6 6. Illdl.u population in lll'ban all4 1'lll'ol -, b)' diTiaiom and Stoteo: 1930------------------------ 8 '· In41a Jlopulatioa ln uJ'baD and. ruN.l ar ... by eex, by 41•1a1om aDd. St•tN: 1930------------- t 8. Illdian population b)' COIUlUea: 1890 to l 93o---·-···----------------··--------------------- 10

CllAPl'lll I

11. IA4ian population bJ 11-iatic at- end tribe, tor Stat•• •114 "'"'ntiH: l!lllO and 1910---------- 56

10. Peroea.t ot Imlteu ot tW.l and 111xe4 blood., 1n 20 •el.•ote4 State•: 1930 and. 1910----... --... --·----- 71 11. Paro- ot Illdiona ot tull end llixod blood, in oelectad tribea or tribal groups: 1930 end 1910--- 73 11. Illdiu population bJ aex and mUtura ot bloal, bJ diTioiom and statoa: 11130--------------------- 7<& 13. Illdiu population b1 Statoa end tribes, lll30 eJl4 1910, end b)' llj:J:tura or blood, 1930------------ 7D l<&. IA4ian pop11leUon b)' ai>:tura ot blood, bJ •tock and tribe: 1930 and 1910------------------------- eo

111 • .Age tor tho Illdian Paplll.ation ot tbe tlnitod Stet .. : 1900 to l !lllO--------------------------------- 86 11 • .Ago b1 11-)'Ml' perio41, b)' oa:t, tor tile IA4ian population: l!lllO, 11120, •nd 1910------------------- 8? 19. 11141&• agea bJ oolor, mt1T1tJ', aDd. au, tor the United Stetea: 1930 and. 1920------------------ 88 18. -- ago ot th• Illdian populoUoa ot selected tribu end tribal groupa, bJ ux and blood: 1930- 89 19 • .Ace by 15 aD4 10-,.ar period.a tor the ID41an pGpUlation, bJ' aex, in urban and l'\lral areaa: 1930-·· 90 80 • .Age bJ 11-)'0Cr perio4• tor tbe Indian popalation, bJ oax, by Stetoo: 1930------------------------- 91 11 • .Ago bJ D·)'Ml' perio4o tor tbe Indian popaletion, bJ la:t and blood, bf ltook oa4 tribe: 1930------ 96

aa. Marital oODditlon tor the In41a pop.a.latlon l.S 7Mn old and over, b7 •a, ror iha t1n1ta4 Ste.iae: 1900 to 1930------------------------------------------------------------------- 111

&s. Jlilrolllt 8lDgll 1 •rrla4, wlclalled., aDd dlTorcel in the popilatiOD. 15 yean 014 aDd OTer, b7 •u, oolor, aD4 nativity, for the t1nite4 State•: 1930--------------------.. ·------------------- 182

14. Pllrou.t 11Dgl.1, aurittd, or wl4an4 in the Indian. population U5 years old and OTer, b)' ex, tor 20 ooleo\e4 sta\ea: 1930 and 1910----------------------------------------------------- 122

ao. Pllrolllt a1agle, •rriecl, or widowed., b7 eez, in aeleote4 Imlian iriH• ucl tribal grcaapa: 1930 - 1910---------------------------------------------------------------------- 113

26. Marital ooD41t1oll ot Iad.lml -.lea 15 7•ra old. u.d over, by d1T1•1om and Stetea: 1930---------- 18' 17. llorital eo114iUoa at Illdl.u t-.l•• 111 ,.ara old •114 ner, bf diTiaiono and StotH: 1930-------- 1111 18. llerUal e0111UUon of Illdian Ml.u lD ,.ara old •114 onr, b)' stock ud. tribe: 11130---------------- 116 29. Marital eoA41tion ot IDd.tu t-1•• 115 J'9•ra old all owr, b7 •tock and. tribe: 1930-----.-------- 128

30. Sohool au-. tor tho Illdl.u popalaUon D to 20 roar• old,tor tbe tlnitad Stetea: 1900 to 1930 130 31. Paro- at poroono D to 20 ,_.., old aUending oohool, b)' oolor and noUTit1: 1909 io lno------- 131 31. Pvc•llt at Illdlona II to 80 1aero ol4 •U-ing oohool, by age, tor 80 oelected Stotea: 1930·--- 131 33. Sohool att- tor \he Illdl.u population, bJ ege, b)' 41Tili- end StotH: 1930----------- 132 :M. Sohool aUulllona• tor the Ill41u population D ,.. ... ol4 and OTer, bJ age an4 au, b)' diTiaiona

.. ••t••1 1980------------------.. ----------------------------------------------- 134: 311. Sohool a\ta1141DH tor \he Ill41u population, bJ age, bJ atook old 'ribo: 11130------·--··-··-- 136 31. Sohool attadaao• tor th• bllaa populatloll :5 794n old. and. onr, by age &Dd. aez, tor tribal and

tribal ll'OUP•• 193o------------------------------------------------------------- l<&O

CllAPl'Ell 7

37. Percent illiterate 1n the population 10 7ear1 old aD4 OTar, b7 color aad mtlvlt7, tor th• United Ste\H: 1900 'o 1930··--·--------·-··---------------·-------------------------- 1411

311. Pero- Ulite .. te in the IA4ian -laUon, bJ ego porlodl,tor 20 aaleo\ad Stat .. : 1930 •114 1910 l<&<& 9. Pe:naat illiterate in tb.e l111Ua1L popaletloa. 10 ,..e.ra ol4 and. oTer alMl 21 ~ old and over, bJ

••• tor 20 1electo4 Stetoo: 11130 an4 1910---------------------------------------------- l<&D <&Q, Percent Ulltoreh in tho IJldian populaUoa, by •1• paricdo, tor oalootad tribea ud tribol

groupo: 1930 all4 1910------------------------------------------------- 1"6 '1.. Paroallt illiterate la the ID41a poplllatloa. 10 79ue old ud. OTer uul 21 7eara old and over, by

ou and blood, tor oolectad tribea oa4 tribal groups: 1930------------------------- 1"7 "8. Illitoreer 1n \be Indl.u populaUoa 10 reer• old end emir, b)' qa, bJ diTioiono oa4 statu: lll30- 1"11 u. Illlten.01 la. the Ind.la population 10 7•n old u4 OT•r aDd. 2l year• old u.4 OTer, b7 •a:, b1

41TiliGlll an4 S1:atU: 193o------·-----·-··-----------------------------·----·- 1<&9 <&<&, IllUerac7 in tho IJldian populaUon 10 ,...., old •nd o••r, b1 age, bJ o\ook end trlbo: 1930----- lllO e. llllten.o' in th• Wien popW.atloll 10 ,.are ol4 ud. oY•r •D4 21. yeera old. and oYer, by au, by

··- and \r1be: 1930----------------------------------------------------------- lll2

CllAPl'Ell 8

"8. IaabilitJ to -• lllgliah 1n the Illdian pop11lltion 10 ,.ara o.ld and o.er, by ••, tar tb• tlnitad S1:atea: 1900 to l!l:!O---------------------------------------- 11111

67, lll&bil1'J' '° apau lngli•b 111 tile toroing-born IA41an population 10 ,.are old and OYer, tor Hleotad 8'9tu: 1930--------------------------------------------------------- 1116

v

Table .... 611. Pel'O•t wiable to •peak &agl.11111, tor - Illdlen pop&ln10ll 10 :r-ro ol4 U4 ewer, bJ -· ltllO

U4 1910, ud. 10 to 19 JMH ol4, bJ BG, 1910, for 80 8eleote4 8'atN-------------------- 116 n. l'Vo•t .... bi. to.,_~- la tile In41u populotica 10 ran 014 U4 ewer, bJ -· trlllo,

u4 bloool, 11130, am bJ •!DC u4 trlbe, 1910------------------------------------ 1118 eo. SUpl• talll&latloa ot :r.all1 Ill41eu llJl&bl• to .,. ... lllgll•b., Q' - - .... ~ •ltb. ti.. ....

u4 - 41•trlbllt1oa ot all IWll Ill41uo: 11130----------------------------------------- l.D9 Ill. Iu.bUU7 to .,. ... ~lu la tll• Ill41u -1,atloa 10 ,_ ol4 U4 -· bJ ••• Q' 41T181oao

- --· ltllO-------------------------------------------------------------- 160 112. Iu.b111tf to •peak ~lu ln tile Illdlaa populotlon 10 , .. ro 014 ud. OTer, Q' ••• bJ •took,

trlbo, ud. bloool: 1930----------------------------------------------------- 161

CllAP'l'IR 9

Ila. CCllpo8lt10ll Ot tile IJldiU poJMllotlOll Ot HlOCted COWlt1081 ltllO------------------------------- 166 154. C-ltica ot tll• IJllllu populetlon or •olocted cittu: 1930----------------------------- 116

CllAP'l'IR 10

DIS. - u4 pol'Out ot Illdleno 10 JMH 014 •D4 ooer plnflll.11 oocupie4, tor tile Un1te4 Stat••• 1900 to ltllO------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 199

11&. Gainflll -.r• in - Ill41an populatlon 10 , .. ro 014 u4 onr, tor 80 nl"te4 Stat .. , ltllO u4 1910---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 800

II?. Gaiaflll 110l'kero la t1>9 Inlllen populatlon 10 ,.. ... 014 •IMI <WG', bJ - u4 -· tor tll• Ulllte4 StotUI 1930 - 11110------------------------------------------------------ 801

158. Illlllen plaflll llOl'koro 10 1•n old alMI OTer, bJ - u4 •oolel....,-10 _,., tor tbe Un1te4 StotN: 1930, 1920, aD4 1910----------------------------------------------------- IOI

119. Ill41u goilltul wel'koro 10 1MH 014 olMI OTer, by -· -1.i-e.-o -· U4 oooupetiou, tor tile Unite4 Stoteo: 1930, 11180, aD4 191o----------------------------------- IOI

60. Ill41u plaflll work•r• 10 lOOH old anti .... r. by ... - NZ, bJ 41•1•1- - StotUI 1930---- -61. Indlen pillflll 110l'koro, by .. z •D4 occupetion, tor l• ..-i-et 8'atHI ltllO--------------- 808 62. Ind.iall 1•1D1\al worker• 10 yeere old. and. ewer, bJ' 1a:, ace, ad. oooupat10D, tor tile UD.ited Stat•••

1930--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 280

CllAP'l'IR 11

63. I111U.u tana operlltora, 1900 ta 1930, aA4 tum aenece, 19!0 u4 ltm, bJ 41T1e1oaa aD4 State•---- 218 K. Yalu ot lOlld oil builclilll•• 1930 u4 1920, u4 ftlu• ot lllpl-t• u4 aollimry, 1930, oa r-

oporote4 bf Ill41uo, bJ 4lv1•1on• olMI Stat------------------------------------------ 889

611. Total populatlon eD4 Indlan poJMllotion ot AJ.oaka, by Ju4iolal 41Tlolnu u4 tor inoorporote4 plaaea ot 1,000 or mre: 1930·--------------------------------------·-··--·--·····---- 830

16. Indleu bJ 11-l•ti• •took, tor Aloolia: 1930, 1980, olMI 1910-------------------------- ISl 6'. IMbllUJ to opeak lngl.lu 111 tu Indla populetlon 10 r•ro 014 u4 ewG', tor .Ala-• ltllO,

1920, and 1910----------------------------------------------------------- 11811 118. Illdlen -latlon bJ' •u, -· an4 bloool, tor .Ala-; u4 bJ •• u4 - tor Ju41oiel 41Yiolnu

- tor 1- and Kotob.lku• 1930------------------------------------ aaa 69. Indlu populatlon bJ llagulotio •took, as•, •oz, e.1111 bloool, tor .Ala-: H30------------- IM 70. !Ddlall popllet1on 10 J'•n old aad ewer, by au, arttel ooa4lt1oa, U4 bloo4 1 tor Alana, b7

Ju41clel 41Y1•1nu• 1930---------------------------------------------- 1131 ?l. Sobool attud.uo• tor \h• Ill41 ... population. '111 •u, as•, an4 bl-, tor Al.ulia, an4 bf - u4

-· tor Ju41o1el dlTi•lon• u4 tor lua- u4 ll:otcb.1ku1 ltllO-------------------- ISi '2. lllltorocr tor - IJllliu poJMllotion 10 r•r• 014 - OTG', bJ -· -· - bloool, tor Alo-.

u4 bJ HZ an4 -· tor JUdlolol 41Tl8i- u4 tor ~u allll 1'8tollikan: 1930------------- 137 ?3. Illdlan gotntul worliaro, bJ llld.uotrr grCNp• u4 Hz, Q' Ju41clel 41T181- •IMI tor 1Umau ud.

Kotclllkan1 ltllO--------------------------------------------------------- 1311

1. IJlllian populetion b)' StotH u4 OCRUltiU• 1930----------------------------- YI I. Ind1u populatlon ot 80 Hlooted State•• 1930 •1111 lno-------------------- • 3. llizture ot bloool la .0 nlocte4 trlbH •1111 trlllal -P•• 1930 allll 1910------------------- '2 •· Age bJ II ,. ... poriob tor tile Ill41•n -lotlon aD4 tor tile Mtln ""1 t• population ot natlT• -t-• 1930--------------------------------------------------------- 8' 11. lllit•ro•r in tile Indio popul•tlon 10 _... old u4 DT•r, tor .. 1 .. te4 Illdiu trlbu1 ltllO an4

1910----------------------------------------------------------------------- lU a. Iu.bUUJ to ., .... lllgllu in tb• Iallon populetlon 10 ,_ ol4 - OT•r, tor oaloct.4 IIMllen

trlbH: lHO ud. 1910-------------------------------------------------- 1119

~ ~ I Z

en -z ~

~ 8 z -

VI

THE INDIAN POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES

AND ALASKA

By GEORGE B. L ARNER. Ph.'D.

INTRODUCTION

This report presents the statistics or the Indian population or the United States collected at the Fifteenth Decennial census, taken as or April l, 1930, With comparisons as rer as practicable with the census or 1920, and with the special enumeration or Indians 1111de as a part or the census or 1910.

The statistics or the Indian population ln 1930 were obtained rrom the general population schedule. In the .enumeration or Indians, however, instead or asking ror the State or country or birth or the parents, the enumerator was instructed to aSk whether the Indian was or full or mixed blood and ror the tribe to which he or she belonged. A special tabulation was Dilda or the Indian population, showing age, school attendance, illiteracy, 1111rltal condition, and ability to speak English, by tribe and blood.

At the census or 1910, the only other census ln which ln!ol'llBtlon has been obtained ln regs.rd to tribe and blood, these questions were included on a special Indian schedule which was used ln all enumeration districts containing Indians on reservations, and throughout counties rrom which 20 or more Indians were returned ln the census or 1900. The 1111terlal thus collected was tabulated and analyzed under the direction or Dr. Roland B. Dixon, exPert special agent, and Dr. F. A. McKenzie, exPert special agent. The final report containing the results or these studies was published by the Bureau or the Census ln 1915.!/

INS'l'RlJCTIClfS TO BNUMZRATORS.- The enumerators ln the Ftrteenth Census were instructed to return as Indians, not only those or tull Indian blood, but also those or mixed white and Indian blood, "except where the percentage or Indian blood ls very 81111.ll,"or where the individual was "regarded as a white person in the comnunlty where he Uves." The published instructions rurther specify that: ''A person or mixed Indian and Negro blood should be returned as a Negro unless the Indian blood predominates and the status as an Indian ls generally accepted ln the co1D11unlty." Supplementary instructions ln regs.rd to the Indian enumera­tion also contained the following provision: "In Ne·.v Mexico, Arizona, and California, enumerators should take special care to differentiate between Mexican laborers and Indians. Some Mexican laborers 1111y endeavor to pass them­selves as Indians. Persons residing in the region should have no difficulty in dir!erentiating between the two types."

C<JIPARABILIT'l ar 'nlB STATISTICS or 1930 WITH THOSE or 1910.-There were certain dirrerences in these two enumerations or Indians which should be taken into account ln making canparisons between the two years. The census or 1910 used a special schedule, which called particular attention to the questions ln regs.rd to tribe and blood, while the census or 1930 called ror this ln!ol'llBtlon incidentally on the regular schedule. Special agents, most or whom had had exPerience ln the service or the orr1ce or Indian Affairs, we··e appointed to collect the statistics on the special schedule ln 1910, while ln 1930,the ques­tions were aSked by the regular enumerator, who 1111y or 1111y not have been ramll­iar with the names or Indian tribes or the extent or mixture or blood. The census or 1930, on the other hand, did collect th1s lntol'llBtion as to tribe and blood rrom Indians scattered in Bllll.ll numbers through the white co11BDUDity, who were not reached by the special enumeration in 1910. No specitlc tests have been Jlllde to determine the degree or accuracy in the returns or either census, but a general study or the statistics leads to the conclusion that both cen­suses were reasonably accurate and comparable with each other as regards those Indians who retained a close tribal organization and were universally recog­nized as Indians or some specific tribe. The census or 1910 was probably more accurate than that or 1930 in the enumeration by tribe and blood or those Indians whose tribal organization had broken down, and who were living as a part or the *hite comnunity, or scattered through mountain areas. In North carouna, and also in llll.DY other areas, the proportion or Indians shown in the census or 1930 as or rull blood is much too high. This is particularly true or those tribes in which there is a large Negro admixture.

!/ Ill41U -1&Uoa la ti. UlaUo4 fta\ee - Alulra; 1910 ,

1