1917 the turning point year of WWI The Russian Revolution The U.S. entered the war.
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Transcript of 1917 the turning point year of WWI The Russian Revolution The U.S. entered the war.
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1917 the turning point year of WWI
• The Russian Revolution
• The U.S. entered the war
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• Czar Nicholas II - “Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationalism”
• Unlike his predecessors, he was weak, incompetent and suspected of being under the influence of his German-born wife Alexandra, and a half-crazed monk named Grigori Rasputin.
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The Russian Revolution, 1917
• There were actually two revolutions:– The February (March-western calendar)– The October (November…)
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The November 6th Revolution…
• The second revolution was instigated and inspired by a radical socialist party then known as the Bolsheviks. Its leader was Vladimir Lenin.
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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov • 1870-1924• Third of five children
to a respectable middle class family
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Alexander Ulyanov – idolized by his younger brother, Vladimir
• Implicated in an attempted conspiracy to kill Czar Alexander III, he was executed.
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We Will Follow A Different Path, Belousov
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• Vladimir was arrested and exiled to Siberia in 1887 for participating in anti-government demonstrations
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Criminals exiled to Siberia were often accompanied by their families and worked to improve the land.
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• In 1890, Lenin was given permission to enter the law school at St. Petersburg.
• By 1897, exiled again for his anti-government speeches and pamphlets
• In 1900 exiled to Switzerland
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Vladimir Ulyanov became a folk legend…
• All Soviet books called Lenin a genius and the greatest thinker who ever lived.
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World War One: The Battle of Tannenberg, 1914
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The Russian army: a Paper Tiger!
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• In 1915, Czar Nicholas decided to go and direct the war from the front lines
• The Czarina allowed a crazed monk named Rasputin to run the homefront
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Russian march, mainly women, bearing the red flag of revolution, Petrograd, March, 1917.
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Czar Nicholas II's government ended when soldiers and citizens united after riots on food lines
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Czar Nicholas abdicated on March 15. a Provisional Government was established and continued the war- a big mistake that led to its undoing.
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• The provisional government is often referred to as the “Kerensky Government”
because its primary figure was Alexander Kerensky.
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Location of Bolshevik Leaders in February, 1917
Bolshevik Leaders Location
Lenin Switzerland
Radek Switzerland
Zinoviev Switzerland
Bukharin New York
Litvinov London
Antonov-Ovseenko Paris
Dzerzhinsky Moscow
Latsis Petrograd
Molotov Petrograd
Kirov Vladikavkaz
Stalin Kureika (Siberia)
Ordzhonikidze Pokrovsk (Siberia)
Sverdlov Turukhansk (Siberia)
Kamenev Achinsk (Siberia)
Rykov Narym (Siberia)
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• Lenin was secretly aided by the German govt to return to Russia
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Upon returning to Russia, Lenin promised “Peace, Bread and Land” …and “All Power to the Soviets.”
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“The Bolsheviks didn’t cause a revolution, they captured it.”
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Leon Trotsky- architect of the November Revolution
• Seized the headquarters of the Provisional Government; as well as key govt buildings, railway stations, telephone exchanges, electric generating plants
• Next morning, all soviets approved the takeovers.
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• All power to soviets! Peace to all nations! Land to peasants! Factories to workers!
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• " Lenin - the leader of the revolution"
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Lenin.
October. Power to soviets. Peace to the nations. Land to peasants. Factories to workers.
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The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 1918
• Lenin accepted Germany’s harsh conditions in order to focus on securing power…the real revolution was yet to come.
• Russia lost 1/3 of its population, 3/4 of its iron resources and 9/10 of its coal supply plus a huge indemnity to Germany.
• News of the treaty contributed to a civil war which lasted until 1921.
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• Czar Nicholas II and his family were first exiled to Siberia but later, in July of 1918 were killed
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Economic Causes
• Illiterate and oppressed peasant majority
• Striking workers shut down industries
• Inefficient transportation system
• Food and fuel shortages
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Political Causes
• Autocracy - weak and ineffectual ruler
• Spread of Marxist ideas
• Charismatic leaders such as Lenin and Trotsky
• Enormous losses in The Great War
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Social Causes
• Extreme differences in classes
• Peasants’ desire for land
• Deprivations resulting from the war
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Any questions?