CE403 Construction MethodologySteel Construction

*Metals: History500 BC - wrought iron in Greece6th Century wrought iron in China1640s 1st successful iron works in U.S. (Saugus, Mass.)1855 Bessemer Process1867 Eads Bridge1920 Arc Welding

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*Elements of Steel ConstructionAdvanced PlanningSteel Fabrication & Delivery to the JobsiteField Operations

*Field OperationsUnload and HandleYarding- Unloading & Temp StorageShake Out and Haul ~ Identify each member & store in organized mannerAssembleBolt UpImpactCheck Out - Inspection

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*Steel Erection Systems

*Camber & Sweep

*Types of SteelA36 Carbon Structural Steel, FY= 36 ksiA572 High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel, FY= 42 ksi or 65 ksiA588 Corrosion-Resistant High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel, FY= 42 ksi or 65 ksi

*Rolled Steel Shapes

*Rolled-Steel Shape DesignationsW Shape: W24x6224 is depth, 62 is weight

Channel: C10 x 15.310 is depth, 15.3 is weightAngle: L5 x 3 x 5 and 3 are leg lengths, is leg thickness

*Open-Web Steel JoistK-series range in depth from 8 to 30; designed to span up to 60LH-series (Long span) range in depth from 18 to 48; can span up to 96; require 4-6 of end bearing surface.DLH-series (deep long span) range in depth from 56 to 72; can span up to 144; same bearing requirements as LH

*Type of Joist EndsLong spans (LH) and deep long spans (DLH) typically require end bearing lengths

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*Steel Connection Methods

*Steel Connection MethodsDrivers:ConstructabilityWeld in shop; bolt in fieldEconomyStructural IntegrityLocal Practice

*High-Strength Steel Bolts

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*Tension Control Bolts

*Welding TechniquesMajority classified as either:Arc Welding depends on heat of an electric arc established between an electrode and the components to be welded. Resistance Welding a shop process in which the components are butted together and heat is generated in the seam by resistance of the metal to passage of an electric current.

*Welding TechniquesOxygen and Nitrogen in the air will produce a brittle weld. Most arc processes shield the weld area from atmospheric contamination with a cloud of inert gas (most common gas in U.S. helium. Argon is another alternative).Shielded metal arc welding most common arc process. Uses a consumable metal stick electrode that is melted by the arc, deposits filler metal in the weld, and releases an inert gas around a weld area. TIG welding uses only a consumable filler.

*Stick Welding

*MIG Welding

*TIG Welding

*Welded Connections

*WeldsGroove and Butt Joint Variations

*WeldsSingle and Double Groove Joint Variations

*Orbital Welding

*Weld Types

*Fireproofing

*Steel Plans

*Steel Plans

*Column Splices

*Beam-Column Connections

*Beam-Column Connections

*Steel Beam Systems

*Steel Beam Systems

*Beam-Girder Connections

*Beam-Girder Connections

*Moment or Shear Connection?

*Moment or Shear Connection?

*Moment or Shear Connection?

*Metal DeckingForm DeckingComposite DeckingCellular Decking

*SafetySteel Erection is a hazardous construction task.

Causes of Accidents Among Structural Steel Workers 2011 OSHAContact with Object 51.1%Falls 19.2*%Overexertion - 15.0%

*Protective EquipmentHard Hats, GlovesEye Protection for worker engaged in welding, cutting, and chipping operationsProtective measures against falls.Temporary floors with guard rails, where possible.Lifelines (Lanyards) and safety beltssafety netsBody Harnesses

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CIS/2CIMSteel Integration Standards (CIS/2)Product model and electronic data exchange file format for structural steel project information. Allows structural drawings to be read in any vendor CAD package Endorsed by AISC

Steel Quick Connection SystemsConXTM is an innovative structural steel building system, available in two versions. ConXRTM & ConXLTMRigid column-to-beam connectionsBoth gravity and rigid beam-to-girder connections Industrial, Healthcare, Military, Data Center, Commercial Office, Institutional, School, Parking, Data centerSpans: ConXR (8 to 20), ConXL(18 to 65)

Data Analysis - Productivity

Virtual Construction Models*AttributesCAD ConverterCAD Converter

The Model ProjectULSD Project built within the last five years in the Midwestern USBGR Model Components Include:EquipmentElectricalInstrumentationPiping ConcreteSteelWork hour requirements assigned to Piping, Equipment, and Steel

BGR Quick Connection Model

Conventional Quick Connection Work Hours14,6669,094Labor Costs Bare Cost ($47.36/hr)$694,582$430,691Working Days14791Work Packages3018Piece/Work Package62102

********************************At 900 deg F, A36 steel looses 1/3 of its yield strength

Most sprayed coatings are made from gypsum plaster or mineral fiber*Girders or primary beam connect run from column to column. Intermediate beams run from girder to girder*********Moment*Shear*Moment******We see projects that are using these quick connection systems are experiencing significantly better producitivty (less work hour required per tonnage) compared if they were to use conventional steel systems. *In order to help add more intelligence to the analyses, the research is also using virtual construction models to simulate the effects of using the quick connection steel systems on a prototypical industrial project.

CIMSteel Integration Standards (CIS/2) allows the import and export of steel design data across multiple software platforms.

This process allows us to designate which specific steel members would use the quick connection systems, which are not used for angle irons and cross bracing) and which members would use conventional steel. ***