18th and 19th Centuries Villa_20111020
-
Upload
asa-darmatriaji -
Category
Documents
-
view
75 -
download
5
Transcript of 18th and 19th Centuries Villa_20111020
18th and 19th CENTURY VILLASAsa Darmatriaji . 4053184
Hampshire, Portsmouth, The Arrival of the Fleet 18th century Source: http://www.janeausten.co.uk/joseph-bramah-inventor-extraordinaire/
V.1 18th and 19th Century’s Important Events and Social Condition(Source: http://www.localhistories.org/18thcent.html and http://www.localhistories.org/19thcent.html)
• In late 18th century, Britain was transformed by the industrial revolution and in 19th century,
Britain became the first industrial society and urban society;
• From18th until late19th century, population was increased from 6,5 to 41 million people;
•15 million people left Britain in 1815-1914 emigrated to North America or Australia to
escape poverty, which resulted in early 19th century Britain was dirty, unsanitary and
overcrowded;
• In the 1890s, for the wealthy family, a new art and decoration appeared called Art Nouveau.
It involved swirling and flowing lines and stylized plant forms;
• The industrial revolution transformed warfare. Railways meant armies could be transported
much faster than before. The telegraph meant that messages could also be transmitted much
faster.
V.II Few Inventions in 18th and 19th century
• In 1769 James Watt (1736-1819) patented a steam engine;
• In 1778 Joseph Bramah invented modern water closet;
• Alexander Graham Bell, invented the telephone in 1876; and etc
Source: http://gardenofpraise.com/ibdbell.htm
Source: http://www.janeausten.co.uk/joseph-bramah-inventor-extraordinaire/
Source: http://laugalaekjarskoli.is/verk/declar2/Sida/Jamesw.html
V.III 18th and 19th Century’s Villa Architect Influences (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa)
Venetian architect, Andrea Palladio (1508–1580);
• Andrea Palladio,Villa Emo, Fanzia (1564)
• British architect, Inigo Jones, Queen House (July 15, 1573 – June 21, 1652);
• The earliest Neo-Palladians, Domenico Rossi, Church San Daniele (1657–1737)
and Andrea Tirali, Chiesa San Nicolo (1657–1737);
Source: http://www.venetovaldo.de/index.php?page=2&lang=de
Source: http://llamabutchers.mu.nu/Queen%20House.gif
Source:http://www.agenzia-lignano.it/images/san_daniele.jpg
Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Chiesa_di_San_Nicol%C3%B2_da_Tolentino_in_Venice1.JPG
V.IV NEO PALLADIAN (18th Century Villa) (BRITISH PALLADIAN, IRISH PALLADIAN, AMERICAN PALLADIAN)
V.IV. I BRITISH PALLADIAN VILLA
Stourhead house (1720 and 1724)
Holkham Hall (1734-1764)
Woburn Abbey House (1744-1970)
Chiswick House (1729)
Marble Hill House (1724-1729)
a) Stourhead House (Sourcehttp://www.architecture.com/HowWeBuiltBritain/HistoricalPeriods/GeorgianWestAndIreland/PalladianismAndLandscapeGardening/StourheadHouse.aspx)
Architect: Colen Campbell (1720-1724)
Site Area : 2,650 acre (11 km²)
Location: River Stour near Mere, Wiltshire, South West England
Owner: Henry Hoare I
In the 18th century a small minority of the population lived in luxury and owned comfortable upholstered furniture.
Picture gallery
(1792-1804)
Library
(1792-1804)
Original Square Block
consisted bedrooms,
kitchen, living, dining
Main Axis of Symmetry
Arrangement for
Façade and Plan
Entry
Lawn View
Lawn View
Square block and it has pediment supported by Corinthian columns;
FoyerFoyerLibrary Picture GalleryBalustradesPediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave
Rustication Wall on the ground floor
EightCorinthian Columns/Portico
Statue
Building characteristics:• Roofline was flat and crowned by the long balustrade;• Symmetrical arrangement on elevation;• Walls were mostly blank expanses part from rusticated blocks of the lower storey;• Only few statues nudging above the strong horizontal;• Deep portico, Attic storey; Entrance steps (built in 1841);• On both side it has extension wings; The central block of the house was gutted by fire (built in 1902);- Green expanse of lawns (after 1900).
b) Holkham Hall(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holkham_Hall)
Architect: William Kent and Lord Burlington
Site Area : -
Location: Village of Holkham, on the North Coast of the English county of Norfolk
Owner: Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (fifth creation)
Chapel
Marble Hall
Main Axis of Symmetry
Arrangement for
Façade and Plan
Entry
N
The Saloon
Portico
Statue Gallery
Dining Room
Library
Apartments
Kitchen Office
Laundry
Dressing Room
& Closet
Bed Chamber
Great
Dressing Room
Venetian Windows
Rustication Wall Base
Chapel & Service Block
Library & Apartment Wing
Gable end roof
Pediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave
Rustication Wall on the ground floor
SixIonicColumns/Portico
Vault door
Building characteristics:• Its severity of its design close to Palladio's ideals;• The interior of the Hall is opulently decorated both private and state rooms in the same simple style;• The main entrance is through the "Marble" Hall, which leads to the first floor, and state rooms;• The most impressive of these rooms is the saloon, walls lined with red velvet;• Each of the major state rooms is symmetrical; for some, false doors are necessary to achieve this effect.
Main squareblock
c) Woburn Abbey House( Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woburn_Abbey)
Architect: Henry Flitcroft and Henry Holland
Site Area : -
Location: Woburn, Bedfordshire, England
Owner: Russel Family and Dukes of Bedford
Main Block
Main Axis of Symmetry
Arrangement for
Façade and Plan
Service Block
Venetian Windows
Roof/Attic Windows
Hip roofPediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave
Rustication Wall on the ground floor
Four IonicColumns/Portico
Building characteristics:• On the roof level it used balustrade to strengthen the edge as a straight line;• Plan was arranged of square central block and it has two wings that are serving as service function;• Venetian windows being implemented on both wings;• Portico and pediment were projected out slightly;• No rustication concept on the base, generally walls made out of same material;
Balustrades
d) Chiswick House(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiswick_House)
Architect: Lord Burlington and William Kent as Landscape architect (1685–1748)
Site Area : 65 acres (0.26 km2)
Location: in Burlington Lane, Chiswick, in London Borough of Hounslow in England
Owner: Cavendish family and William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire
Bedroom
Main Axis of Symmetry
Arrangement for
Façade and Plan
Entry
Dining Room
Drawing Room
Central Mall
Boudoir
Library
Garden Mall
Portico
Obelisks Roof
Pediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave
Rustication Wall on the ground floor
Six CorinthianColumns/Portico
Building characteristics:• It has Obelisks in the center and Venetian windows;• Portico and Pediment served as an entry porch;• Symmetry on plan and elevation;• Two main entry steps.
Hip Roof
e) Marble Hill House(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Hill_House)
Architect: Roger Morris, who collaborated with Henry Herbert, Earl of Pembroke
Site Area : 66 acres (2.67 km²)
Location: River Thames in southwest London, situated halfway between Richmond and Twickenham.
Owner: Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk, mistress of King George II
Main Axis of Symmetry
Arrangement for
Façade and Plan
Entry
Portico
Main Square Block
Hip roof Pediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave
Rustication Wall on the ground floor
Four TuscanyColumns/Portico
Building characteristics:• The Great Room has five architectural capricci was abundantly covered bydecoration and it is stored early Georgian furniture and paintings as well as the Lazenby Bequest Chinoiserie collection;• Its compact plan and tightly controlled elevations;It is regarded as a model for plantation houses in the American colonies, where sucha house was a "mansion”;• It is now owned by English Heritage, 1986. The function nowadays was added withmodern facilities including a cricket pitch and nets, tennis courts, and a children's playarea.
V.IV. II IRISH PALLADIAN VILLA
Castletown house (1722 )
Russborough house (1741-1755)
a) Castletown House(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castletown_House)
Architect: Alessandro Galilei and the wings were added by Edward Lovett Pearce
Site Area : 550-acre (2.2 km2) estate
Location: Celbridge County Kildare, Ireland
Owner: William ConollyMain Axis of Symmetry
Arrangement for
Façade and Plan
Entry
Kitchen
Bedrooms
Study, Drawing, State,
Entrance Hall, Dining,
State Bedroom. Healy,
Map Room
Main Block (Ground Floor) Main Block (1st storey)
Hip roof Rustication Wall on the ground floor
Ionic Columns
Building characteristics:• It has a grand staircase outside leading to a large Entrance Hall which was gracedwith Stucco gilding and pictures of the family. To the left is the Dining Room whichwas made out of two smaller rooms. To the right of the hall was the huge staircaseitself. This was made of Portland Stone and is cantilevered. Straight on is the GreenDrawing Room and was also known as the Saloon because of its position in thehouse. This was the room that the family used to receive their guests in beforeleaving and (staying on the left hand side of the house) entering the Red DrawingRoom;• Another fascinating room, although odd by today's standards, is the Print Roomwhich was decorated by Lady Louisa and friends, following the fashion of the 1760s,with cut-outs of favorite images. This room is on the right side and is thought to bethe only surviving example of this in Ireland from this period;• Further on is the State Bedroom, which was never used by royalty as such, but bythe various viceroys, based in Dublin. In it are chairs which were from Venice;Another feature of Castle town is the Long Gallery, an 80-foot (24 m) long roomdecorated in the Pompeian manner by O'Reilly in the 1770s in blue, red and gold.
Balustrades Ionic ColumnsIonic ColumnsRustication Wall on the ground floor
b) Russborough House(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russborough_House)
Architect: Richard Cassels
Site Area : frontage measuring 210 m/700 ft
Location: Blessington Lakes in County Wicklow, Ireland
Owner: Joseph Leeson
Main Axis of Symmetry
Arrangement for
Façade and Plan
Main Square Block
Kitchen
Bedrooms
Hip roof Rustication Wall on the ground floor
Ionic Columns
Building characteristics:• Plasterwork on the ceilings by the Lafranchini brothers, who alsocollaborated with Cassels on Carton House;• Russborough has housed two fine art collections,;• Two paintings, Gainsborough's Madame Bacelli and Vermeer's Ladywriting a Letter with her Maid;• Amongst the paintings returned are four Claude Joseph Vernetpaintings entitled ‘Morning’ ‘Midday’ ‘Sunset’ and ‘Night’. Thesepaintings were actually painted for Russborough in the 1750s and hadremained in the house for most of the last 260 years. Vermeer's LadyWriting a Letter With Her Maid and Goya's Portrait of Dona AntoniaZarate were recovered in 1993;• February 7th, 2010, a fire severely damaged the west wing andcaused part of the roof to collapse.
Hip Roof Ionic ColumnsIonic ColumnsRustication Wall on the ground floor
V.IV. III AMERICAN PALLADIAN VILLA
Barrington Hall
Monticello
Hammond Harwood
a) Barrington Hall(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Hall_%28Roswell,_Georgia%29)
Architect: Roswell Family
Site Area : -
Location: Roswell, Georgia
Owner: Barrington King
Main Axis of Symmetry
Arrangement for
Façade and Plan
Main Square Block
consisted of bedrooms,
bathrooms, Kitchen, and Foyer
Entry
Gable end roof with Pediment on both ends
Textured Wall
Building characteristics:Antebellum architecture (sometimes spelled ante-bellum, meaning"pre-war", from the Latin ante, "before", and bellum, "war") is a termused to describe the characteristic neoclassical architectural style ofthe Southern United States, especially the Old South, from after thebirth of the United States in the American Revolution, to the start ofthe American Civil War. Antebellum architecture is especiallycharacterized by neoclassical and Greek revival style plantation housesand mansions.
Entry Steps Ionic ColumnsRustication Wall on the ground floor
b) Monticello House(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello)
Architect: Thomas Jefferson
Site Area : 5,000 acres
Location: Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
Owner: Thomas Jefferson
Main Axis of Symmetry
Arrangement for
Façade and Plan
Cellar
Entry
House Servants Room
Daisy
Storage
Ware Room
Storage Cellar
All weather passage
House Servants Room
Storage, Washing Room
Carriage Ways
Kitchen
Cook’s Room
All weather passage
Building characteristics:• It was based on the neoclassical principles ( Italian Renaissancearchitect Andrea Palladio);• The most dramatic element of the new design was an octagonaldome, in place of a second-story portico;•Mars yellow" walls and a painted green floor;
Entry Steps
Service blockService block Obelisk Roof
Ionic columnAll weather passage
c) Hammond Harwood House(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond-Harwood_House)
Architect: William Buckland in 1773-74
Site Area : 5,000 acres
Location: Annapolis, Maryland, United States
Owner: Matthias Hammond of Anne Arundel CountyMain Axis of Symmetry
Arrangement for
Façade and Plan
Office
Entry
Office A
Hall
Dining Room
Drawing Room
Reception Room
Stair Hall
Kitchen
Service
Foyer
Building characteristics:• Architect William Buckland cleverly adapted Palladio's Villa Pisanidesign to satisfy the tastes of colonial Annapolis. He re-designed theplan to accommodate the tastes for asymmetrical regional preferencesand modified the hyphens from Palladio's arched entries to morepractical single storey connecting links.• The Hammond-Harwood House is a five-part brick house with afive-bay two-story central block, two-story end wings and one-storyconnecting hyphens on either side.• The central block has a shallow hipped roof. The wings projecttoward the street with three-sided hipped-roof bays;• The hyphens are rendered as a blind arcade, with the central bay adoor opening with a pediment above. There is little decoration, withplain rubbed brick flat arches over the windows;• Ornament is confined to the central bay, whose door is framed byengaged Ionic columns and topped by a fanlight. Above the door thesecond floor window is framed with a surround and entablature;• The interior presents the appearance of symmetry where it is in factnot symmetrical, using false doors where necessary to maintain theillusion;
Foyer Service blockOffice block Pediment Ionic column
V.V. 19th CENTURY VILLAS
V. V. 1 19th Century’s Villa(Source: http://www.localhistories.org/18thcent.html and http://www.localhistories.org/19thcent.html)
In the nineteenth century, villa was extended to describe any large suburban house that was
free-standing in a landscaped plot of ground. By the time 'semi-detached villas' were being
erected at the turn of the twentieth century, the term collapsed under its extension and
overuse. The second half of the nineteenth century saw the creation of large "Villenkolonien"
in the German speaking countries, wealthy residential areas that were completely made up of
large mansion houses and often built to an artfully created masterplan. The Villenkolonie of
Lichterfelde West in Berlin was conceived after an extended trip by the architect through the
South of England. In France the Château de Ferrières is an example of the Italian Neo-
Renaissance style villa and in Britain the Mentmore Towers by John Ruskin.
a) Lichterfelde West(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichterfelde_West)
Lichterfelde West is part of Lichterfelde in the Steglitz-Zehlendorf borough of Berlin. It wasdeveloped from 1860 through 1900 by a wealthy businessman Carstenn from Hamburg and isa remarkable example of 19th-century Villenkolonie, a German concept of settlementscompletely made up of mansion houses or villas. Lichterfelde West became part of GreaterBerlin in 1920. Although some houses were destroyed in World War II and many have beenconverted into rentals, the quarter has kept its 19th century charm and pleases with a largeassortment of villas in an often extravagant mix of architectural styles. It still features itsoriginal tree-lined and cobbled streets, small squares and working gas lights.
b) Château de Ferrières(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ferri%C3%A8res)
Château de Ferrières built between 1855-1859 by Baron James de Rothschild in GoutRothschild. It is sitting at the crest of a long entry drive, the château was designed by theBritish architect Joseph Paxton. The inspiration for the design of Ferrières was MentmoreTowers in Buckinghamshire, England and also architecture of the Italian Renaissance, withsquare towers at each corner.The house sits on a formal terrace that gives way to 1.25 km² of gardens in a parklandlandscaped a langlaise that was part of a surrounding 30 km² forest contained in the estate.The showpiece central hall is 120 feet (37 m) long and 60 feet (18 m) high, its roof a full glassskylight. The sculpting of the interior atlas columns and caryatids was by Charles Henri JosephCordier and the decorative painting supervised by Eugene Lami. The massive library heldmore than 8,000 volumes. Because lavish entertaining was important, in addition to the privateRothschild apartments, the Château de Ferrières was built with eighty guest suites.
c) Mentmore Towers(Sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentmore_Towers)
Mentmore Towers is a 19th century English country house in the village of Mentmore inBuckinghamshire. The house was designed by Joseph Paxton and his son-in-law, GeorgeHenry Stokes, in the revival Elizabethan and Jacobean style of the late 16th century calledJacobethan. The house was built between 1852 and 1854 for Baron Mayer de Rothschild,who required a house close to London. Paxton, who had previously designed the CrystalPalace, was responsible for the ridge and furrow glass roof which covered the central hall,designed to imitate the arcaded courtyard of a Renaissance palazzo, while Stokes was co-architect and clerk of works. The builder was the London based firm George Myers,frequently employed by members of the Rothschild family. The dining room, the boiseries, orelaborately carved wood panels were from the Hotel de Villars, Paris, and are the firstexample of this type of decoration to be used in an English house. The fragments of theboiseries not used at Mentmore were later installed at Waddesdon Manor.
Mentmore, the ground floor; many of the rooms named for the collections they once contained. 1:GrandHall; 2:White Drawing Room; 3:Dining Room; 4:Library; 5:Amber Room; 6:limoges Room; 7:Imperialstaircase; 8:Study; 9:Vestibule; 10:Green drawing Room; 11:South Enrance Hall; 12:Blarenberghe Room;13:du Barry Room; 14:Billiards Room; 15:Smoking Room/Armoury; 33: Italian garden; 34:Servants'courtyard; 35:Cour d'honneur; 36:South Terrace; ST:minor service staircases. For other rooms, please seeServants' quarters
V.VI. CONCLUSION
• Design standard seemed overcrowded with furniture and ornaments;
• Villa was designed as a place for living, studying, exhibiting, storing
activities mainly;
• In 18th and 19th century majorly the architectural design was
emphasizing the main axis of symmetry arrangement in the center for
façade and plan treatment;
• By having a main square block sitting in the center, it has been proved
that the villa could be extended on both sides for several houses;
• In Great Britain, Ireland, and America the architecture development
was mainly influenced by Italian Renaissance architect, Palladio, although
in America they are trying to emphasize asymmetry on the interior by
the use of false doors;
• Generally the villa transformation from early 18th until late 19th
century, it is getting lesser ornaments;
• The used of columns, portico, and pediment has been extensively
used and modified in each decade.