1891 - core.ac.uk

102
1891 C A L I F O R N I A I N S T I T U T E O F T E C H N O L O G Y

Transcript of 1891 - core.ac.uk

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V[UHG,_*'*) ¸Á EHA(� ¸ ÀÁ &(E¬�('�I0Uª.O'¯)�N(_�&ªI0&(ETI�I&P'*+RGÔ_TUHA0IG�+R.(N¦I0+-U�A()ÔV[G,UHSõI0+-S '�½ ÈÞÝ EHA(�G½ È ¾ Ý�4EHA(+R)�&(�åLOU�G�EHAÀN(A .¤UHNPA(�('*�¿S 'T�(+-NPS UHG�Eàb(EHG�I+REHKRK¹/ìN(A .¤U�N(A(�('T�¿S�'T�(+RN(S � )�N(_�&¿EH)�EKRE�/('*G,'*�ì&PEHK-V[),b(EH_T' � �®I0&('Å.¤U�N(A(�(EHG�/ï_*U�A(�(+�I+RUHA() � � �21 � EHA(� � � � ÆH� E�G�'Å)�ETI0+-),Q('*�õU¬��'*G8I&P'N(A .OUHN(A(�('T�Àb(E�GJIDUHV�I0&('ÞS '*�(+RN(S EH)]I&('ÞKR'*VÄI · &(EHAP�6),+-�('©UHV .¤UTI0&Ñ_*UHA(�P+¹I0+-UHAP) � � ��1 � E�A(�

Page 21: 1891 - core.ac.uk

¶� � � ÆH� �4EHA(+R)�& � 'T+¹I0&('*G]I&P'D),UHN(G�_T'DE²I�+RA(Q(AP+¹IB/õ�(U?'*) A(UTID'`°�+R)JIÜUHG���+RV®+�I��PU4'T)���+�I IEH�¦'*)�EHA+RA(Q(A(+�I']I+RS ']I0UÞG�'*_T'*+���'�EHA0/Ñ+-APV[UHG�S ETI0+-UHA¥EH.OUHN¦I�+�I)Y'£°¤+R)JI0'*A(_T' � �¢EHA(�Å)�U©�(U?'*)�I&(' G,+-^H&0I ·&(EHAP�Ð)�+R�('�UHV � � ��1 � EHAP� � � � ÆH� EH)�I&('Y��'T_£IU�G#UHVÔ�(+-),b(KREH_*'TS�'TA0I©S#N()�I�.O'��T'*G�U�ETI­+RA(Q(AP+¹IB/H�%�&('TG�'*V[U�G�'*� I&('�IG,EH_£I0+-UHAÖ_*UHA(�P+¹I0+-UHAP) � � ��1 � EHA(� � � � ÆH� EH_£I�UHA(K�/DUHA�I0&('®.OUHN(A(�PEHG�+R'*)ÔETI�QPA(+¹I0'�(+R)JI0EHA(_*'T�

³®U¬«ø«®'ª),&(EHKRK�S�E���'�E�),b¤'T_*+REHK�_�&(UH+R_*'#U�VWI0&('ª),UHN(G,_*'�EHA(�©G�'*_T'*+���'TG®V[UHG�I&P'�.PEHG�G,'*��E�A(�N(A .(EHG,G�'T� �4EHG,+-EH.PK-'T)�E�A(�Þ�('*G,+¹�('¯I0&('YG�'*_T+-bPG�U?_*+�IB/¥UHV(I&('Y)�U�N(G�_T'�E�A(�DG,'*_T'*+���'*G�bOUH)�+�I+RUHA(���F/IE��?+RA(^ ¸ À½ÔI0U�.O'Y�*'TG�U ETI¯I&(' ÂÄ �MEHAP� ¸ ÀÁ +RS�bPN(K-),+¹�('

¸ ÀÁ �.¸¹<º ¸¹ ¼ ãs½ º ½ ¼ � È ¸ß Û^à � ¸¹ ¼ ¾ ¸¹ � à � ½ ¼ Æ ½ � º ¸ À½ ��¸¹º ¸¹ ¼ ãͽ º ½ ¼ � È � ºUHG ¸ À½®+-S b(N(KR)�+���'ªETI�I&P' ÂÄ �ËE�A(� ¸ ÀÁ �T'*G�U�'£�('*G�/?«�&P'*G�'#+-A8�

¸ ÀÁ �.¸¹<º ¸¹ ¼ ãs½ º ½ ¼ � È � º ¸ À½ �.¸¹»º ¸¹ ¼ º ½ º ½ ¼ � È ¸ß Û^à � ¸¹ ¼ ¾ ¸¹ � à � ½ ¼ Æ ½ � º«�&('TG�' ¸ß Û +R)#E©N(A(+�I#�('*_£I0UHG#+RAÐED�(+RG�'*_`I+RUHAàUHVa¡ · I&¥ET°¤+R)���EHAP�Ð.OU4�¦/¼V[U�G�_*' ¸Á E�A(�©I0G�EH_`I+RUHA¸½�EHG�'�UHG�+R'*A0I0'*�ÑEHKRUHA(^�I0&('ª��'T_£I0UHG ¸ß Û �à%�&('�p|ÊPuz}_*UHS bOUHA('*A0I©UHV!I0&('­�(+R)�bPK-EH_T'*S '*A0I ��'T_£I0UHG¸¶.¤'T_*UHS 'T)�.0/Ð�P'*Q(A(+�I+RUHAÖI0&('Fp|ÊPuz}­_*U�S�bOUHA('TA0I UHV¤I0&('#æ�G�'T'*A(äR)�V[N(A(_`I+RUHAÜ�(NP'�IU�I&('ªV[UHG�_T'EH_`I+RA(^�E�K-UHAP^]I0&(' ¸ß Û ��'T_£I0UHG�Ç

Àá Û ·�.¸¹»º ¸¹R¼ ãi¾¢½ Æ ½ ¼ ��â À¶�·

�.¸¹»º ¸¹R¼ ãi¾¢½ Æ ½ ¼ � É

±®'TA(_*'T�a'TZ N(ETI+RUHA � � � �T� G�'T�(N(_T'*)=IU

¶ Û��¸¹º ¸¹ ¼ ãͽξ&½ ¼ � È ³

´ ³ µÀá Û ·��¸¹º ¸¹ ¼ ã�¾=½ Æ ½ ¼ � Á ·

��¸¹º ¸¹ ¼ ãͽ Æ ½ ¼ º �H�sÂ<ÄFÅ ½Æ ³

´ ³ Ç�µÀá Û ·�.¸¹º ¸¹R¼ ãi¾¢½ Æ ½ ¼ � ½ ·

�.¸¹»º ¸¹ ¼ ãs½¿¾&½ ¼|º �H�sÅ ² Å ½PÉ� � ��0 �

� A(�©V[N(G�I&('TG�.0/¥),'£I�I0+-AP^ ¸½�IU .¤'Y�T'*G�U�ETI�I0&(' Â<Ä �MEHA(� ¸Á +RS b(N(KR)�+���'¸Á �.¸¹»º ¸¹ ¼ º ½ º ½ ¼ � È ¸ß · à

�.¸¹ ¾ ¸¹ ¼ � à � ½Î¾&½ ¼ � º ¸½ �.¸¹<º ¸¹ ¼ º ½ º ½ ¼ � È � º

Page 22: 1891 - core.ac.uk

�T�UHG ¸½®+-S b(N(KR)�+���'ªETI�I&P' ÂÄ �ËE�A(� ¸Á �T'*G�U�'£�('*G�/?«�&P'*G�'#+-A8�

¸Á �.¸¹»º ¸¹ ¼ º ½ º ½ ¼ � È � º ¸½ ��¸¹º ¸¹ ¼ º ½ º ½ ¼ � È ¸ß · à�.¸¹ ¾ ¸¹ ¼ � à � ½Î¾&½ ¼ � º

EHA(��E�A(EHKRUH^HUHN(),K¹/�I&P'�ãqÊPuv}8_TUHS b¤U�A('*A0I�UHVPI0&('��(+R)�b(KREH_T'*S '*A0I¯��'T_£IU�G ¸¶ Û.O'*_*U�S�'T)�.0/Ü�('TQ(A(+ ·

I+RUHA�I0&('EãqÊPuz}­_*U�S�bOUHA('TA0I�UHV¤I&P'ÚæªG,'*'TA(ä-)®V[N(A(_£I0+-U�AÜ�(N(' I0UªI&P'#V[UHG,_*'#E�_£I+RA(^­E�K-UHAP^ªI&(' ¸ß ·��'T_£I0UHG�Çá· Û�.¸¹»º ¸¹R¼ ãs½¿¾&½ ¼ ��â ¶ Û

�.¸¹»º ¸¹R¼ ãs½¿¾ ½ ¼ � ɵ '�U�.¦IEH+RAÞV[G�UHS � � �20 � I&P'�G,'*_T+-b(G,U4_TEHKMG�'TK-E²I+RUHA(Ç

á· Û�.¸¹»º ¸¹ ¼ º ½¿¾ ½ ¼ � È Àá Û ·

� ¸¹ ¼ º ¸¹»º ½¿¾&½ ¼ � É � � �-ú �

%�&(+R)­b(G,U4UHV]U�V�G�'T_*+Rb(G�U?_*+�IB/Ê+R)��4EHKR+-�¿E�A/ «�&('TG�'+RAÓI&P'���UHKRN(S ' Ä U�GÖUHAÕ+�I)�.¤U�N(A(�(EHG,+-'T)ÂÄ �Ê��Z N(ETI+RUHA � � �Rú � EHK-KRU¬«�)�I0&('D),UHN(G,_*'�E�A(�ÀG,'*_*'T+¹�('*G­bOUH+RA0I)]IUÐ.O'©+-A0I'TG�_�&(E�A(^H'*�¿E�A(�+R�('*A0I+R_*E�K�)�'T+-),S�U�^HG�EHS )¢«�+RK-K!.¤'ÚG,'*_TUHG��('T�Å+-V�I0&('Ú)�U�N(G�_T'*)YUHG®G,'*_T'*+���'*G,)YEHG�'Ú),+¹I0N(ETI0'*�Å+-AP)�+R�('I&P'8�(UHKRN(S ' Ä UHG8UHA¼+¹I0) .¤UHNPA(�(EHG�/ à Ä �ö%�&('DbPG�U?UHV +R)��4EHK-+R�¼V[UHG8EÓ),UHKRN¦I+RUHA¼UHV 'TK-E�)JIU ·�¦/¤A(EHS +R_®'TZ?NPETI+RUHA � � � � � � � ��� «�+�I&ÖK-+RA('*E�G�+R�*'*�ÖETI�I0'*A N(ETI0+-UHA�G�'Tb(G�'T)�'*A0I0'*��.0/©Eª)�IG,'*)�) · )�IG�E�+-AG�'TK-E²I+RUHA()�&P+-bCä

· Û�.¸¹»º ½ � È Ð´ ³ Òq· Û ÏÃÔ

�.¸¹º ½¿¾ × �Ãå ÏÃÔ �.¸¹»º × �ÃÅ ×-É��Z?NPETI+RUHA � � �-ú � _*EHA8.O'��(+RG�'T_£I0K¹/ÖEHb(b(KR+R'*� V[UHGa'£�4EHKRN(ETI+RA(^¢I0&('�'*KREH)�I+R_�Q('*KR�()=V[G,UHSïE�)�+RA(^HKR'

V[UHG,_*'ÖbOUH+RA0I�)�U�N(G�_T'­.0/ÀbPK-EH_T+-AP^�I&(G,'*'­),+-AP^HK-'ÖV[UHG�_T'Ö)�U�N(G�_T'*)ÚETI�I&P'ÖG�'T_*'T+¹�('*G8)�+�I' ��¸¹ � E�A(�_*E�K-_TN(K-E²I+RA(^­G�'T)�bOUHA(),'#ETI�I&('�)�U�N(G�_T'ÚEHG�'TE � ¸¹ ¼ � �]± U¬«�'`��'*G,��'*KREH)�I+R_#Q('TK-�() �(N('¯IUÖE��(UHN(.PK-' ·_*U�N(b(KR' � UHG�Eà),+-A(^�K-' · _*U�N(b(KR'*��UHG�E�AÕ'£°¤b(KRUH)�+���' � b¤UH+RA0I),UHN(G�_T'ÜG�'TZ N(+-G,'Ü'£�4EHKRN(ETI0+-U�AÕUHV¢I&P'�('TG�+��PE²I+���'*) UHV�I&('Yæ�G�'*'TA(äR)�V[NPA(_£I0+-UHAP)�Ç

æ ·�.¸¹»º ¸¹ ¼ º ½¿¾&½ ¼ � È Å á

· Û�.¸¹º ¸¹ ¼ º ½Î¾&½ ¼ �Å ¹ ¼Ï çEè Û Ï � ¹R¼Ùº ½ ¼ �

«�&('TG�' ç G�'Tb(G�'T)�'*A0I0)�_*UHA0�(UHK-N¸I+RUHAÜU¬��'TG�I0+-S '*�®%�&(+-) '*Z N(ETI0+-U�A�_*E�A�.O'�'`�4EHK-NPETI'T��.0/ÞIEH� +RA(^E A N(S '*G�+R_*E�Ka�P'*G�+��4ETI+���'�UHVWI&('YG�'T_*+Rb(G�U?_*E�KMæªG,'*'*APä-)¯V[N(A(_`I+RUHA()�UHVa'*Z N(ETI0+-UHA � � �-ú � Ç

æ ·�.¸¹»º ¸¹ ¼ º ½¿¾&½ ¼ � È Å Àá Û ·

� ¸¹ ¼ º ¸¹»º ½Î¾&½ ¼ �Å ¹ ¼Ï çEè Û Ï � ¹ ¼ º ½ ¼ � � � � Q��

Page 23: 1891 - core.ac.uk

�H���Z N(ETI+RUHA() � � �Rú � EHA(� � � � QH� EHKRKRU�« N()ªI0U¾'£�4EHKRN(ETI0'ÜE¾G�'T)�bOUHA()�'�PN('EHA¿EHG,.(+¹I0G�EHG�/øbOUH+RA0I)�U�N(G�_T' � �(UHNP.(K-' · _TUHN(b(KR'*��),+-A(^�K-' · _*U�N(b(KR'*�¯'£°¤b(KRUH)�+���'T� U�GÚ)�+RA(^HKR'­V[UHG,_*' � «�+¹I0&(UHN¦IÞNP)�+RA(^.¤U?�¦/V[UHG,_*'Y'*Z N(+��4EHK-'TA0IÚV[UHG,_*'T) � tY��rPr$pq�.{�f®o.��;é��dq��dqê ` �T¶ 0 �Rg ����r^o.e�fs�a` �²¶H¶ 0 gR� �

�a��ë ì �� �®����="��8�� ����� ��$Ú�!"ª���� $ �H� �¾����îí¼$������ï���sðö�®���®$� �� �Ô������

LWUHG�I&('ªb(G�U�.(K-'TSÝUHVO«®E¬��'Ú),+-SªN(K-E²I+RUHAÜ+RAÜE�_TUHS b(KR'£°©I&(G,'*' · �(+RS�'TA()�+RUHA(E�K-K�/à&P'£I'TG�UH^�'*A('TUHN()S '*�(+RN(S �!«®'Öb(G,UHb¤U�)�'�I0U�_TEHK-_TN(KRETI'�G�'*_T+-bPG�U?_*EHK�æªG,'*'TA(ä-)ªV[N(A(_`I+RUHA()#.0/À+-A0I0'*G�_�&PEHA(^H+RA(^ÖI&P')�U�N(G�_T'ÚEHA(�ÜG,'*_T'*+���'*G]bOUH),+¹I0+-UHAP)��#%�&P+-)�+R)��(U�A('#.0/ÐE­)JI0EHA(�(EHG,�ÜQ(A(+�I' · �(+RÙO'*G�'TA(_*'8E�K-^HU�G�+�I&(S«�+�I&�E ),UHN(G�_T'ªbPK-EH_T'*�DETI¯I&('YG�'T_*'T+¹�('*G®bOUH),+¹I0+-UHAP� %�&('�G�'T)�N(K�I)�EHG,'�I0&('*ADb¤U�)JI · b(G�U?_*'T)�),'*��I0U^H'TA('*G,ETI'�I&P'8)�'*+R)�S UH^�G�EHS )�I&(ETI]«®UHN(KR�¥&(E¬��' .¤'T'*A¥UH.¦I0EH+-AP'*�Å+-VMI&P'�),UHN(G,_*' EHA(�ÅG�'T_*'T+¹�('*G&(EH�APUTI .O'*'*AÅ+RA0I'*G,_�&(EHA(^�'*�(��%�&('8'*ê _T+-'TA(_£/ÑU�VMI0&('ÚG,'*_*+Rb(G,U4_TEHK!S '£I0&(U?�¥_TUHS '*)¢«�+�I&­I&P'V[EH_`I!I&PETI�V[U�GF'TEH_�&8G�'T_*+Rb(G�U?_*EHK?)�+RS#NPK-ETI0+-U�A(��E®A N(Sª.¤'TG�UHV�b(),'*N(�(U · G�'T_*'T+¹�('*G�)�_TEHAÚ.O'¢G�'T_*UHG,�('*�P�µ &('TA I0&(']b¤U�)JI · b(G�U?_*'T)�),+-A(^�G�'`��'TG�)�'T)�I0&('])�U�N(G�_T' · G,'*_T'*+���'*G G�'TK-ETI0+-U�A()�&(+Rb(�PI0&(+-)�I0G�EHA(),K-E²I'*)!I0U)J/¤A0I&P'£I+R_#),'*+R)�S UH^HG,EHS ) �PN('�IU�S�E�A/)�UHN(G,_*'T) G,'*_*U�G��('T��ETI�I0&('Y)�EHS 'YG�'T_*'*+���'TG��%�&('­Q(AP+¹I0' · �P+-ÙO'*G,'*A(_T'#I'*_�&PA(+-Z N('#«®'­N(),'*�¾+R)#E��('*KRU4_T+¹IB/ · )JIG,'*),)�'TZ N(ETI+RUHAà),UHK���'*�Ñ.0/6E

)JI0EH^H^H'TG�'T�Ó^HG,+-�),_�&('*S ',`9ñ�p|r$pqfs��òO� �T¶RQ�� ã¢��r^o.e�fs��� �T¶H¶ 0 g �ÖLWUHG�I&(' G�'T_*'T+¹�('*G�)�A(UTI�),+¹I0N(ETI0'*�UHA�I0&('#V[G,'*'ª)�N(G,V[EH_*'T��A(UÖ),b¤'T_*+REHKOI0G�'TETIS '*A0I +R)�A('T_*'T)�)�E�GJ/¾V[U�G�I0&('#G,'*_*+Rb(G,U4_TEHK!_TEHK-_TN(KRETI+RUHA(),�±®U¬«®'£�('*G��¯+RV!I&('ÖG�'*_T'*+���'TG8+-)ª)�+�IN(ETI0'*�¾�(+RG�'T_£I0K¹/ÕUHADI&P'ÖV[G�'T'­)�NPG�V[EH_T'*��EÜS UHG,'­_*E�G�'*V[NPKÔ+RS ·b(KR'*S '*A0I0ETI+RUHA�U�V�I0&('�I&(G,'*'YUHG�I&(UH^�UHA(EHKËbOUH+RA0I�V[UHG�_T'*)¯+-)¯A('T_*'T)�)�E�GJ/Ø� µ '�'TS b(+-G,+-_TEHKRK¹/¥V[UHNPA(�I&PETI�I&P'ÚG�'T_*+Rb(G�U?_*+�IB/¾+R)].¤'T)JI ),ETI+R)�QP'*�Å.0/¾&(UHG,+-�TUHA0IEHKF.¤U?�¦/ÐV[UHG�_T'*)]+RS b(K-'TS '*A0I'T�ÓG,+-^H&0I E²II&P' V[G,'*'�)�N(G,V[EH_*' .¤UHNPA(�(EHG�/©EHA(��E���'TGJI0+-_TEHK¤V[U�G�_*'¯&(E�K-VËE�^HG,+-��b¤UH+RA0I .¤'TK-U¬«¿I&P' V[G,'*'�)�N(G,V[EH_*'T�%�&(+R)ÔQ¸I)�.¤'`I�I'TG�I0&(EHA�E¬��'*G,EH^H+RA(^#U¬�('*GMI&('=IB«�Uª)JI0EH^H^H'TG�'*�Y��'TGJI+R_*E�KO_TUHS b¤U�A('*A0I)ÔEH.OU��(' E�A(�.O'*KRU�«¾I0&('¢),N(G�V[E�_*'*�¢��Z N(E²I+RUHA � � � QH� _*E�AÚ.¤'Ô'£�4EHKRN(ETI0'*�ÚEH)aE�G,'*_*U�G��('T�ÚG�'T)�bOUHA()�'aIU�I0&('aI0&(G�'T'UHG�I&(UH^�UHA(EHKMbOUH+RAIªV[UHG,_*'T)®)�U�N(G�_T'*)®E²I�I0&('�G�'*_T'*+���'TG�)�+�I'T��%�&(+R)®+R) E�)�+RS b(K-'ª+-S b(KR'*S 'TAI0ETI+RUHA+RA I&('ÔQ(A(+�I' · �(+RÙ¤'TG�'TA(_*'�_TEHK-_TN(KRETI+RUHAÚ),+-A(_T'FI&P'¢G�'T)�bOUHA(),'�V[UHG�I&('�«�&(UHKR'�S U4�('TK4V[U�GF'TEH_�& I+RS ')JI0'*b­+R)¢'`�4EHK-NPETI'T�(��%FU#^H'£I Àá

· ÛÓó Ï«�'�_TEHAÖNP)�'ÔI0&('®Q(G,)JI · UHG,�('*G�A N(S '*G�+R_*E�K�)�bPETI+REHKO�('*G,+¹�4ETI0+¹�('*)

UHVØI&('¯�(+R)�bPK-EH_T'*S '*A0I�_*'*A0I0'*G�'T�­ETI=I0&('¯)�UHN(G,_*'�K-U?_*E²I+RUHA()��¢��+�I&P'*GMI&('¯A N(S '*G,+-_TEHKW�('*G,+¹�4ETI0+¹�('*)

Page 24: 1891 - core.ac.uk

�T�UHG�I&('Ö_*UHG,G�'*),b¤U�A(�(+RA(^ Àá

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«®UHN(KR�ÓKR+-�¦'�IU�bO'*GJI0N(G�.Å+�I)]KRU4_TETI+RUHA(��%FUÞ),E��(' )JIU�G�EH^H'8),b(EH_T']«®'8S E¬/Ñ)JI0UHG�'8UHAPK¹/à_*'*G�IEH+RA_*U�S#.(+RA(ETI0+-UHAP)®UHV�I&(' Àá

· ÛÓó Ï� LWUHG�'`°�E�S�bPK-'T�F+RVO«®'ªE�G�'Y+-A0I0'*G�'T)JI0'*�+RA I0&('ª'`°¤b(K-U�)�+���'#),UHN(G,_*'*),�

«®'ªUHAPK¹/¥A('T'*� IU�)JIU�G�' Àá·Ùô ó ô� Àá· Ì ó Ì� Àá·|õ ó õ�aU�G�+-VW«�'�EHG�'�+RAI0'*G,'*)JI0'*�Ü+RA©b(N(G�'��(UHNP.(K-' · _TUHN(b(KR'

)�U�N(G�_T'*)��(«®'ªU�A(K¹/A('*'T� Àá·|ô ó ô� Àá· Ì ó Ì� Àá·|ô ó Ì Æ

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1 �

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-119˚ 00' -118˚ 30' -118˚ 00' -117˚ 30' -117˚ 00'

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