1869 Cachar Earthquake Godwin-Austen

8/8/2019 1869 Cachar Earthquake Godwin-Austen

1/13

3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH$VLDWLF6RFLHW\RI%HQJDO-DQXDU\WR'HFHPEHU&DOFXWWD3DJH

91RWHV IURP $VVDORR 1RUWK &DFKDU RQ WKH *UHDW (DUWKTXDNH RI -DQXDU\WK E\ &DSWDLQ*2':,1$867(1 )54 6 6XUYH\RU 7RSRJUDSKLFDO

6XUYH\RI,QGLDFRPPXQLFDWHGE\'5672/,&=.$

>5HFHLYHGWK)HEUXDU\5HDGUG0DUFK@

,KDYHEHHQOHGWRSXWWRJHWKHUWKHVHIHZQRWHVWDNHQKHUHGXULQJWKHODWHSHULRGRIVHLVPLFGLVWXUEDQFHVWLOOLQDFWLRQRZLQJWRWKHJUHDWLQWHUHVWWDNHQLQVXFKSKHQRPHQD E\ HYHU\ RQH DQG PRUH HVSHFLDOO\ E\ WKRVH ZLWK DQ\ WDVWH RUNQRZOHGJH RI JHRORJ\ DQG FRQVHTXHQW DFTXDLQWDQFH ZLWK WKRVH WHUULEOHFRQYXOVLRQVZKLFKLQSDVWHSRFKVODLGZDVWHDQGDOWHUHGWKHZKROHIDFHRIWKLVJOREH DQG OHIW LW LQ LWV SUHVHQW IRUP WR XV$W QR WLPHDUH VXFK SDVW FKDQJHVEURXJKWPRUHYLYLGO\WRWKHPLQGRIPDQWKDQZKHQYLHZLQJWKHSDVVDJHRIVXFK

PLJKW\HDUWKZDYHVDVKDYH ODWHO\ IORZHGXQGHURXU IHHWJLYLQJWR WKHFUXVWRIVROLGVWUDWDDQRPLQRXVSODVWLFLW\7RZDWFKWKHSURJUHVVRIVXFKPLJKW\HIIRUWVIRUVHFRQGVRQO\WHUULEOHLVWKHVFHQHDQGWKDQNIXOPD\ZHEHLQWKHVHGD\VWKDWWKH\VHOGRPLQWKHLUIXOOIRUFHODVWORQJHURUSHUKDSVWRSXWLWLQRWKHUZRUGVWKDW WKH LQWHUYDOV RI WLPH EHWZHHQ JUHDW FRQYXOVLRQV DUH VR HQRUPRXV 7KHLPDJLQDWLRQSDOOVEHIRUHDVHULRXVGLVWXUEDQFHRIVD\RQO\DTXDUWHURIDQKRXUVFRQWLQXDQFH

7KH HDUWKTXDNH KHUH WKRXJK VR YLROHQW EXUVW XSRQ XV ZLWKRXW WKH VOLJKWHVWZDUQLQJDYHU\XQXVXDORFFXUUHQFHDVDUXPEOLQJPRUHRUOHVVORXGLVJHQHUDOO\KHDUGDIHZVHFRQGVEHIRUH ,QQHDUO\DOOHDUWKTXDNHV ,KDYHP\VHOIIHOW VXFKKDV EHHQ WKH FDVH DQG QRZKHUH DUH VXFK VRXQGV KHDUG ZLWK JUHDWHUGLVWLQFWQHVV WKDQ ZKHQ RQ WKH VXPPLW RI D KLJK SHDN LQ WKH PLGVW RI DPRXQWDLQRXV FRXQWU\ ZKHUH DOOWKH ZRUOG LV LQ SHUIHFW TXLHW DURXQG 7KH ORZUXPEOHLVWKHQKHDUGIRUDFRQVLGHUDEOHWLPHEHIRUHWKHHDUWKEHORZUHFHLYHVWKHVKRFN$VPDQ\SHUVRQVEHOLHYHDQGDUHRIRSLQLRQWKDWVHLVPLFGLVWXUEDQFHLVFRQQHFWHGZLWKDWPRVSKHULFSKHQRPHQDQRWLFHDEOHORQJEHIRUHWKHIRUPHUIRUFHLVH[HUWHG , VKDOO LQ WKLV SDSHU EHSDUWLFXODUWKRXJK LW PD\ DSSHDU WRVRPHDGGLQJ XQQHFHVVDULO\ WR LWV OHQJWKDQG DOOXGH WR WKH DIWHUQRRQ RI WKH GD\ LQTXHVWLRQWKHWK-DQXDU\

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


2/13

DJLWDWHGDIWHULWKDVWDNHQSODFHRUUDWKHUGXULQJLWVFRQWLQXDQFH7KHUHZDVRQHWKLQJ,GLGQRWLFHDQGLWLVUHPDUNDEOHDIHZVHFRQGVEHIRUHWKHHDUWKTXDNHWRRNSODFHZDQWLQJWRPDNHRXWD7ULJRQRPHWULFDOPDUNRQDKLOOUDQJHVRPHPLOHVGLVWDQW,KDGJRWRXWP\WHOHVFRSHIRUWKHSXUSRVHEXWLWZDVVRKD]\WKDW,JDYHXS WKH KRSH RI VHHLQJ HYHQ WKH RXWOLQH RI WKH ULGJH ,PPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU WKH

HDUWKTXDNHRQORRNLQJLQWKHVDPHGLUHFWLRQDJDLQ,ZDVVXUSULVHGDWWKHVXGGHQFOHDUQHVVWKDWKDGWDNHQSODFHLQWKHDLUWKHULGJH,KDGEHHQHQGHDYRXULQJWRVFDQZDVVKDUSO\GHILQHGDJDLQVWWKHVN\DQGWKHZKROHRIWKHZHVWHUQKRUL]RQZDVVKHZLQJFOHDU

7KHHDUWKTXDNHZDVXVKHUHG LQ E\ RQHRU WZR ORQJ ZDYHVRIPRWLRQ WKHVH ,HVWLPDWH IURP WKH WLPH QRWHG E\ WKH FKURQRPHWHU EHIRUH WKH VKRFNZDV TXLWHRYHU LQ DERXW VHFRQGV WKH\ ZHUH VXFFHHGHG E\ RWKHUV PXFK KLJKHU DQGIROORZLQJ LQUDSLGVXFFHVVLRQDQGWKLVZDV WKH WLPHRIJUHDWHVWDJLWDWLRQRIWKHVXUIDFHIROORZHGE\JUHDWTXLHWUROOLQJRUKHDYLQJZLWKRXWDQ\MDUULQJPRWLRQLWZDVKRZHYHULPSRVVLEOHWRWHOOZLWKRXWWKHDLGRIDQLQVWUXPHQWZKHQWKHPRWLRQ

FHDVHG EXW DOO VDYH WUHPRU KDG GLVDSSHDUHG LQDERXWPLQXWHV


3/13

0DKDGHRZKHQFHWKHYLHZLVPRVWFRPPDQGLQJRYHUWKHVHDRIKLOOVLQ0XQLSXUWHOOVPHWKDWKHFRXOGVHH WKH0RXQWDLQ3HDNVQHDUHUDWKDQGDQGRQWKH(DVWKHDYLQJDERXWDQG WKDW WKHQRLVHRIIDOOLQJURFNZDV YHU\ ORXGDQGFRQWLQXHGORQJDIWHUWKHHDUWKKDGTXLHWHGGRZQZLWKKLP7KHHIIHFWVXSRQWKHVHKLOOVDUHYHU\JUHDWUDYLQHVFKRNHGZLWKURFNDQGGHEULVDQGRQHSDUW\RIP\PHQRXW

SROLQJ IRXQG WKH ERG\ RID ILQH VWDJ WKDWKDGEHHQ NLOOHGE\ WKH IDOOLQJ URFNVZKHQVWDQGLQJE\WKHZDWHUFRXUVH

2QWKH'L\XQJLWVHIIHFWVHHPVWRKDYHEHHQYHU\VHYHUHWKHKLJKVWHHSEDQNVRI UHFHQW FOD\V DQG VDQG JDYH ZD\ LQ PDQ\ SODFHV IDOOLQJ LQWR WKH ULYHU WKHJURXQGDORQJWKHYDOOH\ZDVPXFKEHQWDQGWKHKRXVHVVWUXFWXUHVRISROHVDQGPDWWLQJZHUHLQPDQ\LQVWDQFHVWKURZQRYHU

2QWKHSHDNRI6KHUIDLVLSDWULJRQRPHWULFDOVWDWLRQPLOHVDOPRVWGXHZHVWRIWKLVSODFHDQRWKHUKHOLWURSHURIWKLVVXUYH\ZDVVWDWLRQHGRQWKHWKWKLVSHDNLV DOVR OLNH 0DKDGHR VLWXDWHG RQ WKH 1RUWK &DFKDU UDQJH DQG LV RQH RI LWV

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


4/13

)URPDOOWKHDFFRXQWVWKDWKDYHUHDFKHGPHIURPGLVWDQWTXDUWHUVDQG,KDYHEXWYHU\IHZGHWDLOVDV\HWWRZRUNRQ6LOFKDUVHHPVWRKDYHIHOWLWVIRUFHPRUHWKDQ DQ\RWKHUSODFH , UHDG LQ WKH(QJOLVKPDQ WKDW 1RZJRQJ VXIIHUHGPXFKZKLOH*RZKDWW\ LQ DPXFK OHVV GHJUHH $JDLQ D FRUUHVSRQGHQW LQ&KLWWDJRQJZKRDSSHDUVWRKDYHEHHQLQDYHU\IDYRUDEOHSRVLWLRQIRUREVHUYDWLRQRIZKDW

WRRN SODFH VWDWHV WKDW WKH ZDYHV ZHUH WUDYHOOLQJ HDVW ZLWK VOLJKW QRUWKHUO\GLUHFWLRQWKLVZRXOGSODFHWKHPRWLRQDWULJKWDQJOHVWRDOLQHVRXWKRI&DFKDUWRWKHZHVWRIKLVSRVLWLRQ7KHGLUHFWLRQQRWHGE\0/DIRQWLQ&DOFXWWDZDVDQHDVWDQGZHVWRQHQRWIURPDFHQWUDOVSRWVD\&DFKDUEXWIURPDOLQHGUDZQVRXWKVRXWKZHVWHUO\IURPWKDWSODFHLQWR7LSSHUDK+LOOV,WZLOOEHLQWHUHVWLQJWRGLVFRYHUWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHHDUWKZDYHVDW*RZKDWW\DQG1RZJRQJ

$W WKHMXQFWLRQRI WKH'L\XQJDQG.RSROLWKH\ZHUH WUDYHOLQJHDVWZDUGDQGWKHVKRFNZDVYHU\VHYHUHLQGHHGLQWKH.KDVL+LOOVIURPWKH1(DVWZDUG>RQ/DW/RQJIURPWKH(DVW@LQWKH*DUR+LOOV>(QJOLVKPDQRI-DQXDU\WK@IURP1(WR6:DW*RODJKDW>(QJOLVKPDQ@LWZDVIURPWKH1DJD+LOOV LH

WKHVRXWKZHVW DW /XNKLPSRRU >(QJOLVKPDQ -DQXDU\ WK @ IURP 6: ,QWKHVHIHZLQVWDQFHVWKDW,FDQQRZTXRWHWKHGLUHFWLRQVDUHQRWGLYHUJHQWIURPDFHQWUHEXWIURPDOLQHRUFXUYH/RRNLQJDWDPDSRIWKLVSDUWRI,QGLDLWPXVWEHDW RQFH DSSDUHQW KRZ SHFXOLDUO\ 6LOFKDU LV VLWXDWHG ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKHQHLJKERXULQJKLOOUDQJHV:HILQGWKH1&DFKDU+LOOVUXQQLQJHDVWDQGZHVWRQLWVQRUWKWKHORZKLOOVRIWKHGLVWULFWLWVHOIDQGWKRVHQHDUWKHVRXUFHVRI%DUDNDQG(HUXQJDOPRVWGXHQRUWKDQGVRXWKRUZLWKWKHLU VWULNHRQLWVHDVWHUQVLGH$FORVHUDFTXDLQWDQFHZLWK WKH FRXQWU\ RQ WKH QRUWKDQGDW WKH EDVH RI WKH KLOOVVKHZVWKHJUHDWXQLFOLQDOIOH[XUHWKDWH[LVWVWKHUHZKLOHLQWKHJRUJHVZKHUHWKHJUHDWHU ULYHUV IURP WKH LQWHULRU ILQG DQH[LWZHVHH WKHPDJQLWXGHDQGDOPRVWLQFRPSUHKHQVLEOHGLVSODFHPHQWRIVWUDWDHDVWDQGZHVWVWULNHVDOWHULQJWRQRUWKDQGVRXWKLQDSSDUHQWLQH[WULFDEOHFRQIXVLRQ

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


5/13

,KDYHQRWP\VHOIEHHQLQDQGH[DPLQHGWKH=LODKVQHDU&DFKDUEXW,UHIHUP\UHDGHUV WR WKH 5HSRUW RI 0U 0HGOLFRWW RQ WKH FRDO RI $VVDP ZLWK JHRORJLFDOQRWHVRQWKHDGMRLQLQJGLVWULFWV >0HPRLUV*HRO6XUYH\RI,QGLD@ 3DJHVDQG FDQ EH UHDG QRZZLWK PXFK LQWHUHVW WKH FUXVKLQJ RI WKH URFNV QHDU6LOFKDU LV SURPLQHQWO\ QRWLFHG WKH GRPHOLNH VKDSH RI .DWLJXQDK KLOO DQG LWV

DQRPDORXVFRPSRVLWLRQSUREDEO\RZHVLWVRULJLQWRVRPHORQJSDVWFRQYXOVLRQVRIWKLVDUHD,QIDFWIURP6LOFKDUVNLUWLQJWKHKLOOVLQFOXGLQJWKHFRXQWU\QHDU6\OKHWIRUPDQ\PLOHVWRWKHZHVWLWZRXOGDSSHDUDVLIORFDOGLVSODFHPHQWE\XSKHDYDOKDVSOD\HG DFRQVLGHUDEOHSDUW LQUHFHQWJHRORJLFDO WLPHV WRZDUGV VKDSLQJ WKHSUHVHQWOLQHVRIWKHVXUIDFHDQGSDUWLFXODUO\ZLOODFFRXQWIRUWKHGHWDFKHGKLOOVRIKLJKO\ LQFOLQHG VWUDWD FDSSHG DQG RIWHQ TXLWH KLGGHQ ZLWK XQVWUDWLILHGFRQJORPHUDWH DQG JUDYHO WR EH VHHQ LQ PDQ\ SODFHV %XW WKLV LV HQWHULQJ RQPDWWHUWKDWZRXOGUHTXLUHPXFKORFDOREVHUYDWLRQDQGNQRZOHGJH

5HWXUQLQJWRWKH1&DFKDU5DQJHQHDU/RQJLWXGHLWLVHTXDOO\LQWHUHVWLQJDQGUHPDUNDEOH WRILQGRQWKHQRUWKVHYHUDOGHHSJRUJHV WKURXJKWKHPDVVRI

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

7KHILUVWVKRFNDIWHUWKHJUHDWHDUWKTXDNHZDVQRWVHYHUH7KHPRWLRQEHLQJYHU\TXLHW DQG VZD\LQJ QR VKDNLQJ ZKDWHYHU 7KH VHFRQG ZDV D YHU\ SHFXOLDUYHUWLFDOPRWLRQDUHJXODUWKXPSIURPEHORZIROORZHGE\DQRWKHUSUHFLVHO\VLPLODULQVHFRQGV7KHJUHDWHVWQXPEHURIVKRFNVRFFXUUHGEHWZHHQ30 DQG30 WKDWDW ODVWLQJDPLQXWH$YHU\JHQWOHPRWLRQDQG WUHPRURFFXUUHGDERXW307KHKRRORRNVZKRKDGORQJUHWLUHGWRUHVWZHUHHYLGHQWO\GLVWXUEHGE\WKHVKRFNVDQGZHUHKHDUGLQWKHIRUHVWFORVHE\$IWHUWKLVGDWHWKHPRVW


6/13

GHFLGHGVKRFNZDVRQWKHWK-DQXDU\DWLQWKHPRUQLQJDQGDQRWKHURQWKHWKZDVDOVRVHYHUHWZRGLVWLQFWZDYHVDWDERXW30

9HU\QRWHZRUWK\LVWKHGLVWDQWUHSRUWRIDKHDY\JXQRQWKHWK-DQXDU\KHDUGWRZDUGVWKHZHVWDW30WKHWLPH,WRRNLPPHGLDWHO\E\FKURQRPHWHUDV

, IXOO\H[SHFWHGD VKRFNWR IROORZ$QRWKHUYHU\ORXGH[SORVLRQZDVKHDUGIURP0DKDGHRSHDNDWPLGQLJKWRIWKHWKDQGDJDLQIURPWKHVDPHSHDNDW$0QH[WPRUQLQJWKHWKEXWQRVKRFNFDPHDIWHURQHLWKHURFFDVLRQ,PD\KHUHPHQWLRQ WKDW ODVWFROGZHDWKHURQVHYHUDORFFDVLRQVZKHQ ,ZDV LQ WKH1RUWK&DFKDU+LOOV,KHDUGDWYDULRXVWLPHVWKHOLNHGLVWDQWUHSRUWVUHVHPEOLQJH[DFWO\WKHILULQJRIELJJXQVDWDJUHDWGLVWDQFH,QRQHRUWZRSODFHVWKHFRXQWU\SHRSOHKDG QRWLFHG LW DQG WKH\ HYHQXVHG WKHH[SUHVVLRQ WKDW LW SURFHHGHG IURP WKHHDUWK7KHVH VXEWHUUDQHDQ H[SORVLRQVPXVW EHKHDUG RYHU ODUJHDUHDVDQG LWZRXOGEHLQWHUHVWLQJLIWKH\FRXOGEHQRWHGRUUDWKHULIWKRVHKHDULQJWKHPZRXOGPDNH WKHPDWWHU SXEOLF , KDYH QR GRXEW WKHUH DUHPDQ\ LQGLYLGXDOV ZKR ZLOOUHPHPEHUKDYLQJKHDUGVXFKVRXQGV

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

7KH1DJDVDERXWKHUH GRQRW UHPHPEHUDQ\ HDUWKTXDNH OLNH WKH SUHVHQW EXWKDYHVRPHWUDGLWLRQRI IRUPHUGLVWXUEDQFHVPDQ\\HDUVDJR7KH\DOO VD\ WKDWWKH FURSV ZLOO EH SDUWLFXODUO\ ILQH WKLV \HDU DQG EHOLHYH LW ZLOO EH GXH WR WKHYLVLWDWLRQDSDUDOOHOWRWKHJRRGYLQWDJHRIWKHFRPHW\HDU


7/13


8/13


9/13

8SRQ WKH LQYLWDWLRQ RI WKH3UHVLGHQW0U /HRQDUG JDYH D VKRUW DFFRXQW RIKLVUHFHQWYLVLW WR&DFKDU+HVWDWHG WKDW WKHUHSRUWV UHJDUGLQJ WKHVHYHULW\RI WKHHDUWKTXDNH DQG HVSHFLDOO\ DV WR LWV DFWLRQ LQ UXSWXULQJ WKH HDUWK ZHUHFRQVLGHUDEO\H[DJJHUDWHGHDUO\UHSRUWVZHUHGHFLGHGO\VRPRVWSHRSOHEHLQJVRPXFKVXUSULVHGDQGDODUPHGE\WKHVKRFNDQGLWVUHVXOWVWKDWWKH\VHHPHGWREH

LQFDSDFLWDWHG DW WKH WLPH IRU PDNLQJ DQ\WKLQJ OLNH DFFXUDWH REVHUYDWLRQV DQGKHQFHYHU\JUHDWFDXWLRQVKRXOGEHREVHUYHGLQDFFHSWLQJLQIRUPDWLRQDVWRWKHLQWHQVLW\RIWKHVKRFNRUDVWRWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHZDYH+HFRXOGYRXFKIRUWKHIDFWWKDWKLJKO\H[DJJHUDWHGDQGPRVWLQFRUUHFWDFFRXQWVKDGEHHQUHFHLYHGE\KLPVHOIRQWKHVXEMHFW

5HJDUGLQJ WKH SRLQW RI JUHDWHVW LQWHQVLW\ KH ZDV ILUVW LQFOLQHG WR WKLQN LW ZDVDERXW6LOFKDURUHYHQPRUHWRWKHZHVWEXWVLQFHKHUHWXUQHGIURP&DFKDUKHKDG DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ RI VHHLQJ D OHWWHU IURP 'RFWRU %URZQ WKH UHVLGHQW DW0DQLSRRUZKRVHDFFRXQWVHHPVWRVKRZWKDWWKHVKRFNKDGEHHQDVVHYHUHDW0DQLSRRUDV LQ6LOFKDU7RWKHVRXWKRI6LOFKDU WKHVKRFNMXGJLQJE\ WKHODQG

VOLSV FDXVHGVHHPV WR KDYH EHHQ IHOW OHVV WKDQ LQ WKH VWDWLRQ DQG WR WKHQRUWKZHVW DORQJ WKH URDG WR &KHHUD 3RRQMHH IRU LQVWDQFH WKH HIIHFWV ZHUHGHFLGHGO\OHVV

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

+H VWDWHG WKDW WKH SKRWRJUDSKV RI GDPDJHV GRQH E\ WKH HDUWKTXDNH ZHUHFDOFXODWHGWRJLYHDQH[DJJHUDWHGLGHDRIWKHH[WHQWRIGLVWXUEDQFHRIWKHHDUWK7KHGLVWXUEDQFHVLQHYHU\FDVHZKLFKKHKDGVHHQZHUHFDXVHGE\WKHVOLSSLQJLQRIWKHEDQNVRIWKHODUJHULYHUVRURIROGULYHUEHGVRUSDUWLDOO\ILOOHGXSMKHHOVWKRXJKKHKDGWUDYHOOHGWKURXJKWKHGLVWXUEHGGLVWULFWIRURYHURQHKXQGUHGDQGILIW\ PLOHV KH KDG QRW VHHQ D VLQJOH FDVH RI GLVWXUEDQFH RU IUDFWXUH RI VROLGJURXQGXQDIIHFWHGE\ULYHUVRUMKHHOVUXQQLQJWKURXJKLW0DQ\RIWKHVOLSVDORQJWKHULYHUEDQNVZHUHYHU\H[WHQVLYHLQVRPHFDVHVEHLQJFRQWLQXRXVIRUKDOIDPLOHLQOHQJWKIURPILYHKXQGUHGWRILIWHHQKXQGUHGIHHWLQZLGWKDQGWKHGHSWKVRI WKHGHSUHVVLRQYDULHG IURP D IHZ IHHW WR WKLUW\ IHHW9HU\ ODUJHTXDQWLWLHV RIVDQGDQGZDWHUZHUHWKURZQXSEXWKHFRQVLGHUHGWKDWLQHYHU\FDVHWKHIRUFLQJXSRIWKHVHPLOLTXLGPDWWHUZDVGXHWRVXEVLGHQFHRIWKHILUPJURXQGDERYH

0U/HRQDUGVWDWHGWKDWWKHJUHDWPDMRULW\RISHRSOHVDLGWKDWWKHZDWHUWKURZQXSZDV FRRO D IHZ KRZHYHU VWDWHG WKDW LW ZDV GHFLGHGO\ ZDUP JHQHUDOO\ WKHHYLGHQFHZHQWWRVKRZWKDWLWZDVYHU\OLWWOHLIDWDOOZDUPHUWKDQRUGLQDU\ZDWHU


10/13

+RZHYHU DV'U2OGKDPKDG JRQHRYHU WKH JURXQGZLWK WKH VSHFLDO REMHFW RIVWXG\LQJ WKHZKROH TXHVWLRQ WKHUH FDQ EH QRGRXEW WKDW ZH VKDOO VRRQ EH LQSRVVHVVLRQ RI WKH EHVW FROOHFWLRQ RI IDFWV DQG WKH VRXQGHVW GHGXFWLRQV IURPWKHPZKLFKLWLVSRVVLEOHWRVXSSO\

7KH3UHVLGHQWUHPDUNHGXSRQWKHJHQHUDOLQWHUHVWDWWDFKHGWRWKHREVHUYDWLRQVRIHDUWKTXDNHVDQGH[SUHVVHGWKHKRSH WKDWZHPD\JHWPRUH LQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVXEMHFW

'U6WROLF]NDVDLGWKDWLIWKHUHZHUHDGLVWLQFWVWUDWXPRIVDQGEHORZWKHOD\HUVRIVXUIDFH FOD\ RU VRLO WKH WKURZLQJ XS RI VDQG DQG ZDWHU ZKLFK GXULQJ IRUPHUHDUWKTXDNHVDVWKDWRI/LVERQKDGDWWUDFWHGVRPXFKDWWHQWLRQZRXOGEHYHU\HDVLO\H[SODLQHG,WLVDOPRVWDQDWXUDOFRQVHTXHQFHWKDWDVVRRQDVWKHILVVXUHVLQ WKH VXUIDFH ZHUH IRUPHG WKH VOLJKWHVW XQGXODWLQJ PRWLRQ ZKLFK LW SDUWLDOO\PXVWKDYH EHHQ ZRXOG VKLIWDQG WKURZ XS WKH ORRVHQHG VDQG WKH IRUFH ZLWKZKLFKLWZDVEURXJKWXSWRWKHVXUIDFHZRXOGKRZHYHUGHSHQGXSRQWKHORFDO

SUHVVXUHXQGHUZKLFKWKHVDQGDQGWKHZDWHUVWRRG

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

0U/HRQDUGUHPDUNHGWKDWORFDOSUHVVXUHXSRQWKHXQGHUO\LQJVWUDWDKDGDOVRWREHWDNHQLQDFFRXQWLQFDVHVZKHUHDQLQFUHDVHRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHZDWHUKDGWDNHQSODFH


11/13

3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH 5R\DO *HRJUDSKLFDO 6RFLHW\ 9ROXPH ;,,,

6HVVLRQSDJH

(DUWKTXDNH LQ WKH &DFKDU +LOOV ([WUDFWV IURP /HWWHUV IURP&DSWDLQ*2':,1$867(1

&DPS$SDORV-DQ

,0867QRZJLYH\RXDVKRUWDFFRXQWRIDQHDUWKTXDNHZHKDYHKDGKHUHDQGVXFKDV,GRQRWFDUHHYHUWRH[SHULHQFHDJDLQ,WWRRNSODFHRQWKHDIWHUQRRQRI

WKHWK,KDGEHHQZRUNLQJLQWKHRIILFHWHQWGXULQJWKHGD\DQGRQLWVJHWWLQJFKLOO\ DERXW KDOISDVW IRXU , VKXW XS DQG ZHQW LQWR WKH VOHHSLQJ WHQW IRU P\FKRJDEHIRUHJRLQJRXWVLGHZLWKWKHWHOHVFRSHZKLFKUHTXLUHGFOHDQLQJZKLOHVWRRSLQJWRWDNHWKHFKRJDIURPWKHEHGGLQJ,KHDUGFDOORXW$QHDUWKTXDNHDQHDUWKTXDNH,OHIWWKHFKRJDDQGUDQRXW,KDGQRWWKHQIHOWLWP\VHOIEXWE\WKHWLPH,KDGJRWRXWVLGHWKHURSHVWKHUHZDVQRPLVWDNLQJWKHIDFWIRUWKHJURXQGZDVEHJLQQLQJ WRULVHDQGIDOO WUHPHQGRXVO\DQGDWODVWEHFDPHVREDG WKDW LWZDVZLWK GLIILFXOW\ , FRXOG NHHSP\ IHHW 6HUYDQWV FKLOGUHQZHUH VLWWLQJ RQ WKHJURXQGDOOFU\LQJDQGWKLVZLWKWKHVKRXWLQJRIWKHVHUYDQWVDQGWKHNLFNLQJRIWKHSRQLHVFSUHYHQWHGP\KHDULQJDQ\SDUWLFXODUVRXQGVDYHWKHFUDVKLQJRIWKH ODUJH IRUHVW WUHHV WKDW DUH QHDU RXU FDPS WKHVHZHUH WRVVHG DERXW LQ WKH

ZLOGHVWZD\DQGRQHYHU\ODUJHRQHFORVHE\FDPHGRZQ

7KHPRWLRQ LQDGGLWLRQ WRWKHZDYHV WKDWSDVVHGE\ FRQVLVWHGRID MHUNLQJRUVKDNLQJ(YHU\WKLQJXSRQWDEOHVRUFKDLUVZDVWKURZQRIIQRWZRVWRULHGRUHYHQRQHVWRULHG KRXVH RI EULFN FRXOG KDYH VWRRG LW KHUHZKHUH WKHKRXVHV DUH RIZRRGDQGEDPERRDPHUHIUDPHLWZRXOGUHTXLUHDWHUULEOHHDUWKTXDNHLQGHHGWRWKURZWKHPRYHU

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


12/13

6RPHIRXUWHHQRUILIWHHQKDSSHQHGEHWZHHQWKLVODVWDQG$0QH[WPRUQLQJ2QWKHWKZHKDGDVKRFNDW30 DQRWKHUDW30DQGVHYHUDOGXULQJWKDWQLJKW

-DQWKWZRRQHDW$0DQGDW$0

2QWKHWK,ZHQWXSWR0DKDGHRDKLJKSHDNWRWKHVRXWKRIWKLVDQGZKHQREVHUYLQJWKHUHZLWKWKHWKHRGROLWHWKHUHZDVDVPDUWVKRFN,WZDVYHU\FXULRXVWR VHH WKH EXEEOH RI WKH OHYHOPRYLQJ EDFNZDUGVDQG IRUZDUGV ORQJ DIWHU WKHVKRFN KDGFHDVHG WR EHIHOW E\ XV WKH WUHPRU RI WKHJURXQGFRQWLQXHGD ORQJWLPH,ZDVWDNLQJYHUWLFDODQJOHVDWWKHWLPHDQGKDGWRZDLWXQWLOWKHHDUWKKDGFRPSRVHGLWVHOI

$W$0RIWKHWKZHKDGRXUVHFRQGJUHDWVKRFNLWZDVYHU\VPDUWEXWQRWHTXDOWRWKHILUVWZKLFKXVKHUHGLQWKHVHVHLVPDWLFGLVWXUEDQFHV,VKDOOEHDQ[LRXVWRKHDUZKHWKHUWKHVHHDUWKTXDNHVKDYHWUDYHOOHGIURPWKHZHVWZDUGIDUEXWSRVVLEO\WKH\PD\KDYHKDGWKHLURULJLQLQWKLVUDQJH7KLVSDUWRI&DFKDULVDQDUHDRIJUHDWFRQWRUWLRQDQGXSKHDYDOZKHUHZHPD\H[SHFWDZHDNQHVVLQWKHHDUWKVFUXVWDQGDUHQHZDORIIRUPHUGLVWXUELQJDFWLRQ

,WZDVFXULRXVWRQRWLFHKRZWKHKRRORFNVLQWKHIRUHVWZHUHIULJKWHQHGPDQ\RIWKHVKRFNVFRQWLQXHGDIWHULWKDGEHFRPHGDUNWKHVHDQLPDOVNHSWFDOOLQJRXWDVWKH\GRLQWKHGD\WLPHZKLFKLVZKDW,KDYHQHYHUNQRZQWKHPWRGRDQG,KDYHZDQGHUHGDJRRGGHDOLQWKHVHIRUHVWV

7KHUHZHUH QRDWPRVSKHULF DSSHDUDQFHV QRWLFHDEOH2Q WKH WK LWKDGEHHQUDWKHUKD]\RYHUWKHGLVWDQWKLOOVDIWHUWKHHDUWKTXDNHLWZDVFOHDUHU,UHPDUNHGWKLV DV , KDG JRW RXW WKH WHOHVFRSH WR VHH ZKHWKHU D FHUWDLQ WULJRQRPHWULFDOVWDWLRQPDUNZDVVKRZLQJ

&DSWDLQ*RGZLQ$XVWHQZULWLQJRQWKHVW)HEVD\V

7KHWHUULEOHHDUWKTXDNHVRIZKLFK,JDYH\RXDVKRUWDFFRXQWLQP\ODVWVHHPWR

KDYHXVKHUHG LQDSHULRGRIFRQVWDQWGLVWXUEDQFHZKLFKLVVWLOOJRLQJRQ1RWDGD\KDVSDVVHGZLWKRXWDVKRFNZHKDYHKDGRQHZKLOVWDWGLQQHU30RQO\MXVWQRZWKHHDUWKKDUGO\HYHUVHHPVILUPDFRQVWDQWO\UHFXUULQJWUHPRULVYHU\SHUFHSWLEOH DQG YHU\ GLVDJUHHDEOH 6LQFH P\ ODVW , KDYH EHHQ WZLFH XS WKH0DKDGHR3HDN WRREVHUYHZLWKWKHWKHRGROLWHDQGWKH LQVWUXPHQWZDV VHYHUDOWLPHVWKURZQRXWRIOHYHOWKHWUHPRURIWKHJURXQGHYHQZKHQQRWSHUFHSWLEOHWRWKHVHQVHVZDVGLVWLQFWO\VKRZQRQWKHOHYHOVFDOH


13/13

7KH ULYHU %HUDN IORZHG EDFNZDUG IRU DQ KRXU DQG QHDU6\OKHW KDV EHHQ VROHVVHQHG LQGHSWK WKDW ERDWV QRZ QDYLJDWHZLWK GLIILFXOW\ WKH HDUWK RSHQHG LQPDQ\SODFHVVZDOORZLQJXSWUHHVDQGKRXVHVPXGDQGKRWZDWHUZHUHWKURZQRXWRIILVVXUHVODUJHDUHDVKDYHVXQNRWKHUVEHHQUDLVHG1HDU&DFKDUDYLOODJHKDVEHHQOHIWRQDVORSHZKHUHDORQJOLQHRIORZKLOOVKDVEHHQIRUPHG

'XULQJ WKHJUHDWVKRFNHOHSKDQWVDQGKRUVHVDOOZHQWRYHU OLNHQLQHSLQVDQG ,ILQGWKDW,DQGZHUHWKHRQO\WZRSHUVRQVLQWKLVFDPSZKRNHSWRXUIHHWDQGZHGDQFHGDEDODQFH]LQIURQWRIHDFKRWKHUFDOOLQJRXW:KDWLVJRLQJWRKDSSHQ"

,W ZLOO EHPRVW LQWHUHVWLQJ WR ILQGRXWKRZ WKH OHYHOV RI WKHFRXQWU\ KDYHEHHQDOWHUHG , IHHO FHUWDLQ WKDW JUHDW FKDQJHV KDYH WDNHQ SODFH LQ WKHSHDNV ,DPJHWWLQJWRJHWKHUDOOWKHGDWD,FDQDQGH[SHFWWRKDYHDYHU\LQWHUHVWLQJDFFRXQWWRRIIHUUHODWLYHWRWKHDUHDGLVWXUEHGDQGWKHGLUHFWLRQVRIWKHZDYHV:HVHHPWREHKHUHLQDYHU\XQVWDEOHSDUWRIWKHHDUWK

1869 Cachar Earthquake Godwin-Austen

Documents

Transcript of 1869 Cachar Earthquake Godwin-Austen