1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former...
-
Upload
brittney-berry -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former...
![Page 1: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1865-1877
RECONSTRUCTION
![Page 2: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Differing Meanings of Freedom
• Freedom’s meaning to the former slaves• Open ended ideal based on equality and autonomy
• Freedom’s meaning to former masters & white southerners• Mastery and hierarchy – a priviledge nota right
• Most remained convinced that “the old relation of master and slave” had been the best condition in which the two races could live together for mutual benefit.” – Henry Ravenal, SC Planter
• Freedom’s meaning to northern whites• Free labor – men were free to rise as far as the fruits of
their labor would take them
![Page 3: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS
• 13th – Outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude• Adopted December 6th, 1865
• 14th – Section I, Section II-IV• Ratification bitterly contested.• ¾ ratification on July 9, 1868
• 15th - prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude“• Ratified Feb. 3rd, 1870
![Page 4: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CHOICES FOR RECONSTRUCTION
• How to treat states in rebellion• Conquered foe?
• Who decides?• Congress• President• Supreme Court• Former Slaves?
• Constitution is unclear
Lincoln’s Second Inagural
![Page 5: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
RECONSTRUCTION PLANS
Moderate Republicans (Lincoln)
• 10% Loyalty Oath• Win the South for
Republicans
Radical Republicans (Congress)
• Radical Republicans (Congress)• 50% Loyalty Oath• Treat South as a
conquered land
![Page 6: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
FIRST STEPS
• Freedmen’s Bureau• Assistance with food and legal questions• Schools
• Sherman’s Example• 40 acres and a mule
![Page 7: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
APRIL OF 1865
• Lincoln Assassinated• VP Andrew Johnson (TN)
• Looked to follow Lincoln• Pro-Union, pro-states rights,
racist, anti-slavocracy, pro-yeomen farmer
• Personal plan more lenient• Johnson pushes it through Congress
• Requirements• Renounce Confederate laws• Reject Confederate debts• Pass 13th Amendment Why might Lincoln choose to run
with a southern slave owning senator for his second term?
![Page 8: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
SOUTHERN REACTION TO LOSS
• Black Codes• Paramilitary Groups
• Election of former Confederates
![Page 9: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
BLACK CODES
• Enacted in 1865• State by state
• Attempted to reinstate slavery• Labor laws• Vagrancy laws
Freed slave who refused to sign a labor contract is auctioned off to a white plantation
owner who agreed to pay his fine – preference was often given to freedmen’s
former masters
The future of southern black codes
![Page 10: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
KU KLUX KLAN
• Established in 1865 in Tennessee
• Spread throughout the South
• Terrorist Intent• 10% of black office holders
are known to have been victims of violent threats or assaults
• At least 35 black officials murdered
• Not a unified movement but one of many organizations
• Suppressed in 1874 Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest
![Page 11: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ELECTIONS OF 1865
• Former Confederates elected and return to Congress• Former Confederate VP
Alexander Stephens• Elected to the US House
of Representatives 1873-1882
• Elected Governor of Georgia 1882
• Died March 4th,1883
![Page 12: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
NORTHERN REACTION AS COVERED BY HARPER’S WEEKLY
![Page 13: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
NORTHERN RESPONSE
• Freedmen’s Bureau Bill (vetoed)• Civil Rights Act (veto overridden)• New Freedmen’s Bill (veto overridden)• Elections give Republicans two-thirds majority
General Oliver Otis Howard, Director of the Freedmen’s Bureau
![Page 14: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
RADICAL (CONGRESSIONAL) RECONSTRUCTION
• Begins after elections• Ignores President
Johnson, turning back the clock to just after Appomattox
• Reconstruction Act of 1867 (passed over veto)
• Requirements• Allow blacks to vote• Pass 14th Amendment• Institute military
governments
Woodcut shows Freedmen’s Bureau agent separating armed whites from armed blacks. This
image gives the impression that the Bureau was the only thing stopping a race war in the south during
the period following Andrew Johnson’s failed reconstruction attempt.
![Page 15: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
MILITARY RULE - 1867
• South divided into 5 military districts• Troops stationed in districts• Radical Republican state governments
• Black participation in government
![Page 16: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
A NEW SITUATION
• Carpetbaggers (Northerners)
• Scalawags (Southerners)-------------------------------------
----• Resentment over the
“Negro Rule”• Never actually happened• Two Senators & 15
Congressmen• South Carolina had black
majority• Louisiana had a black
governor
![Page 17: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
NEW ECONOMIC STRUCTURE
• Land Seizures Rejected• 40 acres and a mule
• Sharecropping• Tenant Farming• Terms prevent
independence• De facto (in fact)
slavery
![Page 18: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
IMPEACHMENT - 1868
• Johnson opposes Congressional will
• Attempts to subvert Radical Reconstruction
• Campaigns for Democrats
• Misses removal by one vote
![Page 19: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
RESULT
• Johnson is marginalized
• U.S. Grant elected in 1868• Era of corruption (though
not Grant personally)• North begins to lose
interest in reconstruction
![Page 20: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Meaning of Freedom to Freedmen
• Family• Former slaves asked for help from the Freedman’s Bureau to help locate
family members not seen in years and in some cases walked hundreds of miles to find former family members
• Freedmen placed ads in newspapers seeking members of their family• Economic Independence
• Land – the war over the economic resources of the South hardly ends with the end of shooting
• Suffrage• “Slavery is not abolished until the black man has a ballot.” – Frederick
Douglas• Access to Education
• Beaufort NC first public school ever erected was built by freed blacks during reconstruction
• Religious Autonomy• In the Front Street Methodist Church in Wilmington NC (which was 2/3
black) members told Reverend L.S. Burkhead that “his services were no longer required…he being a rebel.”
![Page 21: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
14TH AMENDMENT
• Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
![Page 22: 1865-1877 RECONSTRUCTION. Differing Meanings of Freedom Freedom’s meaning to the former slavesmeaning to the former slaves Open ended ideal based on equality.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649ee05503460f94bf017b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
14TH AMENDMENT
• Section 2 – Eliminated the Three-Fifths Clause• Section 3 – Banned Confederates• Section 4 – Removed War debt