THE CIVIL WAR1861-1865

Lincoln: Early on is quick to appease – felt slavery was irrelevant to the conflict; only interested in keeping border states in the

Union

Northern viewpoint – save the Union. Only way to do that…end slavery

Rating the North & South

Railway Lines, 1860

Did the North have an advantage? They had to invade and conquer an area larger than the size of Western Europe

Resources: The North v. The South

Men Present for Duty and by Occupation

• North: mostly farm boys, shopkeepers, artisans, urban workers• South: non-slaveholding small farmers with slave owners as

officers• Both had little experience and were not disciplined

First Modern War

• Technology- railroads for transportation and as military targets- ironclads over wooden ships- telegraph, observation balloons, grenades, submarines- modern rifle & minie ball (600 yard range)- heavy fortifications

• Medicine – still bad; dysentery, measles, malaria, typhus• Military prisons – Elmira! 50,000 died• Propaganda: souvenirs, music, pamphlets, publications• Photography

Jefferson Davis & The Confederate Seal

Overview of the North’s Strategy

The Anaconda Plan: naval

blockade of the South, economic

destruction

- Only 90 vessels to cover 3,500

miles

South’s Strategy North’s Strategy

• Early defeats for North might cause them to reconsider

• Hit hard early on

• Spring 1862 – push North, draw border slave states to CSA and get Britain and France’s support, capture D.C.

• Officers were not trained to teach untrained men

• Attacked sporadically and then withdrew, allowing small Southern forces to regroup

• Only wanted to capture and occupy territory

Lincoln’s Generals

Winfield ScottWinfield Scott

McDowellMcDowellMcClellanMcClellan

BurnsideBurnside

HookerHooker

MeadeMeade

McClellan,Again!

McClellan,Again!

GrantGrant

Lincoln and McClellan Clash

Confederate Generals

“Stonewall” Jackson

Longstreet

Robert E. Lee

Battle of Bull Run (1st Manasas) July, 1861

• Chaotic Union retreat along with sightseers and politicians

• At that time was the deadliest battle in U.S. history

• McClellan takes over Army of the Potomac

- Democrat - overestimated size of enemy reluctant to engage

March, 1862: Monitor v. Merrimac

War in the East: 1861-1862

Sept. 17, 1862: Antietam

• McClellan stops Lee’s move North – Lee retreats• In one day…4300 killed, 18,000 wounded• Bloodiest day in American history

War in the West: Grant’s Turf

• Grant – West Point drop out- street smart- rational, tenacious

• April, 1862 Ad. Farragut takes New Orleans

Role of African Americans

• Contrabands: Union under Gen. Butler treated escaped slaves as property of the military and subject to confiscation- put into camps, educated

• Large numbers of slaves, including women & children fled to Union lines, source of intel!

Emancipation• Institution must become a target – weaken South• March 1862 Congress prohibited return of Fuguitives• abolished in D.C. with monetary compensation• Second Confiscation Act: freed slaves from disloyal owners in

Union

territory & slaves within Union lines• Hesitant for full freedom – feared border states• Summer 1862 – Lincoln comes to a decision

- Few military victories- needed more manpower- counteract Britain’s possible support of CSA- wanted to wait for a Union victory to announce it• Preliminary Emancipation Proc. (Sept. 1862) : warning to the

South to

lay down arms

• Democrats opposed the idea – feared “Africanization” lost control of many state legislatures

• Lincoln – gradual emancipation

• January 1, 1863, EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION- only applied to areas in rebellion- did not apply in loyal border states

- solidified death of slavery…if the Union won- govt committed to enlisting black soldiers

African American Recruiting Poster

Black Soldiers• Already able to serve on Union warships

- ships could not be segregated- lived/dined together- equal pay & promotions

• Feared whites would not fight along side blacks• Cooks, laundresses, laborers• 180,000 served in army, 24,000 in navy• 76,000 men were raised after the invasion of

Mississippi Valley• Open the door to political progress?• Reinforced belief in emancipation• Lincoln starts to ask states for partial

enfranchisement

The Famous 54th Massachussettsled by Col. Robert Gould Shaw

• Sept. 1863, Fort Wagner, S.C.

• ½ of unit was killed

• proved that blacks could fight for their country!

• In army units were segregated

• officer abuse, lower pay, not assigned to combat

Lincoln’s Beliefs

• U.S. must set an example of democracy & human liberty – popular consent

• Gettysburg Address, Nov. 1863- “a new birth of freedom”- ensure a govt “of the people, by the people, for the people”

* Suspended Habeas Corpus (could now hold prisoners without due process of law)

July 1-3, 1863: Gettysburg

• 165,000 Troops• Picketts charge – center of Union line

–

7,000 killed on day 3• July 4, 1863, Vicksburg – Union

captured

30,000 CSA soliders, captured Miss. Valley

Gettysburg Aftermath

Progress for the Union• Booming industry• Produced blankets uniforms, iron, mined coal• Mechanized boots/shoe production, meatpacking• Increased Western agriculture• Homestead Act: 160 acres of free public land to

settlers• Land Grant College Act: state aid for agriculture

colleges• Transcontinental RR

- finished in 1869, expanded national market- increased investment and settlement

Payment for the War and Role of Women

• Payment for war: high tariff, first income tax, sold bonds• “Greenbacks” paper money declared legal tender by govt• War profiteers: Carnegie (steel), Rockefeller (oil), J.P. Morgan

(financier)• Increase in govt jobs

• Women- Took on male jobs, nursing!- govt clerk, retail sales- Clara Barton: traveled with Army of Northern Virginia,

organized supply lines & nurses; established American Red Cross, lobbied to adopt the Geneva Convention

- Suspended suffrage movement* Sanitary Comission: relief org. that collected donations

North Initiates the Draft, 1863

• Draft Law: men could substitute or hire someone in their place rebirth of labor movement

• “Copperheads”: people opposed to war

• “War Democrats”: supported military but against emancipation

July 13-16, 1863

The Confederate States of America

• President Jefferson Davis – Mississippi• Govt raised army, ran railroads, built factories…what to do with

cotton? “King Cotton Diplomacy” - tried to stop cotton growth

• Great Britian…North or South?• Internal fissures

- draft exempted one white man for every 20 slaves- Shortages of salt, corn, meat- Ruined farms, RR, businesses- Relied on paper money – army could confiscate supplies from farms- 100,000 deserted- violence toward Unionists

Women & African Americans in the Confederacy

• Ran plantation business, disciplined slaves• Worked in arms factories• Rose O’Neal Greenhow, Belle Boyd• Union – Dr. Mary Walker, Pauline Cushman• March 1865, armed slaves to fight

Progress of the War 1861-1865

1864

• Grant begins war of attrition – constant attacks• May 1864, Vigrginia: 60,000 Union dead, 30,000

CSA- daily, extreme combat

1864 Election Results

• Radical Republicans (Fremont): called for amendment abolishing slavery, protection of freemen’s rights, confiscation of Confederate land

• Democratic – McClellan: wanted immediate cease-fire

Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1864

• 60 miles wide, destroyed RR, buildings, food/supplies

• Slaves began destroying plantations - anarchy

April 9, 1865: Surrender at Appomattox

Victory

• Jan. 31, 1865, Thirteenth Amendment: abolished slavery

• April 1865, Union takes Richmond, Lee is surrendered

Ready for Reconstruction

Sea Islands, S.C.- 10,000 slaves left- Navy, army, treasury, investors, reformers, teachers help- enable them to work for wages in humane conditions?- land was not given to slaves

Mississippi Valley- forced into contract labor - provided education, outlawed physical punishment & sale

Davis Bend, Miss.- fully emancipated, land divided among slaves

Wartime Reconstruction

• 1863, 10% Plan: resotre amnesty and rights to all southerners who took an oath of loyalty and supported emancipation. When 10% of voters took the oath they could elect a new state govt

• Free blacks of New Orleans lobbied for rights- Wade Davis Bill: required majority to pledge before returning,

guaranteed blacks equality before the law, no voting right yet

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Compared to Other Wars

620,000 = 5 million today

April 14, 1865: Ford’s Theatre

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Johnwilkesboothgun.JPG

Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt