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Vol. 7 No. 2

INTERNATIONAL EDITION:

YOUR PASSPORT TOGEOINT


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Pathinder March/April 2009 Vol. 7 No. 2

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On the Cover

A passport represents excitement and expectation, the opportunity toextend the boundaries o experience. Whether exploring over milesor over the printed word, a journey to oreign lands inevitably provesrewarding. The travelers perceptions change and knowledge expands.Travel through these pages and transit international realms and activi-tiesall related to the application o geospatial intelligence (GEOINT).Your itinerary is to your right. Follow it in order or rove at your leisure; nomatter the course, your passage begins within these pages. Cover designby Anika McMillon.

M h Sy?The online Classied Pathnder, which is accessible

by members o the Intelligence Community, may in-

clude additional inormation and expanded sections

o some Pathnder articles. The Classied Pathnder

provides a orum or reading and discussing topics at

the level o Unclassied//For Ocial Use Only and

higher. For inormation please contact the Classied

Pathnder editor, Heather Cox, at 301-227-2290.


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Published by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

Oce o Corporate Communications

4600 Sangamore Road, Mail Stop D-54Bethesda, MD 20816-5003

Telephone: (301) 227-7388,

DSN 287-7388

E-mail: [email protected]

Director

Vice Adm. Robert B. Murrett, U.S. Navy

Deputy Director

Lloyd Rowland

Office of Corporate Communications, Director

Paul R. Weise

Internal Communications Branch, Chief

Louis J. Brune

Editor

Jason K. Michas

Managing EditorKelly M. Kemp

Graphic Designer

Anika D. McMillon

Contributing Authors

Dave Carey

Stephanie Chang

Dawn Eilenberger

Alan Higgins

Carlos Montenegro

Peter Paquette

Craig Rickert

Rosemary Simmons

Col. D.H.N. Thompson, OMM, CD, Director o Geospatial Intellige

Dr. Gary E. Weir

Lachlan Wilson

Katherine Zimmerman

GETTING PUBLISHED

All members o the geospatial intelligence community are welco

to submit articles o community-wide interest. Articles are edited

style, content and length. For details on submitting articles, sen

e-mail to [email protected].

The Pathnder is the medium with which the National

Geospatial-Intelligence Agency enhances and promotes public

awareness and understanding o the discipline o geospatial

intelligence. The Pathnder is an authorized Department o Dee

publication or members o the Department o Deense. Contents

this publication are not necessarily the ocial view o, or endors

by, the U.S. government, Department o Deense or NGA. Articles

in the Pathnder may be reproduced in whole or in part without

permission, unless stated otherwise. I they are reproduced,

please credit the author and the National Geospatial-Intelligen

Agency, the Pathnder magazine. Any reproduction o graphics

photographs and imagery is subject to the original copyright.

Letter to Our Readers

I E:Y P GEOINTThere are no boundaries to geospatial

intelligence (GEOINT)it is everywhere all the

time. The role o NGA extends ar and wide as

the agencys dedicated workorce ensures saety

across the globe. Reecting the depth o the

agencys mission, NGA personnel reside in over

100 locations worldwide to guarantee success.

Many monumental GEOINT achievements are

attributable to NGAs essential international

partnerships and global presence.

Undeniably, the GEOINT tradecrat is essential

to the nations welare. GEOINT is a team efort

and NGA actively collaborates with the National

System or Geospatial Intelligence, the Allied System or Geospatial Intelligence

and beyond to provide this location-based, visual orm o intelligence. But NGAs

success and inuence do not stop at the U.S. border. NGAs capabilities allow

GEOINT to reach internationally, even to remote areas o the world, to aid mission

partners in times o need. The agency collaborates with its international mission

partners to produce the best and most accurate GEOINT products.

Start your trip around the globe with a special look at NGAs partnership with

Canada. Col. D.H.N. Thompson, Canadas Director o Geospatial Intelligence,

provides insight about the role o GEOINT in actionwhether supporting training

activities or carrying out operations.

View NGAs recovery and relie eforts as Katherine Zimmerman outlines the

agencys contribution to supporting the Peoples Republic o China ater the

devastating earthquake in May 2008. Visit Aghanistan with Craig Rickert and

Rosemary Simmons, who explain the contributions o a multinational working group

providing accurate map products to navigate that countrys diverse terrain.

Carlos Montenegro describes NGAs support to the stand-up o a national GEOINT

capability in Iraq, reecting on the emerging partnership between NGA and Iraqs

Ministry o Deense. The agencys ability to share inormation and provide training

to promote Iraqi GEOINT sel-reliance proves the continuing need or and benet o

NGAs presence worldwide.

Stephanie Chang shares the path taken to ensure that NGA-deployed personnel

enjoy secure networks to carry out their missionsan efort protecting over

100 systems worldwide. Dawn Eilenberger, who directs the agencys Oce oInternational Afairs and Policy, explores NGAs relationship with the North Atlantic

Treaty Organization as a critical enabler in the ght against terrorism and as an

advocate or peace. Complete your journey with the NGA historians perspective on

the ght against international maritime piracy, still a signicant concern in many

parts o the world.

Altogether, the articles in this issue establish the importance o international

partnerships to the expanding ootprint o GEOINT. No less important, NGAs

domestic relationships play an essential role in international and national security,

as the May/June Pathnder will examine.

Paul R. WeiseD, O C C

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Guest Column

M C D G IBy Col. D.H.N. Thompson, OMM, CD, Director of Geospatial Intelligence

Editors Note: The United States, Canada, Australia,

the United Kingdom and New Zealand enjoy a distinct

geospatial intelligence relationship. The Pathnder

invited Col. D.H.N. Thompson to introduce our readers

to Canadas Directorate o Geospatial Intelligence, which

he leads.

C D G I

(D Geo Int) is headed by the Director o Geospatial

Intelligence, who serves as the unctional manager orensuring the efective planning, coordination, control

and provisioning o geospatial intelligence (GEOINT),

measurement and signatures intelligence (MASINT)

and meteorological and oceanographic services to the

Department o National Deence (DND) and the Canadian

Forces (CF). The director reports to the CF Chie o

Deence Intelligence (CDI).

Indeed, no CF operations or training activity occur

without D Geo Int products and services. Every map and

chart, most MASINT products, meteorological orecasts

and imagery intelligence come rom D Geo Int teams,

without whom ships do not sail, planes do not y and no

one crosses the line o departure. D Geo Int maintains

numerous international and national partnerships that

are key to achieving the necessary efects, among them

its strong partnership with NGA.

The director commands a small staf and oversees

the operation o the Directorate o Meteorology and

Oceanography and three line units, namely the Mapping

and Charting Establishment (MCE), the CF Joint Imagery

Centre (CFJIC) and the Joint Meteorological Centre.

D Geo Int coordinates requirements or and provides

GEOINT products and services to the militarys

Environmental Chies o Staf, strategic and operational

military staf, and tactical units at home, during training

and while conducting domestic or expeditionary

operations, including:

orce generation, which includes manning and

training o deploying elements

reviewing and providing guidance and input as

needed in the production o the GEOINT documents

supporting operational plans

direct reachback support to orces in theatre

management o national and international arrange-

ments to produce GEOINT support standards and

plans in the context o Canadas many multinational

and bilateral agreements, including collaborative

production plans

advising on the GEOINT support aspects o CF capa-

bilities plans

recommending policy on the standardization, pro-

duction and exploitation o GEOINT and on require-

ments among Canadas national agencies

serving as the CFs military and civilian GEOINTadvisor and recommending proessional standards,

career patterns, trade structure, training require-

ments and policy

advising on related GEOINT research and

development programs

Current D Geo Int projects include the CF Weather and

Oceanographic Service (CFWOS) Transormation Project,

which will ensure the long-term provision o high-quality

meteorological and oceanographic services to the CFs

operational community. Part o this process was the

Col. D.H.N. Thompson, OMM, CD, Director o Geospatial Intelligence

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stand-up o an interim Joint Meteorological Centre in

Gagetown, New Brunswick, on Nov. 13, 2008. By nal

operating capability in 201011, the centre will include

provision o CF-wide weather brieng and orecasting.

The directorate has concluded the rst phase o a

major study to position CDI to efectively deliver the ull

range o 21st century GEOINT capabilities to the DND and

CF. The studys recommendations include the need to es-

tablish a more robust governance regime or the GEOINT

unction within the DND and CF, and CDI has agreed in

principle with this. Stang o the necessary documents

is ongoing.

As part o Canadas ongoing support to operations

in Aghanistan, a D Geo Int team participated with our

U.S. and British colleagues, including NGA, in the highly

successul Operation Rampant Lion 2 mission during the

spring and early summer o 2008. This activity provided

a large volume o GEOINT data and products that were

able to be exploited in near-real time in support o CF

troops, as well as or our allies in theatre. This was

the rst truly integrated D Geo Int operational activity

with a composite team o imagery intelligence experts

rom the CFJIC and geomatics technicians rom the

MCE. It has paved the way or much more integration

o the capability in the uture, both domestically with

other ellow Canadian government departments and

internationally within coalition theatres o operation.

D Geo Int values its relationships with NGA and all its

oreign and domestic partners. The increasing impor-

tance o GEOINT to the collective saety o Canada, its

orces abroad and its partner nations drives D Geo Int to

maintain these indispensible relationships and perorm

its essential missions through the continued provision o

timely, accurate and current GEOINT products.

NGA Director Vice Adm. Robert B. Murrett honored

British Royal Marines Maj. Gen. John Rose on

March 5, 2009, in a ceremony at NGA headquar-

ters in Bethesda, MD. Murrett awarded Rose the

NGA Medallion o Excellence in recognition o his

outstanding contributions to the mission o NGA

and the Commonwealth partnership. Rose, who

serves as the United Kingdoms Assistant Chie o

Deence Staf or Intelligence Capabilities, retires

at the end o March. The ceremony marked his

nal visit to NGA.

Up Front

Bh Gn Hnd Wh NGA Mdn Excnc

British Royal Marines Maj. Gen. John Rose receives the NGA

Medallion o Excellence rom NGA Director Vice Adm. Robert B.

Murrett on March 5, 2009.Ph y Ly Fnkn


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GEOINT S NATOBy Dawn Eilenberger

T N A T Oz (NATO)

todays world has never been more important. NATO

continues to deal with threats such as terrorism, as well

as support peacekeeping missions and humanitarian

and disaster relie eforts, in every corner o the globe.

The changing world environment aced by NATO

increasingly highlights the role o geospatial intelligence

(GEOINT) as a critical enabler.

Inpy nd SnddznWhether at NATO Headquarters or the Supreme Head-

quarters Allied Powers Europe in Belgium, at the NATO

Intelligence Fusion Center in the United Kingdom, or in

theater in the Balkans and Aghanistan, NGA has dem-

onstrated that the provision o GEOINT directly supports

senior decision making and operational commanders.

Todays dynamic world demands that GEOINT support a

wide variety o mission objectives. From inrastructure

studies aiding strategic discussions on reconstruction

eforts to counternarcotics and counterterrorism reports

or current operations, GEOINT is at the oreront as an

enabler o decision making and strategic planning.

As NATO nations bring their national military assets

to bear on global operations, the standardization and

interoperability o equipment and procedures present

an ongoing challenge. A particularly critical area that

NGA is working is joint intelligence, surveillance and

reconnaissance, or Joint ISR. Airborne collection assets

are growing in number, and their use on the battleeld

is becoming evermore decisive. Ensuring interoperability

and data standardization will be key to enabling

coalition operations. NGA, as custodian o a number

o Joint ISR-related NATO standardization agreements, is

committed to working with the NATO nations to

implement common standards.Additionally, the storage, cataloging, retrieval and

dissemination o GEOINT data and imagery become a

greater challenge as the volume o data grows. NGA has

recently assisted NATO with engineering expertise to

develop a NATO standard geospatial technical capability

or management and dissemination o geospatial data

in Aghanistan. NATOs implementation o this standard

capability at the Allied Joint Force Command (JFC)

Brunssum in the Netherlands, the headquarters o the

International Security Assistance Force Aghanistan, and

at the Aghanistan regional commands will ensure all

coalition nations are ghting with the same map.

D ShngGathering and sharing data, as well as producing

actionable intelligence, are key enablers to mission

success. Sharing data in a multinational environment

can be dicult and challenging.

Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers

Europe near Mons, Belgium.

NATO ph


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One example serves to highlight the agencys data

sharing successes. Over the past year, NGA has beenworking with seven other NATO nations in a program

sponsored by JFC Brunssum to produce new geospatial

products over Aghanistan and to ensure an ecient and

efective means o supplying these maps to troops on

the ground. In a hallmark o cooperation, over the next

year this project will yield new topographic maps over

regions that have not been mapped in decades, and the

map depot in Aghanistan will be able to order these

products rom a single, comprehensive catalog.

Cnvgnc Imgy nd Gp

RpnNGAs experiences in Aghanistan have proven the

value o using geospatial and intelligence data to create

products the warghters use in perorming their daily

mission. As NATO and NATO nations work to converge

imagery and geospatial policies and responsibilities, the

valuable knowledge gained on the battleeld will surely

play a role in policy and program development. The Intel-

ligence Fusion Center, where analysts rom NATO nations

work together on critical GEOINT products, provides an

excellent environment in which to teach each other and

develop tradecrat. NGA is committed to supporting the

center with analysts and data to enable the mission.

Expndng NGA NATO Pnc

Increasing NGA support to NATO and the European

Community to support the agencys oreign partners has

led to the recent establishment o a senior international

ocer at NATO Headquarters in Brussels. Additional sup-

port to NATO in the areas o geospatial sharing policy,

disclosure and release guidance, oreign military sales,

and operations in the Balkans, Aghanistan and Iraq are

some o the critical areas that NGAs orward presence

will coordinate.

Mng h Opn ChngAt the 2008 GEOINT Symposium held last October

in Nashville, Tenn., Col. John Fitzgerald o NATOHeadquarters International Military Staf outlined some

o the biggest GEOINT operational challenges. The

complexity o interoperability, data management, and

data sharing is one o the top issues that NATO aces in

day-to-day operations around the world. We must also

place emphasis on GEOINT training and education as

more nations participate in coalition eforts against a

broad array o missions.

A Bgh FNATOs mission continues to grow, and the increased

collaboration with NGA highlights the critical role oGEOINT. NATO is transorming to meet new strategic

challenges, and NGA is poised to contribute to both

NATO operations and NATOs strategic transormation.

DawnEilenberger

NGAOfI

AP.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium.

NATO ph


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C E E UC GEOINTBy Katherine Zimmerman

O M 12, 2008, 7.9

earthquake struck Chinas Sichuan Province, reportedly

killing more than 70,000 Chinese citizens. The

destruction and loss let in the earthquakes atermath

were so catastrophic that the traditionally sel-reliant

country o China accepted ofers o oreign assistance

including those rom the United Statesto support

humanitarian and disaster relie eforts in the region.

Immediately ollowing the earthquake, President Bush

pledged Americas support to the Peoples Republic o

China (PRC) as it began mounting its recovery efort,

saying, The United States stands ready to help in any

way possible.

Organizations including the U.S. Agency or

International Development soon began providing

humanitarian and disaster relie assistance to the

Chinese as part o a consolidated U.S. government

response. In support o this unprecedented activity,

NGAs Oce o International Afairs and Policy (OIP)Disclosure and Release (D&R) Team began working

closely with the Department o State (DOS) to navigate

policy channels to allow the sharing o geospatial

intelligence (GEOINT) products to assist in recovery and

relie-related activities. As analysts rom NGAs Analysis

and Production Directorate set to work on tailored

products, the agency coordinated to reduce production

time and quickly approve the products or release.

On May 16, NGA delivered the rst o numerous

products to DOS, which worked directly with the

Chinese government.

Working with DOS as well as relevant U.S. ederalorganizations, NGA coordinated and processed incom-

ing GEOINT requirements to support the PRCs eforts to

assess the earthquakes efect on inrastructure, roads,

bridges, reservoirs and urban centers. OIP ensured that

GEOINT policy was in place that enabled NGA to utilize

all sources o remotely sensed data to ashion and

create efective GEOINT products. These products

assisted the PRC in locating desperate victims,

identiying serious damage and maintaining

situational awareness regarding the increasing risk to

villages and cities that were being slowly inundated

with water as earthquake-ormed landslides caused

damming on local rivers across numerous afected

areas. NGA analysts also produced earthquake-related

products and analysis in support o the agencys many

mission partners.

As demonstrated time and again by the agencys

support to disaster relie and humanitarian eforts,

both here and abroad, NGAs data, inormation and

products have proven essential to those leading

recovery and response eforts ollowing earthquakes,

hurricanes, oods and other devastating events.

GEOINT products, such as maps, can be quickly created

as simple, easy-to-understand representations o criti-

cal recovery and relie inormation, such as the status

o the key inrastructure within an area devastated bythe orces o nature. The simplicity o these products is

critical to their utility because the end users, including

rst responders, relie workers and provincial and local

ocials, oten have limited experience as consumers o

GEOINT yet need to quickly understand what areas have

been hardest hit by a natural disaster.

The extensive eforts o NGA, in close coordination

with DOS, reinorced the United States commitment

to assist worldwide governments in the wake o a cata-

strophic event. NGAs groundbreaking outreach and

responsiveness to Chinas unusual and unexpected

request once again demonstrated the power o GEOINTto support damage assessments, humanitarian relie

eforts and disaster recovery activities.

KatherineZimmerman

DRT

OfIAP.DF,CISBOfAP,.


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M W G U AM EBy Craig Rickert and Rosemary Simmons

F

Aghanistan as part o the International Security

Assistance Force (ISAF), led by the North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO). As these nations work to assist the

Aghanistan government in securing and developing the

country, their ability to navigate the terrain to accom-

plish their mission remains key. In a true model o mul-tinational cooperation, the United Kingdom, the Czech

Republic, Canada, Norway, Italy, Germany, Poland, the

Netherlands and other European nations have banded

together to provide up-to-date geospatial inormation

and maps covering much o the country.

Experience gained rom early deployments to

Aghanistan generated this efort. As these nations

sent their troops to Aghanistan, they discovered that

geospatial data in that war-torn country had not

been updated in many years. Several nations

began individual eforts to revise the data

and produce maps o the regions wheretheir orces were deployed.

They soon realized that,

in some cases, nations

were duplicating eforts. This realization led to the

establishment o the Aghanistan Production

Coordination Working Group (APCWG), led by the

Allied Joint Force Command (JFC) Brunssum, the NATO

command tasked with overseeing ISAF operations. The

group, consisting o JFC Brunssum and 11 nations, is

charged with coordinating national geospatial productionto meet ISAF geospatial requirements.

The APCWG, which met most recently in September

2008, has made signicant progress in its mission. To

date, seven nations are producing vector data, image city

maps, Multinational Geospatial Co-Production Derived

Graphics (MGCP-DGs), and ull specication

topographic line maps over most o

Aghanistan, using

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commercial imagery. An ISAF catalog, developed by the

group, designates the standard products to be used by thecoalition orces on the ground. The catalog is updated

as new products are produced and agreed to by the

participating nations. So ar, the group has produced

approximately 150 new map sheets, with more due or

delivery by the end o 2009.

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Production o new products is just the beginning.

The APCWG group also took on and solved the challengeo developing an ecient supply chain or delivery o

these multinational products to the orces in Aghanistan.

As with the early production eforts, JFC Brunssum real-

ized that the ISAF participating nations were supplying

By David Carey


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CraigRickert(NotPictured)andRosemarySimmons

CRfSOMD,

CSA.

RSfOfIAPISTDLANGAx.

geospatial products to their troops unilaterally or through

national shipments to the theater map depot (TMD) in

Aghanistan, which stores and distributes coalition maps

in Aghanistan. The result was that the TMD sometimes

had multiple versions o maps over the same area, with no

clear idea o which was the most current and correct, nor

any way to manage what was being shipped into theater.

In June 2008, the United States, the United Kingdom and

Canada worked together to develop a recommendation ora supply methodology that would standardize distribution

o products. The recommendation was endorsed by the

APCWG, and JFC Brunssum published a standard operat-

ing procedure in September 2008 directing the APCWG

nations to ollow the new methodology when supplying

products to theater.

NGA has taken a lead role in coordinating the supply

o products with the APCWG nations and JFC Brunssum,

working with the Deense Logistics Agency to manage the

receipt, cataloging, stocking and distribution o products

to the TMD. As a result o the standardized process, the

TMD will have the ability, or the rst time, to place a single

order or products and receive those products through a

single supply system, enhancing its ability to manage and

replenish stocks. The TMD can now supply the orward map

distribution points within Aghanistan, ensuring

up-to-date geospatial products or use by coalition troops.

Coalition operations have become the norm in the

21st century. Thanks to multinational cooperation, theISAF coalition orces are getting the geospatial products

they need to perorm their vital mission. As British Lt.

Col. John Fennell, chie geospatial ocer, JFC Brunssum,

stated, The APCWG is a shining example o how national

production agencies can work together, make best use o

available production efort and make a real diference or

the [men and women] in the eldthat seems like win,

win, win to me.

U.S. soldiers survey the land rom a ridge in

the Zabul province, Aghanistan. Throughthe eorts o a multinational working group,

coalition orces are receiving the geospatial

products they require.

U.S. Amy ph y S Sg. Adm Mncn


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A T E I GEOINT S-SBy Carlos Montenegro

NGA

consistent orward geospatial intelligence (GEOINT)

support to the warghter through its network o deployed

GEOINT Support Teams (GSTs). NGA is ollowing on this

success by establishing a bilateral exchange agreement

with the Ministry o Deense, Republic o Iraq, and

assisting the Multinational Security and Transition

Command Iraq (MNSTC-I), which is charged with

developing the capabilities o the Iraqi Security Forces.NGAs Oce o International Afairs and Policy (OIP) is

supporting the stand-up o Iraqs Imagery and Mapping

Directorate (IMD), within the Directorate General o Intel-

ligence and Security (DGIS), through establishment o a

Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA). The

BECA will acilitate the exchange o geospatial data and

provide the necessary oundation or IMD to support

Iraqi military orces with GEOINT and decrease Iraqs

reliance on U.S. orces.

In 2006, NGA Director Vice Adm. Robert B. Murrett

took the initial steps to assist MNSTC-I during his rst

visit to Iraq. He has since deployed a permanent GST toBaghdad to support MNSTC-Is Intelligence Transition

Team and its efort to stand up Iraqs military intelli-

gence, including IMD. In addition to deploying the GST,

Murrett signed a Statement o Intent on Jan. 7, 2008,

with the Director General o DGIS to orm a close work-

ing relationship between NGA and DGIS.

In order to coordinate this emerging international

relationship, OIP established a ull-time international

ocer to coordinate the eforts o an NGA Iraq Country

Team that includes representation rom all NGA

organizations with core roles in the Iraqi partnership.

Between March 21 and 31, 2008, members o the Iraq

Country Team traveled to Baghdad to evaluate IMD

acilities, personnel and capabilities and to identiy

areas where NGA could work with the IMD. The team

determined several areas or mutual eforts that

will produce quality GEOINT or Iraqi military orces

and support joint counterterrorism operations in a

coalition environment. The partnership will include

geographic inormation system training and IMD access

to NGA standard products and commercially available

imagery. When signed, the BECA will be the rst o its

kind with the Iraqi Ministry o Deense, establishing a

permanent exchange relationship o controlled unclassi-

ed inormation and providing or the necessary training

and geospatial data or Iraqi sel-reliance.

Establishing a GEOINT exchange relationship

with any oreign partner has inherent risks thatchallenge the status quo and must be balanced with

the real benets o supporting an allied partner in a

A poster illustrates cooperation between U.S. and

Iraqi orces in the ormer Marine Corps base o Camp

Fallujah, Iraq. A bilateral exchange agreement will

decrease the Iraqi Security Forces dependence onU.S. GEOINT support.

Ph y Rchd Ann


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CarlosMontenegro

fOfI

APNGA-I.

joint combat environment. To guide these deliberations,

the NGA Iraq Country Team evaluates risks against the

numerous national intelligence objectives outlined by

the Director o National Intelligence, the Department o

Deense and the U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM

or CENTCOM). The team has developed a risk mitigation

plan to limit the risk o any unauthorized disclosure and

protect NGA resources.

NGA coordinated its BECA efort throughout theIntelligence Community. The Oce o the Under

Secretary o Deense or Intelligence and the Department

o State have concurred on this efort. NGA is awaiting

ormal approval rom the Oce o the Under Secretary

o Deense or Policy beore initiating bilateral discus-

sions with the Iraqi Ministry o Deense. The proposed

BECA will enable NGA to provide the necessary data

and training and acilitate IMD capacity building in

accordance with CENTCOM strategic plans and MNSTC-I

mission objectives.

The benets o ostering a relationship with IMD can

be seen today. Ater the resurgence o violence, which

began in Al Basrah in April 2008, IMD came into its own

and helped Iraqi Security Forces with time-dominant

GEOINT support. Working under demanding time

constraints, IMD produced numerous Arabic-annotated

photomaps that proved critical in the planning and

successul execution o several high-prole operations

involving elements o the Iraqi Counterterrorism Center,

the Iraqi Army, local and national police and coalition

orces. In late August, IMD was asked by the Ministryo the Interiors (MOIs) National Inormation and

Investigation Agency to provide a number o products to

support border security efortsthe rst instance o DGIS

support to the MOI.

The BECA will decrease the Iraqi Security Forces

dependence on U.S. GEOINT support and enable Iraqi

sel-reliance. As U.S. orces draw down and Iraqi orces

assume increasing control over security in the country,

NGA will continue to support the MNSTC-I mission, os-

tering greater sel-suciency or DGIS and IMD through

the continued exchange o unclassied geospatial data

and greater GEOINT training or IMD personnel.

Aerial view o Baghdad.

DOD ph


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NGA F C CBy Alan Higgins and Peter Paquette

G (GEOINT)

analytical collaboration remain vital to achieving NGAs

strategic vision. As the ollowing examples demonstrate,

the agency embraces the unique opportunity o provid-

ing tools to acilitate GEOINT collaboration between the

United States and its Commonwealth partners.

Qdp QnpThe analytical eforts o the United States, Canada,

Australia and the United Kingdom collectively orm the

Quadripartite Committee, or Quad. NGAs multidisci-

plinary government and contractor personnel perorm

crucial roles, ensuring that analysts working within the

Quad environment have the tools and resources to per-

orm their mission-critical work.

As the National System or Geospatial Intelligence

(NSG) transorms, NGA is challenged to ensure that the

Quad transorms in concert with the NSG. This means

leveraging NGA capabilities to implement similar, even

identical, capabilities within the Quad. The opportuni-

ties to improve the Quads technological, analytical andcollaborative capabilities are tremendous.

Two actors are increasing the scope and complexity

o the challenge. Quad analysts need analytical tools

and systems to access data while working as integrated

team members within NGA work spaces, and the recent

inclusion o New Zealand in the Commonwealth imagery

sharing arrangement is transorming the Quad environ-

ment into the Quintipartite environment.

Two projects, recently completed by NGA, illustrate

the breadth o activities ostering collaboration and thesharing o GEOINT. They stretch rom NGAs U.S. acilities

across oceans to the acilities o the agencys Common-

wealth partners.

Th Bjng Oympc CIn a rst or NGA, analysts rom Australia, Canada,

the United Kingdom and New Zealand worked around

the clock alongside their NGA colleagues supporting

the agencys Beijing Olympics Reachback Cell in St.

Louis, Mo., monitoring the 2008 summer games. These

Commonwealth partners exploited imagery, reviewed

requests or and evaluated sources o inormation, and

wrote reports that U.S. and Commonwealth personnel

could access in their respective countries.

Another rst or this efort was the use o an expanded

network to provide dissemination and exploitation

capabilities or the Commonwealth analysts working

with their U.S. colleagues. For the Olympics cell, NGA

quickly implemented the system in St. Louis. The

Ph y Gy Img.

Ph n y Ank McMn.


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p

9

newly installed network exceeded all operating require-

ments. Although analysts downloaded ar more imagery

than originally envisioned, the systems design and

the close collaboration between analysts and system

developers enabled the network to handle the additional

volume. Lessons learned rom the experience will be

applied to a more ully capable system in 2009, increas-

ing the collaborative capabilities among Commonwealth

and U.S. analysts.The Olympics cell set the bar high or uture integrated

eforts with Commonwealth allies. The reliability o the

systems used, the precision o the products created, and

the proessionalism o both Commonwealth and NGA

personnel provided a unique glance into the uture o

multinational intelligence collaboration.

A Fndy CpyNGA managed the development o the TC-2X system

designed to provide Australias Deence Imagery and

Geospatial Organisation (DIGO) with the capability o

receiving imagery rom the developing QuintipartiteGEOINT system. The system designer recently

demonstrated the ull operational

capability o the system ahead o

schedule, under budget and with exceptional

perormance. This outstanding perormance illustrates

how an efective partnership gets the job donethe

right way. The main organizations involved in TC-2X are

DIGO, the Deence Material Organization (DMO), which

manages contracts on behal o the Australian Deence

Forces, and NGA. The new system and capability that

DIGO now possesses are the culmination o more than

ve years o efort.Although collaboration and sharing o GEOINT with

Commonwealth partners are daunting, ever-changing

tasks, these examples demonstrate the success NGA has

achieved. NGA is meeting these challenges head on and

actively searching or new and smarter ways to integrate

its mission partners into NGAs global eforts.

The Temple o Heaven, Beijing, China.

Commonwealth analysts worked

alongside their NGA colleagues

to support the agencys Beijing

Olympics Reachback Cell.

Ph y Gy Img

AlanHigginsandPeterPaquette

AHASAC

x.PPfNGASTC,A.


19/32

A T E S G NBy Stephanie Chang

S S. 11, NGA

collection, analysis and other systems into theater as the

demand or technology to exploit and share geospatial

intelligence has grown at a rapid pace. Today, in direct

support o deployed personnel and mission partners,

the agency deploys over 100 systems across multiple

networks in more than 35 locations worldwide. Ensur-

ing the security o those systems beore and ater their

implementation is one o the challenges o rapid deploy-ment. NGAs Accreditations and Risk Analysis Division

(CSA) in the Inormation Security Management Oce o

the Oce o the Chie Inormation Ocer has met that

challenge head on. The division works with multiple

military, intelligence and international partners to make

sure that no matter where NGA systems are located, the

inormation NGA provides to warghters is protected

rom adversaries.

A Unq ChngCSA assesses the overall security risk o all systems

the agency deploys. Properly securing NGA systems

prevents disclosing inormation to unauthorized enti-

ties while allowing authorized users quick and reliable

access to data. To that end, the division has established

procedures or certiying and accrediting all NGA systems

and networks that reside within agency spaces.

Externally deployed NGA systems posed a uniquechallenge as the systems had to be integrated within

the ootprints o the combatant commands. Each

partners inormation assurance team has its own

established process, so the integration o NGA systems

in command ootprints required collaboration. All

stakeholders jointly agreed to a way orward, adopting a

common certication and accreditation (C&A) approach

to secure the networks.

Ph y Gy Img.

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p

9

The U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM or CENTCOM)

became a test bed or this evolving collaborative process

as the commands need increased or deployed systems

to support orces in its area o responsibility (AOR). With

multiple intelligence and military agencies involved,

concerns grew about inormation and systems security.

In June 2007, CENTCOM called or a common

approach to the protection and sharing o inormation

within its AOR. A CSA senior liaison working with NGAsOce o Global Support (OGS) stated that this was

the catalyst or us to sit down and look at our own C&A

process to make sure it meets both NGA and the DOD

[Department o Deense] requirements. The ultimate

goal is to make sure that the end user doesnt sufer,

that [the warghters] get what they need, but the inor-

mation is protected.

A Cv AppchCSA stood up tiger teams, specialized groups to exam-

ine the existing C&A processes, to satisy both DOD and

NGA requirements or deployed NGA systems to makesure that the agency is in line with its DOD partners

needs. By collaborating with CENTCOM, the Deense

Inormation Systems Agency, the Deense Intelligence

Agency, and other partners with a presence in the

CENTCOM AOR, CSA ullled both NGA and mission

partner requirements or C&A to meet the need to deploy

secure systems rapidly.

In the summer o 2007, the CSA division chie de-

ployed with OGS to multiple regions in the CENTCOM

AOR to get a clearer picture

o local requirements. The

biggest benet o working

directly with the end users was

to help CSA understand the opera-

tional mentality o the warghters and

to ensure the C&A process works within the

operational tempo in theater.

All this efort culminated in a reciprocity agreementbetween the DOD and Intelligence Community (IC) chie

inormation ocers in August 2008. The agreement

states that the DOD and the IC will adopt common

guidelines to streamline and build reciprocity into the

certication and accreditation process. This allows

military and intelligence mission partners to accept each

others C&A standards and processes or deployed

systems and to share inormation on those systems.

Rpd Dpymn ScSym Wdwd

The hard work o CSA and other stakeholders hasresulted in a aster, more streamlined process or de-

ploying secure NGA systems into theater with a clearer

understanding o each mission partners C&A process.

CSA has achieved dramatic improvement in the deployed

systems accreditation rate, rom just over 10 percent in

February 2008 to a current rate o nearly 90 percent. All

o this translates into more secure systems and more

protected inormation or warghters to better execute

their mission.

StephanieChang

-C

TOfCIOf.


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Partnerships

A GEOINT R P VBy Lachlan Wilson

Editors Note: The ollowing article was adapted rom

DIGOs Eyes in the Sky, which originally appeared

in Deence, the ofcial magazine o Australias

Deence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation.

A NGA

major international conerence, Austra-

lias Deence Imagery and Geospatial

Organisation (DIGO) continued to build

its vital international relationships

and its intelligence capabilities

throughout 2008. The DIGONGA

partnership highlights the impor-

tance o these relationships.

An Efcv AncInternational partnerships are

vital to the business o DIGO. Tradi-

tionally, the United States, Australia,

Canada and the United Kingdom have

ormed a unique and special partner-

ship concerning the sharing o geospa-tial intelligence (GEOINT). In 2008, New

Zealand was readmitted to this partnership

ater an absence o more than 20 years.

Australias requirements or GEOINT are global.

Like its allies, Australia has strategic and economic

interests around the world and troops deployed abroad

in international coalitions. In this environment, inter-

national burden sharing and cooperation on GEOINT

are critical. Vice Adm. Robert B. Murrett, the head o

NGA, DIGOs U.S. counterpart, visited DIGO in 2008 and

provided a very useul perspective on collaboration and

the value the United States obtains rom working closely

with Australia. International partnerships, with Austra-

lia in particular, are absolutely vital. In act, its remark-

able how much Australia adds to making us collectively

more efective in Asia.

Murrett cited successul support to the 2007 Asia-

Pacic Economic Cooperation Leaders Summit in

Sydney and the signicant impact o U.S.Australian

GEOINT cooperation on humanitarian relie operations

since the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami as

achievements that individually we never could have

accomplished.

He also stressed the importance o GEOINT collabora-

tion in supporting military operations, in particular

through the provision o orward support. The way that

NGA and DIGO are most efective in supporting our oper-

ational orces is to be there with them and be embedded

parts o the teams.


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p

9

The vital contribution DIGO also makes in the

eld o mapping is reected in Murretts remarks

about the Pacic. We have joint requirements in

terms o topographic, aeronautical and also nautical

inormationwhich is very important in the Pacic

because o the vast water areas that are involved.

We are cooperating very closely with Australia on all o

that because o the sheer amount o efort it takes to

have the best geospatial data we can have or all o thePacic region.

A Hc FmCoordination across the international GEOINT com-

munity is achieved through an annual heads o agency

board meeting, supplemented by quarterly participa-

tion by these partner agencies in the broader National

System or Geospatial Intelligence Senior Management

Council (NSMC), which brings together all the U.S.

Combatant Commands, producer organisations and

Commonwealth collaborators. Quarterly participation

is via videoteleconerence (VTC), usually at 3:00 a.m.Australian Eastern time because o the diculties o

establishing a worldwide VTC.

The agency board meeting is the primary means

through which the partners can discuss ace to ace the

governance and strategic direction o the partnership. It

also plays host to subgroups that come together at the

working level to discuss and plan business operations,

capability development, and research and development.

Each o the members brings complementary strengths

and resources, as well as independent perspectives to

the partnership. Conerence discussion is usually rank

and robust. In the view o Clive Lines, the Director oDIGO, the agency board meeting should be about ideas,

rather than bries.

The 2008 agency board meeting was historic or two

reasons. It was the rst hosted by DIGO in Canberra, and

it was the rst opportunity or New Zealand to participate

as a ull member.

Key themes at the 2008 meeting included burden

sharing, communication systems, and capability

development. Underpinning all these are ongoing initia-

tives to enhance data interconnectivity and analytical

exchange between the partners, such as next generation

e-mail and common data repositories.

Participants discussed urther developing the usion

o GEOINT with other sources o inormation, in particular

signals intelligence. Fusion has become increasinglyimportant to the GEOINT production process. It consoli-

dates and meaningully depicts diverse data in a single

product to give the intelligence customer a unique

insight into an issue. Fusion has vital applications in

military and counterterrorism operationsor example,

in providing indicators and warnings about the locations

and uses o improvised explosive devices or about ter-

rorist activities and operations.

The true measure o the efectiveness o the 2008

agency board meeting in establishing a platorm or

cooperation over the ollowing year will not be apparent

until the next gathering in London in 2009, when prog-

ress against agreed initiatives can be gauged. But the

consensus view o conerence delegates on departure

was that the 2008 agency board meeting had generated

outstanding momentum or uture cooperation and

urther integration o all partners respective national

GEOINT systems.

This article draws in part rom an interview conducted

by the author with Vice Adm. Murrett on March 21,

2008, prior to his attendance at the 2008 agency

board meeting.

LachlanWilson

PSC

DIGO.


23/32

Ph y Jp Img.

Ph n y Ank McMn.

Our Heritage

GEOINT F G S PBy Dr. Gary E. Weir

H j ,

sense o having already experienced something just

encountered. Everyone has that eeling on occasion. For

example, given recent television news stories, does this

sound amiliar?

Above all, the cost o dealing with the pirates was

excessive. The locals were numerous, well-armed,

and dangerous. To impose order on a population

reduced to poverty and not inrequently starvingwould have required a major military expedition.

The human cost would be high, and the diplomatic

problems grave. Such an operation would be,

in efect, a short-term invasion and conquest.

The alternative naval response, instituting

regular patrols, would have

been uneconomic.

This certainly describes those conditions in Somalia

and of the Horn o Arica responsible or a current rash

o piracy very dicult to control. However, Kings College

historian, Proessor Andrew Lambert, recently composed

the above passage to describe the eforts o the British

government to address the efects o Rif tribal piracy

in the Mediterranean Sea in the mid-19th century! He

concluded that the British authorities adopted the only

reasonable course open to them. They supported aresurgent local Moroccan government and let its central

control over the area subdue the tribes involved in

piracy. An efective customs system with reasonable

tarifs and a police organization to enorce expectations

eventually presented the best long-term solution. In this

case, the British looked to a combination o inormed

authority, regional awareness, national inrastructure

and efective enorcement to restore local stability and

reedom o action. This made normal trade possible, as

well as efective international diplomacy, an essential

tool or peace and prosperity.

However, you cannot implement any o

these things so important

to arresting piracy i

you do not have a

very high level o

regional aware-

ness. You must

know where the

pirates make their

base, what ships and

boats they can use,

their movement by

land and sea, their

numbers, and their

order o battle. Any

efort to accom-

plish these ends

also requires

intimacy with


24/32

p

9

regional geography. The British discovered all o this

the hard way when the Rif tribes rst became a major

regional nuisance in the 1840s. Scholars have discov-

ered a amiliar scenario in studying these North Arican

pirates, who regularly seized merchant vessels sailing

under a variety o colors. As one historian observed,

When the inevitable naval vessel turned up to

recover the captured ship, or simply bring down

some righteous indignation on the locals, they soon

discovered an uncomortable truth. The British had

little knowledge o the area, lacking accurate maps,

and reliable charts. The Bu Gaar villages were

almost impossible to locate, oten out-o-sight and

invulnerable to bombardment, as were the boats,

which the Rif buried in the sand, or hid in caves.

The coast was dominated by clifs, a marked advan-

tage in a reght. The same vantage point enabled

them to spot approaching warships with their

excellent telescopes, and they used signal res tocommunicate orders.

Regardless o whether the international community

employed orce, political support or local authorities,

or diplomacy, the protagonists would need geospatial

inormation to understand the threat and the terrain

while weighing options that promised a possible solu-

tion. The 19th century did not permit aerial photography,

but maps and charts o the coastline and the pirate

staging areas in the interior made efective action pos-

sible. Those intent on illegally seizing ships, crews and

cargoes depended on an adversarys ignorance o the

landscape, his inability to discover the best landingpoints along the shore, and the amount o time he would

waste looking or pirate vessels hidden in caves and

inlets in a oreign land. Indeed a oray ashore by the

north German navy with a orce o 60 in 1856 ended in

deeat at the hands o the Rif pirates, excellent marks-

men rom the high shoreline clifs. The north German

venture took heavy casualties, including Adm. Prince

Adelbert o Prussia, wounded while serving as expedi-

tion commander. The British and Germans, as well as the

French, quickly learned the value o maps, charts, terrain

data, ocean depth estimates, village locations, points o

embarkation, preerred weapons, expertise with those

weapons and any intelligence inormation regarding

pirate movement.

These particulars are as important to modern

geospatial analysts as they were to our proessional

predecessors over a century ago. Geospatial tools and

inormation provided the imperial European powers o

the 19th century with a broad context o physical and

cultural knowledge upon which to build policies and

local plans o action in response to the Rif pirates.

The geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) generated byNGA today, augmented by imagery, digital charts and

GPS-based location systems, will provide a 21st century

context or the solutions and policies designed to arrest

modern piracy. The United States, our Commonwealth

allies, France and others, as well as those all-important

regional authorities and cultural orces, will once again

address this problem and build a solution on a geospa-

tial oundation. Pirates violate the rights o all. GEOINT is

playing a major role in acilitating a global solution.

Dr.GaryE.Weir

is the NGA Historian.


25/32

November 19, 2008

The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency randomly chose a day tohighlight the variety o signifcant agency activities involved in deliveringgeospatial intelligence to the nation.

Photos represent a typical day at NGA.

line maps to the Theater Map

Depot in Kandahar, Aghani-stan. These Aghanistan mapsare being produced by oreignpartners to aid the InternationalSecurity Assistance Force (ISAF)Aghanistan coalition.

Human Development RecruitmentServices processed applicantsrom NGAs rst major hiringevent, which was held 1315

November. NGA received5,616 rsums and conducted1,185 interviews resulting in 698conditional oers o employment.

Two members o the Presidential

Transition Team conducted theirinitial visit to NGA. They wereinterested in a variety o top-ics, including source mitigationchallenges, domestic secu-rity, analytic collaboration andE.O.12333 NSG FunctionalManagement authorities.

Geospatial Intelligence Ad-vancement Testbed personnel at

a orward operating location insoutheast Asia installed a nodesupporting PACOM/SOCPAC.

The Oce o Financial Manage-ment delivered NGAs AgencyFinancial Report to the Directoro National Intelligence, theOce o Management andBudget, and Congress.

The Oce o International A-

airs and Policy (OIP) provided astock o new 1:50K topographic

@

GREAT DAY

NGA

A

The Enterprise Operations Direc-

torate printed 21,000 maps, rep-licated 4,700 optical media andscanned 115 charts; processed


26/32

18 print and 74 georeerencedmaps or electronic availabil-ity; compiled and shipped ve500GB rewire drives and 10optical media drives; generated450 media; and purchased60,000 aeronautical productsor customers.

The Oce o General Counselgave 78 legal opinions/advice tointernal and external clients. Thisincluded travel topics, collectiono EEO data/records and docu-ments, aliate benets, liabilityinsurance or employees, industryinteraction, licensing agreements,data rights questions, procure-

ment o server maintenance ques-tion, and a Ft. Belvoir opinion onoverhead barriers.

The Oce o Global Support(OGS) reached a milestone inwelcoming its 400th deployer tothe NGA Volunteer Deployment

Team. Since initiated in Septem-ber 2001, OGS has deployedover 1,600 times in support ocustomers around the world.

NGA celebrated support to the2008 Beijing Olympics withan awards ceremony to honorthe contributors. The event washosted by the Oce o AsiaPacics Olympic support team.

Construction continued at NewCampus East with 42 steelbeams being put in place.

NGA Test Organization (NTO)conducted test number 2,931.The NTO is the independent test

authority to issue Certicatesto Field or all NGA productsto the Department o DeenseIntelligence Inormation Systems(DoDIIS) community.

The Directors Action Centerbroadcast the daily Operationsand Intelligence meeting to42 sites worldwide, giving anupdate to the Director, NGA and

his leadership team on currentintelligence events, such as theexercise COLD START, as well asour mission posture.

The Oce o International Aairsand Policy worked with theAnalysis and ProductionDirectorate to bring a Battleeld


27/32

Inormation Collection &Exploitation System (BICES)workstation online.

The State Department NGASupport Team attended theDepartment o State-chairedInternational Athletic EventsSecurity Coordinating Group.Items discussed included secu-rity planning and exercises or

the Vancouver 2010 WinterOlympics, security planning andIntelligence Community involve-ment with the April 2009 Summito Americas in Trinidad andTobago, the 2010 South AricaWorld Cup, and the 2012London Summer Olympics.

NGA Support Team analystscreated terrain maps o ourcountries that will be used indetermining possible illegalcrossings away rom borderposts. They also coordinatedwith a deployed analyst at JointTask ForceGuantanamo Bay onan Aghanistan map that wascreated in 2001.

The Source Operations andManagement Directorate sup-ported the COLD START exercisewith people assigned rom theGEOINT Foundation Oceworking 205 hours.

There are currently multiple NSApersonnel partnering with NGAanalysts to tackle complex intel-ligence problems. NSA is activelyworking to embed additionalanalysts in NGA spaces to urther

the joint analytic collaboration.

The Security and Installation Op-erations Directorate provided fushots to employees in the East andat the West acilities. Total shotsor the year are 2,880 in the Eastand 1,493 in the West or a totalo 4,373 employees inoculated.


28/32

The Oce o Diversity Manage-ment and Equal EmploymentOpportunity hosted its QuarterlyAwards Ceremony, presenting 30Special Act and Time O awards

as well as a special Making aDierence Team Award.

The Analytic Visualization Divi-sion editors worked closely withCIA counterparts to arrange areciprocal collaborative eort.Ater a CIA editor participated ina September visit to NGA, plans

to invite NGA senior editors toCIA spaces began. Ater coordi-nating with the CIA NGA Sup-port Team, a reciprocal visit wasscheduled or mid-December. Theinteraction has been so positive

that NGA plans to extend partici-pation with editor counterparts atDIA, NSA, and the Pentagon.

The Oce o Corporate Commu-nications gave Media Trainingand NGA In the News brie-ings to a class o 12 advancedimagery analysts and edited13 news articles, 77 businesscards, the script or NGA News-

breaks, and one brochure. TheCongressional branch deliveredIraq maps to the Senate andresponded to multiple Congres-sional sta queries.

Oce o GEOINT Sciences,processed inormation or theGPS satellites and sent the inor-

mation o to the Air Force in atimely manner.

The Acquisition and SourceOperations and ManagementDirectorates teamed to generateover 100 geospatial andcommercial imagery products.


29/32

T D A

SAVE THE DATE

GEOINT TECH DAYS

J U N E 2 - 4 , 2 0 0 9

The fth annual

GEOINT Tech Days is

just around the corner!

Tech Days provides a valuable

and unique opportunity or

USGIF members rom government,

industry and academia to showcase

the latest geospatial intelligence

technologies and capabilities in

a small, inviting environment.

For more inormation, please visit

www.usgi.org/Events_TechDays.aspx

Produced by the United States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation (USGIF)

in cooperation with the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)

NGA TechNoloGyDAy

8:30 a.m. - 2:30 p.m.

Classifed Session

This event continues to serve as a premier opportunity

to unite and explore new ways to harness the power

of geospatial intelligence to address tomorrows

challenges. NGAs exhibits will highlight GEOINT

products, emerging technologies and cutting-edgetools utilized in forward support throughout the world.

NGA Headquarters - Bethesda, MD

NGA TechNoloGyDAy

8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.

June 2 is limited to the NGA workforce. For more

information on this, please see the splash page.

NGA Headquarters - Bethesda, MD

DAY

2-WEDS.,JUNE3

D

AY1-TUES.,JUNE2

USGIF TechNoloGyDAy

8:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m.

Unclassifed Session

USGIF members d isp lay the la test geospat ia l

intelligence technologies in an unclassified setting totruly examine the future of the tradecraft. The USGIF

Technology Day also lends itself to be a great, low-

key networking venue in an intimate tradeshow floor.

Transportation for NGA personnel will be provided from select NGA sites

to the Hyatt Regency Reston. Please see the splash page for more details.

Hyatt Regency Reston - Reston, VA

DAY3-THURS

.,JUNE4


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18196 March April 09 Pathfinder LRWeb

Documents

Transcript of 18196 March April 09 Pathfinder LRWeb