1815-19141815-1914

Political, Eurocentric view of Political, Eurocentric view of worldworld

Non political developments of Non political developments of 1919thth century? century?

Non political developmentsNon political developments Pasteurization- connecting many scientific dots toward Pasteurization- connecting many scientific dots toward

understanding disease, sterilization, etc.understanding disease, sterilization, etc. Transportation- ties together world much quicker- canals, Transportation- ties together world much quicker- canals,

turnpikes, clipper ships, steam powered engines, railroadsturnpikes, clipper ships, steam powered engines, railroads Industrialization mass production cheaper goods world Industrialization mass production cheaper goods world

linked economies, urbanizationlinked economies, urbanization Class consciousness forms Marx and Socialism Class consciousness forms Marx and Socialism Slavery discredited and basically ended U.S., Brazil, Russia Slavery discredited and basically ended U.S., Brazil, Russia

race issues rethoughtrace issues rethought Women’s rights/gender issues change Susan Anthony Women’s rights/gender issues change Susan Anthony

Declaration of Sentiments recognition of women as Declaration of Sentiments recognition of women as oppressed minorityoppressed minority

On The Origin of Species- New Religious perspectives of On The Origin of Species- New Religious perspectives of world, new glorification of scienceworld, new glorification of science

World War I- Great War World War I- Great War CausesCauses

MilitarismMilitarism ImperialismImperialism NationalismNationalism Alliance SystemAlliance System

Militarism and ImperialismMilitarism and Imperialism

Rivalry/competition between Rivalry/competition between European powersEuropean powers

Africa/Asia divided; controlled by Africa/Asia divided; controlled by European powersEuropean powers

Wish to expand colonial possessions Wish to expand colonial possessions esp. Germanyesp. Germany

Militaristic buildup in Europe; arms Militaristic buildup in Europe; arms racerace

NationalismNationalism

German/French rivalry from German/French rivalry from Franco/Prussian war from Napoleonic Franco/Prussian war from Napoleonic warswars

Nationalism grows as 19Nationalism grows as 19thth century century progresses; traditional monarchical progresses; traditional monarchical empires grow tired,passe examples?empires grow tired,passe examples?

Many ethnic peoples want Many ethnic peoples want independenceindependence

Alliance SystemAlliance System

Growth of Germany and german military Growth of Germany and german military power alters balance of power on power alters balance of power on continentcontinent

Britain always wary of balance of power Britain always wary of balance of power shifts to an alliance with Franceshifts to an alliance with France

France and Russia look to each other as France and Russia look to each other as surrounding Germanysurrounding Germany

Germany naturally with Austria-Hungary Germany naturally with Austria-Hungary and Ottoman empire addedand Ottoman empire added

Two prominent alliances; one incident can Two prominent alliances; one incident can plunge continent into warplunge continent into war

Trigger Trigger Assassination of heir to the throne of Assassination of heir to the throne of

Austria-Hungary empireAustria-Hungary empire Franz Ferdinand visiting small Austrian Franz Ferdinand visiting small Austrian

state of Bosnia-part of empire gets state of Bosnia-part of empire gets assassinated by Serb person (Gabriello assassinated by Serb person (Gabriello Princip) wishing to unify Serb peoples into Princip) wishing to unify Serb peoples into a nation-statea nation-state

Assassination starts string of events that Assassination starts string of events that bring about war-bring about war-

Sarajevo today- plaque that commemorates Sarajevo today- plaque that commemorates assassin as great man for firing the shot assassin as great man for firing the shot that brought about Serbian nationhoodthat brought about Serbian nationhood

19141914

-Austrian-Hungarian empire threaten Serbia with -Austrian-Hungarian empire threaten Serbia with destruction because of assassinationdestruction because of assassination

Serbs look to fellow slavic people namely RussiaSerbs look to fellow slavic people namely Russia

Austria looks to alliance with GermansAustria looks to alliance with Germans

Russia looks to alliance with FrenchRussia looks to alliance with French

Late June assassination; early August War in Late June assassination; early August War in EuropeEurope

Von Schlieffen PlanVon Schlieffen Plan

German plan to fight against Russia and German plan to fight against Russia and France invade France like a pivoting door France invade France like a pivoting door through Belgium and capture Paristhrough Belgium and capture Paris

German advance stopped in France only miles German advance stopped in France only miles from Paris; both sides develop huge trench from Paris; both sides develop huge trench system where both armies will stay for four system where both armies will stay for four years-years-

Western FrontWestern Front

Trenches- miles long, deeply dug into ground, rooms Trenches- miles long, deeply dug into ground, rooms actually built to protect as bombproofsactually built to protect as bombproofs

Western front becomes four years of massive artillery, Western front becomes four years of massive artillery, charges across open fields and charges across open fields and failurefailure

No man’s landNo man’s land separates two trenches with barbed separates two trenches with barbed wire and other impedimentswire and other impediments

New weapons of war airplanes, subs, poison gas, New weapons of war airplanes, subs, poison gas, tankstanks

Eastern FrontEastern Front

Germans and Austrians against Germans and Austrians against RussiansRussians

Russians lose virtually every battleRussians lose virtually every battleRussians overwhelmingly agricultural Russians overwhelmingly agricultural

country unable to fight full modern country unable to fight full modern industrial warindustrial war

Famine at home death on battlefield Famine at home death on battlefield leads populace to grow weary of war- leads populace to grow weary of war- leads to Russian Revolution in 1917leads to Russian Revolution in 1917

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution

1905 end of huge defeat against Japanese leads 1905 end of huge defeat against Japanese leads to urban proletariat leading revolution against to urban proletariat leading revolution against government- Czar allows some new ideasgovernment- Czar allows some new ideas

Vladimir Lenin supported by Germans will be Vladimir Lenin supported by Germans will be sent into Moscow to stir up revolution sent into Moscow to stir up revolution

Bolsheviks will overthrow Czarist Russian in 1917Bolsheviks will overthrow Czarist Russian in 1917 Bolshevik program: peace,land,bread; worker Bolshevik program: peace,land,bread; worker

control of production; all power to the Sovietscontrol of production; all power to the Soviets Russia becomes S. Union becomes Communist Russia becomes S. Union becomes Communist

country drops out of warcountry drops out of war Ideas of Karl Marx somewhat implemented Ideas of Karl Marx somewhat implemented

equality of income, powerful centralized govt.equality of income, powerful centralized govt.

Russian HistoryRussian History

Influence of Mongol control into 1400’sInfluence of Mongol control into 1400’s Peter the Great from 1600’s begins Peter the Great from 1600’s begins

westernization of Russia (1703)westernization of Russia (1703) Catherine the Great expands Russian empire Catherine the Great expands Russian empire

to Black Sea (mid 1700’s)to Black Sea (mid 1700’s) Expansion of 1800’s across Asia competition Expansion of 1800’s across Asia competition

with British empirewith British empire Huge Russian empire gains land from 1400-Huge Russian empire gains land from 1400-

18001800 Late 19Late 19thth century industrialization efforts but century industrialization efforts but

still overwhelmingly agricultural empire still overwhelmingly agricultural empire

Civil War in RussiaCivil War in Russia

Whites and Reds battle for 1917-Whites and Reds battle for 1917-19211921

Americans and British support Americans and British support whites- anti communist forceswhites- anti communist forces

Why?Why?

United States brought United States brought into Warinto War

U.S. desperately wants to stay outU.S. desperately wants to stay out Remains neutral in 1914Remains neutral in 1914 Pres. Election 1916 “he (Wilson) kept us out of Pres. Election 1916 “he (Wilson) kept us out of

war” Wilson winswar” Wilson wins U.S. learns of war stories through BritishU.S. learns of war stories through British Germans use sub warfare to attempt to stop Germans use sub warfare to attempt to stop

shipments into Britainshipments into Britain Lusitania 1915 British ship from NYC to London Lusitania 1915 British ship from NYC to London

sunk by Germans sunk by Germans Zimmerman Note 1917 note from Germany to Zimmerman Note 1917 note from Germany to

Mexico to incite war with U.S. and beginning of Mexico to incite war with U.S. and beginning of unrestricted sub. Warfareunrestricted sub. Warfare

U.S. into war to make the World Safe for U.S. into war to make the World Safe for DemocracyDemocracy

U.S. Role in WarU.S. Role in War

John Pershing- U.S. leader of troops- John Pershing- U.S. leader of troops- “Lafayette we have arrived”“Lafayette we have arrived”

Thousands U.S. troops join western Thousands U.S. troops join western front- help turn back final German front- help turn back final German offensive 1918offensive 1918

War ends Nov. 11, 1918-War ends Nov. 11, 1918- Armistice Day today Veteran’s Day Armistice Day today Veteran’s Day

Treaty of Versailles

British (Lloyd George) and French (Georges Clemenceau) and U.S. (Woodrow Wilson) meet to plan postwar world

Revenge (French and Brits) vs. Peace Without Victory (Wilson)

Wilson has 14 points to try and solve future conflicts reduction of armaments, self determination for peoples to have own country, League of Nations

Outcomes

Germany blamed for war: reparations, war guilt clause, lose land, lower #’s of army, leads to discontent, humiliation and ultimate failure of Weimar Republic

World War I leads to World War II Weimar Republic Western style democratic state in Germany-

Runaway inflation; forced to pay reparations; weak economy European power lessened beginning of end for colonialism Asian people want recognition such as Ho Chi Minh disappointed with

outcomes of war Austria-Hungary and Ottoman empires are dismantled Russian Revolution monarchical traditional empires ended New nations: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Austria,

Hungary etc. New colonial mandates in Middle East; Iraq created including many

groups within nation

Non Political Developments

Spanish Flu Automobiles become widespread use of

assembly line makes cars inexpensive First flight 1903 World War destroys perception of progress,

idealism, sense of improvement in world Others?