18-3 Energy Transfer
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Transcript of 18-3 Energy Transfer
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18-3 Energy Transfer
EnergyWhy do organisms need energy?
Maintain HOMEOSTASIS, growth, reproduction, etc.
How does energy affect an ecosystem?Determines how many and what
kind of organisms live in an ecosystem.
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Energy Flow:• The sun is the ultimate source of
energy• The PRODUCERS use this energy to
make “food” energy for themselves and for the CONSUMERS
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Trophic LevelsThe organism’s position in the sequence of energy transfers.
A.K.A. Trophic Level is a group of organisms whose feeding source is the same number of steps from the Sun.
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Common Trophic Levels:•First = Producers (Autotrophs)
–LARGEST
•Second = Herbivores (Heterotrophs, Consumers)
•Third and above = All other consumers (Heterotrophs, Omnivores, Carnivores, Decomposers)
–SMALLEST
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• Omnivores (Humans)– Eat Plants & Animals
• Detritivores (Scavengers)– Feed On Dead Plant & Animal
Remains (buzzards)• Decomposers
– Fungi & Bacteria
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ConsumersHeterotrophs eat other organisms
to obtain energy. (e.g. animals)• Herbivores
– Eat Only Plants• Carnivores
– Eat Only Other Animals
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Energy Gain by Trophic Levels:• At each trophic level, the energy stored in an
organism is about 1/10 that of the level below it (10%).
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Implications on the ecosystem: Because energy diminishes at each successive
trophic level, few ecosystems can contain more than 4 or 5 trophic levels.
Organisms at higher levels (large carnivores) tend to be fewer in number than those at lower levels (producers).
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Food Chain• A single pathway of feeding (and
energy transfer) relationships among organisms in an ecosystem.
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Ex) Food chain
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Food Web
• A diagram of the interrelated food chains in an ecosystem.
• More accurate description of the ecosystem.
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Can you now answer these questions?
1.Contrast between producers and consumers.
2.Explain the important role of decomposers in an ecosystem.
3.Contrast a food chain with a food web.
4.Explain why an ecosystem usually contains only a few trophic levels.
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Energy flows through an ecosystem and nutrients cycle in an ecosystem. Ecosystem Recycling (18.4)
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Water Cycle Steps: EVAPORATION from
lakes, rivers, and oceans.
TRANSPIRATION from plants and trees.
CONDENSATION – Cloud Formation
PRECIPITATION – Rain, Snow, Sleet, Hail.
RUN OFF, or RETURNED back into the Cycle.
GROUNDWATER- water in soil or in underground formations of porous rock.
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The Water Cycle
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The Carbon Cycle
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Combustion
Death and decomposition
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Human Influences Atmospheric CO2 has risen more than
30% in the past 150 years. Burning of fossil fuels- coal, oil,
and natural gas Burning down the tropical rain
forest
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The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Fixation: the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into nitrate, its useable form.
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Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: turn nitrogen gas into nitrates. Located in soil and the roots of some plants.
Ammonification: bacteria decompose dead matter and release the nitrogen they contain as ammonia
Denitrification: bacteria break down nitrates and return nitrogen to the atmosphere
Key Terms
So… How do plants and animals get nitrogen?
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Phosphorous Cycle obtained by plants from water and soil, and
animals from the food they eat used to form bones, teeth, and molecules such
as DNA and RNA Source: erosion of rocks into the soil or water,
decomposition of organisms, and fertilizers