17_unit 1.7 Shape of Molecules
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Transcript of 17_unit 1.7 Shape of Molecules
SHAPE OF MOLECULES & IONS
LEARNING OBJECTIVESAt the end of the chapter, you should be able to:1. Demonstrate an understanding of the use of electron-pair
repulsion theory to interpret and predict the shapes of simple molecules and ions.
2. Explain the shapes of BeCl2, BCl3, CH4, NH3, NH4+, H2O, CO2,
gaseous PCl5 and SF6 and the simple organic molecules.
3. Apply the electron-pair repulsion theory to predict the shapes of molecules and ions analogous.
4. Demonstrate an understanding of the terms bond length and bond angle and predict approximate bond angles in simple molecules and ions.
5. discuss the different structures formed by carbon atoms, including graphite, diamond, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, and the applications of these, eg the potential to use nanotubes as vehicles to carry drugs into cells.
CONTENT
1.Molecular structure: VSEPR Model
2.Predicting molecular geometry
3.Arrangement of electron pair about an atom
4.Prediction of molecular & ionic structure
5.Different structure formed by carbon atom
Molecular Structure: VSEPR Model
The structure of molecules play a very important role in determining their
chemical properties.
This is particularly very important for biological molecules; a slight change in the
structure of large bimolecules can completely destroy its usefulness to a cell or may even change the cell from a normal
one to a cancerous one
Molecular Structure: VSEPR ModelVSEPR : Valence shell electron-pair
repulsion theory Useful in predicting the geometries of molecules formed from non-metals.
Postulate: the structure around a given atom is determined principally by minimizing electron-pair repulsions.
Idea: the bonding & non-bonding pairs around a given atom will be positioned as far apart as possible.
Molecular Structure: VSEPR ModelElectron pairs repel each other
Electrons are negatively charged: The electron pairs will repel each other as much as they can.
The type of electron pairs affects how much it repels other electron pairs.
Electron-pair repulsion Bond angles
Lone-pair/lone-pair Biggest
Lone-pair/bonding-pair Second biggest
Bonding-pair/bonding-pair
Smallest
Molecular Structure: VSEPR ModelThe following Lewis structures show three
molecules whose central atom is surrounded by four clouds of high electron density:
Molecular Structure: VSEPR ModelCarbon has 4 bond pairs.
The four H atoms are arranged about the C atom in a tetrahedral shape .
This shape minimizes the repulsion between the bond pairs.
The 109.5°angle is the same for all H-C-H bond angles.
Molecular Structure: VSEPR ModelThe molecule NH3 has a a lone pairing the outer
shell of the central N atom.
In NH3 the N has 3 bond pairs and 1 lone pair, (4 total pairs).
The shape is called trigonal pyramidal
Molecular Structure: VSEPR ModelThe O in H2O has 2 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs ( 4
total pairs).
Two corners of the tetrahedron are occupied by lone pairs.
The shape is called bent. The H-O-H bond angle is 104.4°.
This angle is less than that in NH3, due the greater repulsions felt with two lone pairs.
The following rules and figures will help discern electron pair arrangements:
Predicting Molecular Geometry
Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule
Count the electron pairs & arrange them in the way that maximize repulsion (put the pairs as part
as possible)
Use the atoms bonded to the central atom to determine the molecular shape
Steps for writing the Lewis structures:
Predicting Molecular Geometry
Sum the valence electrons from all the atoms
Use a pair of electrons to form a bond between each pair of bound atoms.
Arrange the remaining electrons to satisfy the duet rule for hydrogen & the octet rule for the second-row
elements
Writing the Lewis structures for water molecule:
Predicting Molecular Geometry
1. Sum the valence electrons for H2O1 (H) + 1 (H) + 6 (O) = 8 valence electrons
2. Using a pair of electrons per bond, draw the two O-H single bonds: H-O-H
3. Distribute the remaining electrons to achieve a noble gas electron configuration for each atom. 4 electrons have been used in forming the two bonds, 4 electrons (8-4) to be distributed.
H-O-H....
Arrangement of Electron Pairs About an Atom
3 pairsTrigonal planar
2 pairsLinear
4 pairsTetrahedral
5 pairsTrigonal bipyramidal
6 pairsOctahedral
Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 10–16
PREDICTION OF MOLECULAR & IONIC STRUCTURE
Molecular Structure: 2 electron pairs
BeCl2: linear
Be (2 valence e-) + 2 Cl (7 valence e-) = 16 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry: linear
Bond angle: 180°
Molecular Structure: 2 electron pairs
b. recall and explain the shapes of BeCl2, BCl3, CH4, NH3, NH4+, H2O, CO2, gaseous PCl5 and SF6
CO2: linear
C (4 valence e-) + O (2 x 6 valence e-) = 16 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry : linear
Bond angle: 180°
Molecular Structure: 3 electron pairs
BF3: trigonal planar
B (3 valence e-) + F (3 x 7 valence e-) = 24 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry : trigonal planar
Bond angle: 120°
Molecular Structure: 3 electron pairs
CO32-: trigonal planar
C (4 valence e-) + O(3 x 6 valence e-) + 2 = 24 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry : trigonal planar
Bond angle: 120°
Molecular Structure: 3 electron pairs
NO3-: trigonal planar
N (5 valence e-) + O(3 x 6 valence e-) + 1 = 24 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry : trigonal planar
Bond angle: 120°
Molecular Structure: 3 electron pairs
SO2: trigonal planar
S (6 valence e-) + O (2 x 6 valence e-) = 18 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry : bent
Bond angle: 120°
Molecular Structure: 4 electron pairs
CH4: tetrahedral
C (4 valence e-) + H (1 x 4 valence e-) = 8 e-
Lewis structure:
Shape: tetrahedral
Bond angle: 109.5°
Molecular Structure: 4 electron pairs
NH4+: tetrahedral
C (5 valence e-) + H (1 x 4 valence e-) - 1 = 8 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry: tetrahedral
Bond angle: 109.5°
Molecular Structure: 4 electron pairs
NH3: tetrahedral
N (5 valence e-) + H (1 x 3 valence e-) = 8 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry: trigonal pyramidal
Bond angle: 107°
Molecular Structure: 4 electron pairs
PCl3: tetrahedral
P (5 valence e-) + Cl (3 x 7 valence e-) = 26 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry: trigonal pyramidal
Molecular Structure: 4 electron pairs
H2O: tetrahedral
H (2 valence e-) + O (6 valence e-) = 8 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry: bent
Bond angle: 104°
Molecular Structure: 4 electron pairs
The sulphate ion, SO42-
Molecular Structure: 5 electron pairs
PCl5: trigonal bipyramidal
P (5 valence e-) + Cl (5x7 valence e-) = 40 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry: trigonal bipyramidal
Bond angle:90° &120°
Molecular Structure: 5 electron pairsSF4: trigonal bipyramidal
S (6 valence e-) + F (4x7 valence e-) = 34 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry: see-saw
Bond angle:177° & 104°
Molecular Structure: 5 electron pairsClF3: trigonal bipyramidal
Cl (7 valence e-) + F (3x7 valence e-) = 28 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry: T-shape
Bond angle:87.5°
Molecular Structure: 5 electron pairs
XeF2: trigonal bipyramidal
Xe (8 valence e-) + F (2x7 valence e-) = 22 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry: linear
Molecular Structure: 6 electron pairs
SiF6: Octahedral
Si (4 valence e-) + F (6x7 valence e-) = 46 e-
Lewis structure:
Molecular geometry: octahedral
Molecular Structure: 6 electron pairs
IF5: Octahedral
I (7 valence e-) + F (5x7 valence e-) = 42 e-
I
FFF
:
FF
square pyramidal
Molecular Structure: 6 electron pairs
XeF4: Octahedral
I (8 valence e-) + F (4x7 valence e-) = 36 e-
square planar
DIFFERENT STRUCTURE FORMED BY CARBON ATOM
Allotropes are different forms of the same
element in the same state
Carbon forms 3 allotropes – diamond, graphite & fullerenes
Diamond is the hardest substance
Because of strong covalent bonds:
1. Diamond has a very high melting point
2. Diamond is extremely hard – it’s used in diamond-tipped drills & saws
3. Vibration travel easily through the stiff lattice – good thermal conductor
4. It can’t conduct electricity – all the 4 outer electrons are held in localised bonds
5. It won’t dissolve in any solvent.
Diamond is the hardest substance
Uses of diamond:
1. The unusual brilliant shine of diamond makes it an invaluable precious stone in jewellery.
2. Making high precision cutting tools for use in medical field.
3. Because of it's hardness it is used in manufacturing tools/cutting drills for cutting glass and rock.
4. In making dyes for drawing very thin wires of harder metals. Tungsten wires of thickness 1/6th that of human hair, can be drawn using diamond dyes.
Graphite an allotrope of carbon
1. The carbon atoms are arranged in sheets of flat hexagons covalently bonded with three bonds each.
2. The 4th outer electron of each carbon atom is delocalized.
3. In graphite, the carbon atoms are arranged in flat parallel layers as regular hexagons.
4. Each layer is bonded to adjacent layers by weak Van der Waals forces.
Graphite an allotrope of carbonProperties of graphite:1. The weak bonds between the layers in
graphite are easily broken, so the sheets can slide over each other – graphite feels slippery & is used as dry lubricant & in pencils.
2. The delocalised electrons in graphite aren’t attached to any particular carbon atoms and are free to move along the sheets, so an electrical current can flow.
3. The layers are quite far apart compared to the length of the covalent bonds, so graphite is less dense than diamond & is used to make strong, lightweight sports equipment.
Graphite an allotrope of carbon
Properties of graphite:
4. Because of the strong covalent bonds in the hexagon sheets, graphite also has a very high melting point.
5. Insoluble in any solvent. The covalent bonds in the sheets are difficult to break.
The fullerenes – 1. Hollow Balls
Fullerenes are molecules of carbon shaped like hollow balls or tubes.
Each carbon atom forms 3 covalent bonds with its neighbors, leaving free electrons that can conduct electricity.
Fullerenes are nanoparticles (<100 nm scale)
1st fullerene – Buckminsterfullerence, which has 60 carbon atoms joined to make a ball, C60
Occurs naturally in soot.
The fullerenes – 1. Hollow Balls
Soluble in organic solvents – form brightly coloured solutions.
Hollow – can be used to ‘cage’ other molecules. The fullerene structure forms around another molecule, which is then trapped inside. This could be used as a way of delivering a drug into specific cell in the body.
Fullerenes are used in nanotechnology - materials & made from nanoparticles.
The fullerenes – 2. Tubes A carbon nanotube is like a single
layer of graphite rolled up into a tiny hollow cylinder.
All those bonds make carbon nanotubes very strong. They can be used to reinforce graphite in tennis rackets & to make stronger, lighter building materials. Nanotubes conduct electricity, so they can be used as tiny wires in circuits for computer chips.
The ends of a nanotube can be ‘capped’, or closed off, to create a large cage molecular structure.