17c: The 17c: The ““DutchDutch”” CenturyCenturyIt was a political model.It was a political model.

A radical attitude towards religion A radical attitude towards religion in the country.in the country.

A certain level of religious A certain level of religious toleration.toleration.

Stable, thriving economy.Stable, thriving economy.

““Golden AgeGolden Age”” of artists and of artists and thinkers.thinkers.

Religion and everyday life were Religion and everyday life were recurring themes in their art.recurring themes in their art.

Dutch SocietyDutch SocietyAmsterdam, Rotterdam: granaries Amsterdam, Rotterdam: granaries with enough surplus for one year.with enough surplus for one year.

Generally higher salaries than in Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. Europe.any other parts of W. Europe.

Even women had higher wages.Even women had higher wages.

““Protestant work ethic.Protestant work ethic.””

Thrift and frugality.Thrift and frugality.

Had the highest standard of living Had the highest standard of living in Europe!in Europe!

Dutch ArtDutch ArtDutch artists were very Dutch artists were very different than the Baroque different than the Baroque artists working in Spain and artists working in Spain and France. Why?France. Why?

Merchants were the patrons.Merchants were the patrons.

Art focused on painting Art focused on painting individual and group portraits, individual and group portraits, landscapes, and genre scenes landscapes, and genre scenes of everyday life.of everyday life.

Oude Kerk [Old Church], Oude Kerk [Old Church], AmsterdamAmsterdam

First built in 1300.First built in 1300.

Interior of the Oude Kerk in Interior of the Oude Kerk in AmsterdamAmsterdam - - Emmanuel De Emmanuel De

WitteWitte

Interior of a Portuguese Interior of a Portuguese Synagogue in AmsterdamSynagogue in Amsterdam – –

Emmanuel De WitteEmmanuel De Witte

Portrait of an Old Jewish Portrait of an Old Jewish ManMan Rembrandt, 1654Rembrandt, 1654

Beware of LuxuryBeware of Luxury – – Jan Jan SteenSteen

““GenreGenre”” Painting Painting

Still Life with Gilt GobletStill Life with Gilt GobletWilliam Heda, 1635William Heda, 1635

““GenreGenre”” Painting Painting

Upper-class Homes, Upper-class Homes, AmsterdamAmsterdamEarly 1600sEarly 1600s

The Burgher of Delft & HisThe Burgher of Delft & HisDaughterDaughter – Jan Steen – Jan Steen

A Young Woman with a A Young Woman with a Water JugWater Jug - - Jan VermeerJan Vermeer, ,

16621662

Girl with a Pearl EarringGirl with a Pearl EarringJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1665, 1665

The Dutch EconomyThe Dutch EconomyExported diamonds, linens, Exported diamonds, linens, pottery.pottery.

Shipbuilding and trade were Shipbuilding and trade were key and the Dutch fleet was the key and the Dutch fleet was the largest in the world (had the largest in the world (had the lowest shipping rates in lowest shipping rates in Europe).Europe).

Amsterdam was Europe’s Amsterdam was Europe’s largest financial center until largest financial center until the French Revolution (1789).the French Revolution (1789).

17c Dutch Global 17c Dutch Global CommerceCommerce

Dutch East India Ship, Dutch East India Ship, mid-17cmid-17c

Amsterdam Stock Market Amsterdam Stock Market (Bourse)(Bourse)

Emmanuel De Witte, 1653Emmanuel De Witte, 1653

Jewish refugees helped found it in 1602.Jewish refugees helped found it in 1602.

Sampling Officials of the Sampling Officials of the Drapers GuildDrapers Guild – – Rembrandt - Rembrandt -

16621662

The Lace MakerThe Lace MakerNicolaes MaesNicolaes Maes

The Lace MakerThe Lace MakerJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1669-1670, 1669-1670

The Account KeeperThe Account KeeperNicolaes Maes, 1656Nicolaes Maes, 1656

A Woman Holding a A Woman Holding a BalanceBalance

Jan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1662, 1662

View of DelftView of DelftJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1660-1661, 1660-1661

DutchDutchDelftwareDelftware

English DelftwareEnglish Delftware

Dutch West Dutch West IndiaIndia

Company, Company, 16211621

NetherlandNetherlandAntillesAntilles

18c Delftware Tobacco 18c Delftware Tobacco JarsJars

Fort Orange Fort Orange (Albany, NY)(Albany, NY)

in New Netherlandsin New Netherlands

New Amsterdam (NYC)New Amsterdam (NYC)

Settled in 1624.Settled in 1624.

Official Flag of the NYC SealOfficial Flag of the NYC Seal of the City of NY of the City of NY

New Amsterdam (NYC)New Amsterdam (NYC)

Early 20c Dutch Revival Building in NYC.Early 20c Dutch Revival Building in NYC.

Dutch East India Company, Dutch East India Company, 16021602

““AfricaAfrica”” Center Panel Center PanelJan van der Heyden, 1664-66Jan van der Heyden, 1664-66

University of University of Leiden,Leiden,

15751575

R By 1645, it was the By 1645, it was the largest university in the largest university in the Protestant world.Protestant world.

R The separation of the The separation of the strong provinces strong provinces hindered the power of hindered the power of any church to control any church to control intellectual life in the intellectual life in the Dutch Republic!Dutch Republic!

University of Gröningen, University of Gröningen, 16141614

R Along with Leiden, Along with Leiden, they were the first they were the first international international universities.universities.

R Half of the students Half of the students were foreigners.were foreigners.

René DescartesRené Descartes

The French philosopher lived in Leiden The French philosopher lived in Leiden from 1628 to 1649.from 1628 to 1649.

Dutch Optics: The Dutch Optics: The TelescopeTelescope

Most agree that the telescope was Most agree that the telescope was invented by Hans Lippershey in 1608.invented by Hans Lippershey in 1608.

Astronomical Pioneer:Astronomical Pioneer:Christiaan HuygensChristiaan Huygens

R Explanation of SaturnExplanation of Saturn’’s rings.s rings.

R Wave theory of light.Wave theory of light.

Anton van Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Leeuwenhoek:

The Microscope & the The Microscope & the Discovery of Micro-Discovery of Micro-

OrganismsOrganisms

Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes TulpNicolaes Tulp – – Rembrandt, Rembrandt,

16321632

(detail) Anatomy Lecture of (detail) Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes TulpDr. Nicolaes Tulp – –

Rembrandt, 1632Rembrandt, 1632

The AstronomerThe AstronomerJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1668, 1668

The GeographerThe GeographerJan VermeerJan Vermeer, 1668-1669, 1668-1669

Girl Reading a Letter with Girl Reading a Letter with the Window Open - the Window Open - Jan Jan

VermeerVermeer, 1657, 1657

The Night WatchThe Night Watch – – Rembrandt, 1642Rembrandt, 1642

The Night WatchThe Night Watch

The Spanish Hapsburgs & The Spanish Hapsburgs & EuropeEurope (1556)(1556)

Philip II consolidated Hapsburg landsPhilip II consolidated Hapsburg landsat the end of the 16c.at the end of the 16c.

The Spanish Netherlands:The Spanish Netherlands:Union of Utrecht, 1579Union of Utrecht, 1579

The United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule, The United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule, but, in 1581, they declared their independence.but, in 1581, they declared their independence.

The Netherlands (1609)The Netherlands (1609)

The DownfallThe Downfall• Long-term rivalry between the two main factions in

Dutch society, the Republicans and the Royalists or Orangists, sapped the strength and unity of the country.

• Wars to contain the expansionist policies of France in various coalitions after the Glorious Revolution, mostly including England, burdened the republic with huge debts, although little of the fighting after 1673 took place on its own territory.

• Fierce competition for trade and colonies, especially from England, furthered the economic downturn of the country. The three Anglo-Dutch Wars and the rise of mercantilism had a negative effect on Dutch shipping and commerce.