17.4 – The Reformation Continues - Home -...
Transcript of 17.4 – The Reformation Continues - Home -...
John Calvin• Influential in the spread
of Protestantism
• 1536: Publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion• Summary of Protestant
beliefs
• View men & women as sinful by nature
• Believed in predestination: God knew who he was going to save or “elect”
• Teachings = Calvinism
Calvinism Spreads• Ideal government: Theocracy• Religious leaders rule
• 1540s: rules city of Geneva –a “model city”• Strict: No bright clothing or card
games; religion classes
• Brutal punishments
• 1559: John Knox (Scotsman) follows Calvin’s teaching = Presbyterians
• Calvinism spreads throughout Europe• France: Calvinists = Huguenots
• Catholics kill 1000s of them
Anabaptists• Protestants: Bible
source of all religious
truth
• Baptized those only
enough to decide
• Viewed church & state to
be separate
• Refused to fight wars &
share possessions
• Persecuted by Catholics
& Protestants
–Forerunners of Mennonites
& Amish
– Influence the Quakers &
Baptists
Women• Reforms & renaissance
ideas = more influencefrom women
• Many protect reformers• Marguerite of Navarre saves
John Calvin
• Katherina von Bora(Luther’s wife)• Mothers children, manages
finances, cooked meals, supports Luther
• Pushed for women to have equal marriage roles
• Beginning of the modernwoman
Catholic Reforms• Millions stayed with the
Catholic Church
–Aid cause through reforms =
Catholic Reformation
• Ignatius of Loyola =
Reformer from Spain
• 1522: Spiritual Exercises
–Daily plan of meditation,
prayer, & study
• 1540: Pope creates the
Society of Jesus = Jesuits
– 1) Found schools in Europe
– 2) Convert non-believers
– 3) stop spread of
Protestantism
Reforming Popes• Reforms of Pope Paul III• 1) Investigated indulgences
& abuses
• 2) Approved Jesuit order
• 3) Uses Inquisition to seek out heresy
• 4) called the Council of Trent
• Reforms of Pope Paul IV• Carries out the council’s
decrees
• 1559: Draws up list of dangerous books to the faith
• Orders books to be burned
Council of Trent
• 1545-1563: Catholicbishops & cardinals establish doctrines
• Agreed upon doctrines:
• Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final
• Salvation = faith & good works
• The Bible & traditions guided Christian life
• Indulgences were valid, but couldn’t be false
Legacy of the Reformation
Religious & Social Effects
• Protestant churches flourish
• New denominations develop
• Catholic Church is stronger
as a religious entity
• More emphasis on education
• Colleges & universities
established
• Women mostly limited to
concerns of home & family =
some new roles
Political Effects
• Catholic political authority declines
• More power for monarchs & states = the modern nation-state
• 1600s = power sought through war, exploration, & expansion
• Lays the groundwork for the Enlightenment