17304 - Bao Tri He Thong

B GIAO THNG VN TI TRNG I HC HNG HI

B MN: K THUT MY TNH KHOA: CNG NGH THNG TIN

BI GING

K THUT BO TR H THNG

TN HC PHN : K THUT BO TR H THNG M HC PHN : 17304 TRNH O TO : I HC CHNH QUY DNG CHO SV NGNH : CNG NGH THNG TIN

HI PHNG - 2010

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MC LC

CHNG 1: CHUN B H THNG MY TNH .............................................................. 6 1.1. iu kin an ton trong bo tr my tnh ...................................................................... 6

1.1.1. Yu cu v mi trng......................................................................................... 6 1.1.2. Yu cu v ngun in.......................................................................................... 6 1.1.3. Trang thit b bo tr ............................................................................................. 6

1.2. Tho lp my tnh v thit lp thng s CMOS ............................................................ 6 1.2.1. Gii thiu cc thnh phn ngoi vi ........................................................................ 6 1.2.2. Gii thiu cc thnh phn trn mainboard ............................................................. 8 1.2.3. Thit lp thng s trong CMOS Setup ................................................................ 14

CHNG 2: CI T H IU HNH ........................................................................... 19 2.1. Chun b a cng ..................................................................................................... 19

2.1.1. nh dng cp thp (Low Level Format) ............................................................. 19 2.2.2. Phn vng a cng ............................................................................................ 20 2.2.3. nh dng cp cao (High Level Format hay Logic Format) ................................. 21

2.2. Ci t h iu hnh .................................................................................................. 21 2.2.1. Ci t MicroSoft Windows XP .......................................................................... 21 2.2.2. Ci t Redhat Linux 7.0 .................................................................................... 22

CHNG 3: CI T MT S THIT B NGOI VI ..................................................... 24 3.1. Chun b thit b v chng trnh iu khin.............................................................. 24

3.1.1. Chun b thit b ................................................................................................. 24 3.1.2. Chun b trnh iu khin .................................................................................... 24

3.2. Ci t my in ........................................................................................................... 24 3.3. Ci t CDROM ........................................................................................................ 28 3.4. Ci t MODEM ....................................................................................................... 28

3.4.1. i vi windows98............................................................................................. 28 3.4.2. i vi windows2000/XP. .................................................................................. 30

3.4. Ci t Card mng ..................................................................................................... 31 3.5. Ci t Sound Card.................................................................................................... 32

CHNG 4: CI T MT S NG DNG C BN ................................................... 33 4.1. Chun b b chng trnh ci t ............................................................................... 33

4.1.1. Yu cu v b ci t. ......................................................................................... 33 4.1.2. Yu cu v phn cng. ........................................................................................ 33

4.2. Ci t Microsoft Office ............................................................................................ 33 4.3. Ci t phng ch ting Vit ..................................................................................... 36

4.3.1. Vi Xfree86 phin bn t 4.0 tr ln ................................................................... 36 4.3.2. Vi phin bn Xfree86 < 4.0 ............................................................................... 36 4.3.3. X11 Font Server for TT font ............................................................................... 37

4.4. Ci t ngn ng lp trnh ......................................................................................... 37 4.5. Ci t mt s ng dng khc .................................................................................... 45

4.5.1. Chun b h thng. .............................................................................................. 46 4.5.2. Ci t Terminal Services trn my ch. ............................................................. 46 4.5.3. Ci t cc ng dng trn my ch. .................................................................... 46 4.5.4. To ti khon cho cc my con kt ni vo my ch. .......................................... 47 4.5.5. Dng cc my Windows kt ni vo my ch ng dng. .................................... 47 4.5.6. Kt ni vo my ch t my khch khng dng Windows. ................................. 48

CHNG 5: BO TR PHN CNG ................................................................................ 49 5.1. Bo dng phn cng nh k ................................................................................... 49

5.1.1. Hng ngy .......................................................................................................... 49 5.12. Hng tun ............................................................................................................ 49 5.1.3. Hng qu ............................................................................................................. 49

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5.1.4. Hng nm ........................................................................................................... 49 5.2. Cc gii php khai thc a ti u .............................................................................. 49

5.2.1. Interleave ............................................................................................................ 49

5.2.2. H s an xen ca a cng (Interleave Factor) ................................................... 49 5.2.3. Cache memory .................................................................................................... 50

5.2.4. Bursting .............................................................................................................. 50 5.2.5. To vng m cho a ......................................................................................... 50 6.2.6. Chng phn mnh ............................................................................................... 51 5.2.7. Ti u ha Windows .......................................................................................... 51 5.2.8. a o .............................................................................................................. 57 5.2.9. Sa li a v tp tin ........................................................................................... 57

5.3. Mt s s c thng gp v cch gii quyt............................................................... 58 CHNG 6: BO TR PHN MM. ................................................................................. 63

6.1. Cch t chc thng tin trn a .................................................................................. 63 6.1.1. Cc khi nim lin quan n a. ........................................................................ 63 6.1.2. Master Boot Record (MBR) ................................................................................ 63 6.1.3. Boot Record ....................................................................................................... 63

6.1.4. Th mc gc (Root Directory) ............................................................................ 64 6.1.5. FAT (File Allocation Table) ............................................................................... 65

6.2. Mt s s c thng gp v cch gii quyt............................................................... 67 6.3. Phng chng virus my tnh ...................................................................................... 71 6.4. S dng tin ch Diskedit ca NU .............................................................................. 75

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YU CU V NI DUNG CHI TIT

Tn hc phn: Bo tr h thng Loi hc phn: 4

B mn ph trch ging dy: K thut my tnh Khoa ph trch: CNTT

M hc phn: 17304 Tng s TC: 3

TS tit L thuyt Thc hnh/Xemina T hc Bi tp ln n mn hc

45 0 45 0 0 0

iu kin tin quyt:

Sinh vin phi hc xong cc hc phn sau mi c ng k hc phn ny:

Kin trc my tnh, Nguyn l h iu hnh, C s d liu

Mc tiu ca hc phn:

Gip sinh vin lm ch c h thng my tnh, sinh vin phi x l c cc s c c bn ca h thng my tnh

Ni dung ch yu

o Bi 1: Chun b h thng my tnh

o Bi 2: Ci t h iu hnh

o Bi 3: Ci t mt s thit b ngoi vi

o Bi 4: Ci t mt s ng dng c bn

o Bi 5: Bo tr phn cng

o Bi 6: Bo tr phn mm

Ni dung chi tit ca hc phn:

TN CHNG MC

PHN PHI S TIT

TS LT BT TH KT

Bi 1: Chun b h thng my tnh 3 3

1.1. iu kin an ton trong bo tr my tnh 1

1.2. Tho lp my tnh, thit lp thng s trong CMOS 2

Bi 2: Ci t h iu hnh 7 7

2.1. Chun b a cng 3

2.2. Ci t HH 4

Bi 3: Ci t mt s thit b ngoi vi 4 4 1

4.1. Chun b thit b v cc chng trnh iu khin 0.5

4.2. Ci t thit b ngoi vi chun 1.5

4.2. Ci t thit b ngoi vi tin tin 2 1

Bi 4: Ci t mt s ng dng c bn 8 7

3.1. Chun b b chng trnh ci t 1

3.2. Ci t MS OFFICE 2

3.3. Ci t mt s b Font ting Vit 1

3.4. Ci t ngn ng lp trnh (Visual, Oracle...) 2

3.5. Ci t mt s ng dng khc (Auto Cad, PhotoShop...)

1

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TN CHNG MC

PHN PHI S TIT

TS LT BT TH KT

Bi 5: Bo tr phn cng 6 6 1

5.1. Bo dng phn cng nh k 1

5.2. S dng chng trnh chn on thng dng 1

5.3. Mt s s c thng gp v cch gii quyt 4 1

Bi 6: Bo tr phn mm 16 15 1

6.1. Mt s s c thng gp v cch gii quyt 6

6.2. Phng chng virus my tnh 1

6.3. S dng mt s cng c trong bo tr phn mm 8 1

Nhim v ca sinh vin:

Tham d cc bui thuyt trnh ca gio vin, t hc, t lm bi tp do gio vin giao, tham d cc bui thc hnh, cc bi kim tra nh k v cui k, hon thnh bi tp ln theo yu cu.

Ti liu hc tp:

- V Vn Thnh - My vi tnh: S c chun on v cch gii quyt - Nh xut bn thng k - 2000

- a cng ngi bn ng ca bn Nh xut bn Samis 1997

- Phm Thanh Lim - K thut bo tr h thng - Nh xut bn gio dc (2004).

- Andrew Thomah - System security - 2003.

- MicroSoft Corporation - Windows security

- Redhat system - Linux kernel and protection

- Ngi dch: Nguyn Kim an - Inside PC

- Ngi dch: Nguyn Kim an - PC Architecture

- Ngi dch: Phng Khi Hong Vit - Repair Upgrate your PC

Hnh thc v tiu chun nh gi sinh vin:

- nh gi da trn tnh hnh tham d bui hc trn lp, cc bui thc hnh, im kim tra thng xuyn v im kt thc hc phn.

- Hnh thc thi cui k: Trung bnh ca tng im cc bi kim tra thc hnh.

Thang im: Thang im ch A, B, C, D, F

im nh gi hc phn Z = (X1 + X2 + X3)/3

Bi ging ny l ti liu chnh thc v thng nht ca B mn K thut my tnh, Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin v c dng ging dy cho sinh vin.

Ngy ph duyt: 15 / 06 / 2010

Trng B mn: ThS. Ng Quc Vinh

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M U

Hin nay trn th trng o to xut hin nhiu kha hc v k thut bo tr h thng, tuy nhin nhng kha hc ny cha c bi ging c th, kinh ph cao v ngi ging dy ch yu da trn kinh nghim thc t a ra cch chun on v khc phc s c my tnh.

Trc tnh hnh thc t , tp bi ging mn K thut bo tr h thng ra i vi mc ch quy chun ha h thng bi ging ng thi chi tit tng kha cnh ca k thut bo tr, gip cho sinh vin h cao ng v i hc, cao ng chnh quy ngnh cng ngh thng tin c c c s l thuyt v thc tin. Bi ging i su vo nhng kha cnh sau:

Gii thiu chi tit nhng thnh phn c bn ca h thng my tnh, nguyn l lm vic ca cc thnh phn c bn trong h thng my tnh, ng thi to iu kin tip cn cc kin thc gip sinh vin nm bt c c ch xc nh cc s c pht sinh trong h thng my tnh v c kh nng xut cc phng php x l, khc phc.

Nguyn l h iu hnh, cch qun l, bo mt thng tin trn a.

Gii thiu cc chun cng ngh mi cho sinh vin lm quen.

Cc phng php ti u ha h thng, cc th thut khng c cng b.

Mt s nhng s c c bn ca h thng v thit b.

Ngoi ni dung hng dn trn lp sinh vin c thao tc thc hnh trn cc h thng, thit b thc t nhm to kh nng thc hin cc cng vic phn cng c bn, ng thi thc hnh ci t cc h iu hnh, so snh c ch bo mt, nguyn tc qun l ca cc h iu hnh khc nhau...

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CHNG 1: CHUN B H THNG MY TNH

1.1. iu kin an ton trong bo tr my tnh

1.1.1. Yu cu v mi trng

- m < 80%

- Nhit : 18 220C

- Cc h thng tnh ton phi c trnh bi, thong, to nhit nhanh.

- Trnh rung.

- m bo Oxi cn thit cho ngi s dng my.

- Khng c cc thit b nhim t trong phng my.

1.1.2. Yu cu v ngun in

- in p n nh (phi c cu dao, n p,...)

- Tun th cc quy nh vn hnh in.

- H thng tip t v chng st: do mt s thit b c cng sut ln in p b r r ti 20V nn c th gy git v th phi c h thng tip t.

B ngun my tnh (Supply).

- L thit b c chc nng chuyn i ip p t ngun in li cung cp (c th l 110 hoc 220 V) thnh dng in mt chiu in p thp ph hop nui cc thit b trong h thng theo yu cu c thit k (thng l 3,5V, 5V, 12 V DC). Cc b ngun cung cp in nng cho h thng thng c thit k theo nguyn tc ng p xung (ng/m), ngi ta nh gi cc b ngun theo cng sut in ca n. Hin nay hu ht cc b ngun nui c cng sut t 200 n 250W.

- B ngun XT, AT thng c thit k mt b n p ngt, nng lng c iu tit theo nguyn tc ng-m. B ngun thng minh ATX cn cho php phn mm qun l n, tc l ngun t tt in khi nhn c tn hiu tt in n t Mainboard. Ngoi ra thit lp ch tit kim in nng b ngun ATX cn c mt dy 5V i (5V Stand by) cung cp in th cho mt s vi mch ca Mainboard khi ton b h thng tm ngng hot ng.

1.1.3. Trang thit b bo tr

- Cc trang thit b m bo cc ch tiu k thut bao gm mt s dng c sau:

+ Dng c tho lp: Tuc l vt cc cnh, cc kch c, c nam chm; km gp dt; h thng km bm u, cp mng...

+ Dng c lu tr d liu tm thi: a mm, a cng, a CD-ROM, a di ng, a CD trng...

+ Ci t: Cc a cu h, phc hi h thng; a lu tr cc trnh iu khin; a ci t h iu hnh v phn mm tng ng; a kh virus; a bo v h thng...

- i vi c th tng phng my, phi lp lch v bo tr my.

1.2. Tho lp my tnh v thit lp thng s CMOS

1.2.1. Gii thiu cc thnh phn ngoi vi

a Mn hnh (Monitor).

Mn hnh l thit b hin th hnh nh trn mt ma trn cc im nh (pixel), kch thc mt im nh ph thuc vo kch thc ca chm tia in t. S im nh trn mt n v chiu di Inch c gi l phn gii ca mn hnh (dpi - dot per inch) . phn gii phn loi nh sau:

- Phn gii thp : < 50 dpi

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- Phn gii trung bnh : 51 70 dpi

- Phn gii cao : 71 120 dpi

- Phn gii siu cao : > 120 dpi

C ba loi mn hnh thng dng:

- Mn hnh ng tia m cc CRT (Cathode Ray Tube).

- Mn hnh tinh th lng LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

- Mn hnh ng tch PD (Plasma Display)

b. Bn phm (Keyboard)

Bao gm mt loi cc phm iu khin giao tip vi v mch cm bin in t. Khi ta nhn bn phm s lm chp mch in v sinh ra mt tn hiu m qut (Scan code) di dng tn hiu tng t analog, tn hiu ny c a ti b gii m (thc cht y l mt b x l c xy dng bn trong bn phm, b x l ny c th giao tip c vi cc b x l khc). B gii m chuyn i tn hiu analog nhn c v dng tn hiu s nh phn 8 bits. Sau tn hiu s c a vo b m v chuyn vo b nh RAM b Vi x l x l.

C mt s loi bn phm sau:

- Bn phm cm bin in tr (nhn c tn hiu nhn v xy dng m qut bng s thay i v in tr).

- Bn phm cm bin in dung (nhn c tn hiu nhn v xy dng m qut bng s thay i v in dung- t in).

- Bn phm cm bin in t (nhn c tn hiu nhn v xy dng m qut bng s thay i v dng in theo hiu ng Hall).

c. Chut (Mouse).

L mt thit b o tc di chuyn con tr di dng xung, nhng xung ny c to ra t hai tn hiu qut quang hc thng qua s dch chuyn ca cc bnh xe. Mc xung cho bit dch chuyn tng i ca chut v t vn tc tng i ny hm ngt ca h iu hnh s tnh ra v tr mi ca con tr.

Chut cn c mt s thnh phn nh:

- Chng trnh x l hng di chuyn ca chut, v im sng ca chut ra mn hnh.

- B chuyn i tn hiu xung thnh tn hiu s.

- Chng trnh x l s kin khi bm phm chut s kin ny c chuyn n phn mm ca ngi s dng.

d. My in Lazer (Printer).

Bao gm mt b phn quan trng nht l trng cm quang. Trng ny c ph mt lp phim nhy sng, khi c tch in cao th lp phim ny s ht mc t vo nhng im c bt sng trn b mt trng. Khi ta ra lnh in my tnh s truyn tn hiu iu khin s qut

Giy

Laser

Trng in

Gng a gic

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sng ca n Laser trong my in n ny qut ln trng cm quang thng qua gng a gic quay lin tc ( ly m bn). V trng cng quay ln tia Laser ln lt qut ln ton b mt trng. Cng tia Laser c iu bin theo m nht ca tng im nh v lm gim s ht mc t ca lp phim ph trng. Khi giy ln qua trng, mc trn mt trng c truyn ln giy di dng dng bn v giy c chuyn qua trc sy (2600C) lm chn mc v p cht ln mt giy.

1.2.2. Gii thiu cc thnh phn trn mainboard

Mainboard l ht nhn ca h thng cn gi l bo mch ch, bo mch chnh hay bo h thng (mainboard, system board, plane board). y l bn mch nm trong hp my chnh, cha hu ht b nh v mch vi x l ca my tnh, cng nh cc bus m rng v card m rng cm trn . c trng k thut ca mainboard c quyt nh bi b vi x l v mch phi c thit kt theo cho ph hp bi h vo ra c s (BIOS), b nh cache th cp, bus m rng v dung lng cng nh tc ca b nh truy cp ngu nhin lp trn board.

a. B vi x l (CPU - Central Processing Unit)

Mt s th h ca b vi x l Intel:

CHNG LOI NM SX

CHIU RNG BUS D LIU / BUS A

CH

CACHE

S CP L1 (KB)

TN S BUS H THNG (MHZ)

TN S LM VIC

BN

TRONG

CPU

8088 1979 8/20 Khng 4.77-8 4.77-8

8086 1978 16/20 Khng 4.77-8 4.77-8

80286 1982 16/24 Khng 6-20 6-20

80386DX 1985 32/32 8 16-33 16-33

80386SX 1988 16/32 8 16-33 16-33

80486DX 1989 32/32 8 25-50 25-50

80486SX 1989 32/32 8 25-50 25-50

80486DX2 1992 32/32 8 25-40 50-80

80486DX4 1994 32/32 8+8 25-40 75-120

Pentium 1993 64/32 8+8 60-66 60-200

PentiumMMX 1997 64/32 16+16 66 166-233

Pentium Pro 1995 64/36 8+8 66 150-200

Pentium II 1998 64/36 16+16 100 200-450

PentiumIII 1999 64/36 16+16 100 450-600

AMD Athion 1999 64/36 64+64 >200 >600

Gii thiu s khc bit c bn gia mt s th h CPU:

a. Pentium: T th h vi x l 80586 tr ln ca Intel c thng hiu l Pentium. y

l mt bc t ph t th h 80486, vi 3,3 triu transistors sn xut theo cng ngh 0,35 m (kch thc nh nht c th t c) Pentium c th tng tc x l gn gp i chp 80486.

b. Pentium Pro: Cu trc c ti u ho cho b x l 32 bit bao gm 5,5 triu transistors trong b x l v 15,5 triu transistors trong b m cache th cp (L2-dung lng t 256KB n MB). Pentium Pro chuyn nhng iu lnh phc hp CISC (complex instruction set computer) ca h 80x86 thnh nhng vi lnh RISC (reduce instruction set computer) x l nhanh hn.

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c. Pentium MMX (MultiMedia eXtensions): C dung lng cache s cp (L1) tng gp i (32KB), b sung 57 lnh mi dnh ring cho x l video, m thanh v d liu hnh ho. B sung qu trnh SIMD (single instruction multiole data) - cho php mt lnh duy nht x l nhiu d liu cng mt lc.

d. Pentium II: Thm mt bus gia vi x l c cache th cp, chy ng thi vi bus h thng. Phi hp kh nng hai bus c lp DIB (dual independent bus) ca Pentium Pro vi kh nng MMX ca Pentium MMX trn mt vi mnh duy nht. Cu trc Pentium II thch hp cho h thng a x l (dng 2 hay nhiu vi x l cho mt my) bng s m nhim ca vi mch Chipset c bit 450NX hoc 440FX.

e. Deschutes: L th h k tip sau Pentium II c ch to vi cng ngh 0,25 m cho php lm vic vi tn s 400 MHz, cache s cp c dung lng 512KB v lm vic vi tc bng mt na ca vi x l. Chp ny vn lm vic vi Chipset 440FX hay 440LX.

f. Celeron: C cu trc ging Pentium II c thit k vi mc ch cnh tranh vi th

trng my tnh c nhn r tin. Celeron cng c ch to vi cng ngh 0,25 m, n lm vic vi hu ht cc Chipset ca Intel.

g. Pentium II Xeon: Xeon c cu trc phi hp gia Pentium Pro v Pentium II vi dung lng cache th cp tng ng k v bus chy vi tn s 100 MHz. Xeon c kh nng a x l (thay v ng x l ca cc th h trc) c dng trong my ch (4, 6 hoc 8 vi x l trong mt h thng). Intel thit k hai loi Chipset cho Xeon l 440GX (workstation) v 450NX (Server).

h. Pentium III: Cn c m hiu l Katmai, s dng cng ngh MMX v SIMD. N c ci t thm 70 lnh mi trong 50 lnh dng ci tin cc php ton s thc du chm trt, 15 lnh dnh cho h a mi trng (c bit cho cc ng dng khng gian 3 chiu) cn 5 lnh c dng iu khin b m cache. Ngoi ra Pentium III cn c thm 8 thanh ghi du chm trt 128 bit cho php tnh 4 s thc trong mt chu k my.

i. Pentium III Xeon: Cn c m hiu l Tanner, n tng t nh Pentium II Xeon nhng tng dung lng cache th cp ln n 2MB ngoi ra n c thm cc lnh SSE (streaming SIMD extension) - a x l theo th t m rng.

Chun khe cm cho b vi x l.

S HIU S CHN IN P H TR CPU

Socket 1 169 chn 5V 486SX/SX2, DX,DX2,DX4, OverDrive

Socket 2 238 chn 5V 486SX/SX2, DX, DX2, DX4, OverDrive,

486 Pentium OverDrive

Socket 3 237 chn 5V/3,3V 486SX/SX2, DX, DX2, DX4, OverDrive,

486 Pentium OverDrive, 5x86

Socket 4 273 chn 5V Pentium 60/66, OverDrive

Socket 5 320 chn 3,3V/3,5V Pentium 75-133, OverDrive

Socket 6 235 chn 3,3V 486 DX4, 486 Pentium OverDrive

Socket 7 321 chn VRM* Pentium 75-266+,MMX, OverDirve, 6x86,

K6

Socket 8 587 chn Auto VRM Pentium Pro

Socket 370 370 chn Auto VRM Pentium II,III MMX, Pentium II, III

Celeron

Slot 1 242 chn Auto VRM Pentium II,III MMX, Pentium II, III

Celeron

Slot 2 N/A Auto VRM Pentium II, III Xeon

Slot A Auto VRM AMD Athon

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* VRM: Voltage Regulator Module (module iu chnh in p)

b. ng truyn tn hiu - Bus

Bus l nhng ng truyn vt l kt ni b vi x l vi b nh ca my tnh v cc thit b c lin quan. Bus c o bng i lng MHz.

- Front-side bus ni CPU vi b nh chnh v ng bus ca cc thit b ngoi vi i n nhng thnh phn ca h thng nh H, modem...

- Back-side bus c kt ni vi CPU tc tng i cao dng chuyn thng tin vo v ra khi b nh m bn ngoi, thng thng l b nh m th cp (Level 2 cache).

c. Vi mch tng hp (Chipset)

L mt loi vi mch c chc nng iu khin v qun l hu ht cc thnh phn quan trng trn mainboard, n cha ng ton b cc thit b logic v iu khin ca my tnh c nhn c tch hp li t trc to nn s ng b cho h thng.

Chipset qui nh tnh ng b cho nhng b phn sau:

- Tc vi x l.

- Dung lng b nh (RAM, Cache L1, L2, HDD).

- Tc truyn d liu gia cc cng giao tip (ISA, PCI, AGP, USB).

S HIU CHIPSET B VI X L

420xx 486

430xx 586

440xx Petium Pro/Pentium II

450xx Pentium Pro/Pentium II Xeon

8xx Pentium Celeron, Pentium III

d. Super I/O chip

Thnh phn quan trng th 3 ca mainboard c gi l Super I/O chip. y l chip c chc nng iu khin v x l cc tn hiu c a vo t cc cng d liu, kt qu ca qu trnh x l ny s c n a n CPU v cc mnh lnh ca CPU a ti cc cng d liu li phi thng qua qu trnh x l ca Super I/O chip. Hu ht cc Super I/O chip bao gm cc chc nng sau:

B NH M L2

CPU

B NH M L1 TRN

CHP

B X L

B X L

B NH CHNH

B IU KHIN A

CNG

BUS GIAO DIN PCI, ISA, UBS, AGP

BACK SIDE BUS

FRONT SIDE BUS

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+ iu khin a mm (floppy controler)

+ iu khin cng ni tip (serial port controler)

+ Nhng iu khin cng song song (parallel port controler)

e. B nh (Memory)

Thnh phn nh nht ca b nh gi l mt t bo nh (memory cell), mt t bo nh c th lu tr c 1 bit thng tin, 1 t nh = 8 t bo nh.

Memory: Memory n gin l mt thit b nh n c th ghi v cha thng tin. ROM, RAM, Cache, Hard disk, Floppy disk, CD.... u c th gi l memory c (v n vn lu thng tin). D l loi memory no cng nn n cc tnh cht sau y:

Cc loi memory

- ROM (Read Only Memory): y l loi memory dng trong cc hng sn xut l ch yu. N c c tnh l thng tin lu tr trong ROM khng th xo c v khng sa c

- PROM (Programmable ROM): Mc d ROM nguyn thy l khng xo/ghi c, nhng do s tin b trong khoa hc, cc th h sau ca ROM a dng hn nh PROM. Cc hng sn xut c th ci t li ROM bng cch dng cc loi dng c c bit v t tin. Mt c im ln nht ca loi PROM l thng tin ch ci t mt ln m thi. CD c th c gi l PROM v chng ta c th copy thng tin vo n (mt ln duy nht) v khng th no xo c.

- EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM): Mt dng cao hn PROM l EPROM, tc l ROM nhng chng ta c th xo v vit li c. Dng "CD-Erasable" l mt in hnh. EPROM khc PROM ch l thng tin c th c vit v xo nhiu ln theo ngi s dng, v phng php xo l hardware (dng tia hng ngoi xo) cho nn kh l tn km v khng phi ai cng trang b c.

- EEPROM (Electronic Erasable Programmable ROM): y l mt dng cao hn EPROM, t im khc bit duy nht so vi EPROM l c th ghi v xo thng tin li nhiu ln bng software thay v hardware. V d in hnh cho loi EPROM ny l "CD-Rewritable". BIOS vn l ROM v flash BIOS tc l ti ci t thng tin (upgrade) cho BIOS.

- RAM (Random Access Memory): Rt nhiu ngi ngh l RAM khc vi ROM trn nhiu kha cnh nhng thc t RAM chng qua l th h sau ca ROM m thi. C RAM v ROM u l "random access memory" c, tc l thng tin c th c truy cp khng cn theo th t. Tuy nhin ROM chy chm hn RAM rt nhiu. Thng thng ROM cn trn 50ns vn hnh thng tin trong khi RAM cn di 10ns.

- SRAM (Static RAM) v DRAM (Dynamic RAM): SRAM l loi RAM lu gi data m khng cn cp nht thng xuyn (static) trong khi DRAM l loi RAM cn cp nht data thng xuyn (high refresh rate). Thng thng data trong DRAM s c refresh (lm ti) nhiu ln trong mt second lu gi li nhng thng tin ang lu tr, nu khng refresh li DRAM th d ngun in khng ngt, thng tin trong DRAM cng s b mt. SRAM chy nhanh hn DRAM. Trn thc t, ch to SRAM tn km hn hn DRAM v SRAM thng c kch c ln hn DRAM, nhng tc nhanh hn DRAM v khng phi tn thi gian refresh nhiu ln.

- FPM-DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM): y l mt dng ci tin ca DRAM, v nguyn l th FPM DRAM s chy nhanh hn DRAM do ci tin cch d a ch trc khi truy cp thng tin. Nhng loi RAM nh FPM hu nh khng cn sn xut trn th trng hin nay na.

- EDO-DRAM (Extended Data Out DRAM): L mt dng ci tin ca FPM DRAM, n chy nhanh hn FPM DRAM t 10 - 15% nh vo mt s ci tin cch d a ch trc khi truy cp data. Mt c im na ca EDO DRAM l n cn s h tr chipset. Loi memory

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ny chy vi my 486 tr ln (tc di 75MHz). EDO DRAM cng qu c so vi k thut hin nay.

- BDEO-DRAM (Burst Extended Data Out DRAM): L th h sau ca EDO DRAM, dng k thut "pineline technology" rt ngn thi gian d a ch ca data.

- SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM): y l mt loi RAM c nguyn l ch to khc hn vi cc loi RAM trc. Synchronous c ngha l ng b, thng tin s c truy cp hay cp nht mi khi clock (dng in) chuyn t 0 sang 1, "synchronous" c ngha l ngay lc clock nhy t 0 sang 1 ch khng hn l clock qua 1 hon ton (khi clock chuyn t 0 sang 1 hay ngc li, n cn 1 khong thi gian interval, tuy v cng ngn nhng cng mt 1 khong thi gian, SDRAM khng cn ch khong interval ny kt thc hon ton ri mi cp nht thng tin, m thng tin s c bt u cp nht ngay trong khong interval). Do k thut ch to mang tnh bc ngoc ny, SDRAM v cc th h sau c tc cao hn hn cc loi DRAM trc. y l loi RAM c tc 66-100-133Mhz.

- DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM): y l loi memory ci tin t SDRAM. N nhn i tc truy cp ca SDRAM bng cch dng c hai qu trnh ng b khi clock chuyn t 0 sang 1 v t 1 sang 0. Ngay khi clock ca memory chuyn t 0 sang 1 hoc t 1 sang 0 th thng tin trong memory c truy cp. Loi RAM ny c CPU Intel v AMD h tr, tc hin ti vo khong 266Mhz.

- DRDRAM (Direct Rambus DRAM): y li l mt bc ngoc mi trong lnh vc ch to memory, h thng Rambus (cng l tn ca mt hng ch to n) c nguyn l v cu trc ch to hon ton khc loi SDRAM truyn thng. Memory s c vn hnh bi mt h thng ph gi l Direct Rambus Channel c rng 16 bit v mt clock 400MHz iu khin (c th ln 800MHz). Theo l thuyt th cu trc mi ny s c th trao i thng tin vi tc 800MHz x 16bit = 800MHz x 2 bytes = 1.6GB/giy. H thng Rambus DRAM nh th ny cn mt serial presence detect (SPD) chip trao i vi motherboard. Loi RAM ny hin nay ch c h tr bi CPU Intel Pentum IV, kh t, tc vo khong 400-800Mhz.

- SLDRAM (Synchronous-Link DRAM): L th sau ca DRDRAM, thay v dng Direct Rambus Channel vi chiu rng 16bit v tc 400MHz, SLDRAM dng bus 64bit chy vi tc 400MHz. Theo l thuyt th h thng mi c th t c tc 400Mhz x 64 bits = 400Mhz x 8 bytes = 3.2Gb/giy, tc l gp i DRDRAM. iu thun tin l n rt da dng v ph hp nhiu h thng khc nhau.

- VRAM (Video RAM): Khc vi memory trong h thng v do nhu cu v ho ngy cng cao, cc hng ch to graphic card ch to VRAM ring cho video card ca h m khng cn dng memory ca h thng chnh. VRAM chy nhanh hn v ng dng Dual Port technology nhng ng thi cng t hn rt nhiu.

- SGRAM (Synchronous Graphic RAM): L sn phm ci tin ca VRAM m ra, n gin n s c v vit tng block thay v tng mng nh.

- Flash Memory: L sn phm kt hp gia RAM v hard disk. C ngha l Flash memory c th chy nhanh nh SDRAM m v vn lu tr c data khi power off.

Cch tnh dung lng ca memory (RAM)

Thng thng RAM c hai ch s, v d, 32Mx4. Thng s u biu th s hng (chiu su) ca RAM trong n v Mega Bit, thng s th nh biu th s ct (chiu ngang) ca RAM. 32x4 = 32MegaBit x 4 ct = 128 Mega Bit = 128/8 Mega Bytes = 16MB. C nhiu c th lm tng thng s u l Mega Bytes nhng k thc cc hng sn xut mc nh n l Mega Bit, nn lu nh cho iu ny khi mua RAM. V d, 32Mx64 RAM tc l mt ming RAM 256MB.

- PC66, PC100, PC133, PC1600, PC2100, PC2400....: C th hiu l tc ca h thng chipset ca motherboard. Nhng PC1600, PC2100, PC2400 th c v hi...cao? thc ra c im ca loi motherboard ny l dng loi DDR SDRAM, DDR SDRAM chy gp i

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loi RAM bnh thng. Cho nn PC100 bnh thng s thnh PC200 v nhn ln 8 bytes chiu rng ca DDR SDRAM: PC200 * 8 = PC1600. Tng t PC133 s l PC133 * 2 * 8bytes = PC2100 v PC150 s l PC150 * 2 * 8 = PC2400.

Khe cm b nh.

- SIMM (Single In-Line Memory Module): Bao gm 72 chn, loi RAM (c cu hnh SIMM) ny thng ti thng tin mi ln 8bits, sau pht trin ln 32bits. ). Truy cp d liu vi tn s 300 500 MHz.

- DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Modules): Bao gm 168 chn, thng tin mi ln ti l 16bits, sau pht trin ln 64bits. Truy cp d liu vi tn s 800 1,6 GHz.

- SO DIMM (Small Outline DIMM): y l loi memory dng cho notebook, c s chn l 144. tc vn hnh l 64bits.

- RIMM (Rambus In-line Memory Modules) v SO RIMM (RIMM dng cho notebook): L technology ca hng Rambus, c 184 chn (RIMM) v 160 chn (SO RIMM) v truyn data mi ln 16bit. Tuy nhin do chy vi tc cao, RIMM memory t nhit rt cao thnh ra li ch to n cng phi khc so vi cc loi RAM truyn thng.

g. ROM - BIOS:

Tt c cc mainboard u c mt vi mch ROM (Read Only Memory). Vi mch ny cha chng trnh ca h iu hnh vo ra c s BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), BIOS bao gm cc chng trnh khi to v cc trnh iu khin c s dng iu khin h thng chy v hot ng (nh l mch ghp ni cc phn cng c bn trong h thng).

Chng trnh u cha trong BIOS gi l POST (Power on self test), n c chc nng kim tra cc thnh phn chnh trong h thng khi my tnh c bt. Ngoi ra n cn c chng trnh BIOS-Setup dng lu tr cu hnh h thng trong b nh CMOS (b nh CMOS ny c nui bng PIN trn Mainboard) v nhiu cc chng trnh v hm khc. BIOS gm 4 chc nng chnh sau:

+ POST - Power On Selt Test: POST kim tra cc thnh phn my tnh nh b vi x l, b nh, chipset, video card, iu khin a, bn phm...

+ Bootstrap loader: l tp tin thi hnh vic tm h iu hnh v np h iu hnh. Nu h iu hnh khng tm thy, n c np v iu khin my tnh.

+ BIOS: Tham chiu ti s lin kt ca cc trnh iu khin m trnh iu khin ny hot ng nh mch ni ghp c bn gia h iu hnh v phn cng. Khi chy DOS hoc Windows trong ch Safe mode, ang chy cc trnh iu khin BIOS.

+ CMOS setup: y l chng trnh cho php thit t cu hnh h thng, cu hnh mainboard v thit lp chipset. i vi cc thit b Plug and Play th tham s trong ROM ca thit b s t ng c truyn vo CMOS-Setup.

h. Bus Slots v cng.

b sung thm cc kh nng s dng kt qu x l ph hp c ngha vi thc t cuc sng, my tnh dng bus m rng (expansion bus) cm thm cc card chc nng m rng v cc cng ni vi cc thit b ngoi vi.

* Cc chun bus m rng

- Bus ISA (Industry Standard Architecture): y l kiu bus m c 62 chn bao gm 3 ng dy t, nm ng dy ngun nui, hai mi ng a ch, 8 ng d liu, mi ng ngt, v mi su ng iu khin. Bi v dng 8 ng d liu ln tc truy cp ca bus ISA rt chm. Bus d liu ca ISA chy tc 4.7MHz (4Mb/giy).

- Bus EISA (Extend ISA): y l loi bus m rng ca bus ISA. Bus EISA tng thch ngc vi bus ISA. N chy tc 8,33 MHz (33Mb/giy).

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- VESA (Video Electonics Standard Assciation) hay VLB (VESA Local Bus): do hip hi VESA a ra vo u nm 1990. VL-Bus cho php truy cp ti b nh ngang vi tc ngoi ca CPU (n 33MHz). Tc truyn d liu ca n c th t 128Mb ti 132Mb.

- Bus PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect): y l loi bus m rng 32 bit hoc 64 bit da vo kiu thit k do Intel xy dng vo nm 1992. Tc truyn d liu ca n l 132 Mb.

- AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port - cng tng tc ho): h thng bus mi ny c kh nng ni trc tip board ho trn n vi b nh chnh trong PC. Thay v thng qua bus PCI, AGP cho php card ho c th truy cp trc tip vo b nh ca h thng. Vi bus 66Mhz (264MB/giy) gp i tc ca bus PCI, AGP cung cp kh nng truy cp nhanh vo RAM hin th ho 3D ng nh thc

1.2.3. Thit lp thng s trong CMOS Setup

Khi khi ng my ln u tin, my tnh s c mt tp hp d liu c lu trong CMOS, khng c thng tin ny my tnh s b t lit.

Ch thao tc vo Bios Setup l: Bm phm Del khi mi khi ng my i vi dng my ng Nam . i vi cc my M, thng l phi thng qua chng trnh qun l my ring ca tng hng nu mun thay i cc thng s ca Bios.

a. Setup cc thnh phn cn bn (Standard CMOS Setup)

* Ngy, gi (Date/Day/Time): Khai bo ngy thng nm vo mc ny.

* a mm (Drive A/B): Khai bo loi a cho A v B

* a cng (Drive C/D) loi IDE: Phi khai bo chi tit cc thng s cng. May mn l cc Bios sau ny u c phn d tm thng s cng IDE t ng (IDE HDD auto detection).

* Mn hnh (Video) - Primary Display: EGA/VGA: Dnh cho loi mn hnh s dng card mu EGA hay VGA, Super VGA...

* Treo my nu pht hin li khi khi ng (Error Halt): Tt c li (All error): Treo my khi pht hin bt c li no trong qu trnh kim tra my, khng nn chn mc ny v Bios s treo my khi gp li u tin nn khng th bit cc li khc, nu c.

B qua li ca Keyboard (All, But Keyboard): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca bn phm.

B qua li a (All, But Diskette): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca a.

B qua li a v bn phm (All, But Disk/Key): Tt c cc li ngoi tr li ca a v bn phm.

Khng treo my khi c li (No error)

* Keyboard: Install: Cho kim tra bn phm trong qu trnh khi ng, thng bo trn mn hnh nu bn phm c li.

Not Install: Khng kim tra bn phm khi khi ng.

b. Setup cc thnh phn nng cao (Advanced Setup):

* Virut Warning: Nu Enabled, Bios s bo ng v treo my khi c hnh ng vit vo Boot sector hay Partition ca a cng. Nu cn chy chng trnh c thao tc vo 2 ni nh: Fdisk, Format... cn phi Disable mc ny.

* Internal cache: Cho hiu lc (enable) hay v hiu ho (disable) Cache (L1) ni trong CPU 486 tr ln.

* External cache: Cho hiu lc (enable) hay v hiu ho (disable) cache trn mainboard, cn gi l Cache mc 2 (L2).

* Quick Power On Self Test: Nu enable Bios s rt ngn v b qua vi mc khng quan trng trong qu trnh khi ng, gim thi gian khi ng ti a.

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* About 1 MB Memory Test: Nu Enable Bios s kim tra tt c b nh. Nu Disable Bios ch kim tra 1 Mb b nh u tin.

* Memory Test Tick Sound: Cho pht m thanh (enable) hay khng (disable) trong thi gian test b nh.

* Extended Bios Ram Area: Khai bo mc ny nu mun dng 1 Kb trn nh ca b nh quy c, tc Kb bt u t a ch 639K hay 0:300 ca vng Bios h thng trong b nh quy c lu cc thng tin v a cng. Xc lp c th l 1K hay 0:300.

* Swap Floppy Drive: Tro i tn 2 a mm, khi chn mc ny khng cn khai bo li loi a nh khi tro bng cch Set jumper trn card I/O.

* Boot Sequence: Chn a cho Bios tm h iu hnh khi khi ng.

* Boot Up Floppy Seek: Nu Enable Bios s d tm kiu ca a mm l 80 track hay 40 track. Nu Disable Bios s b qua. Chn enable lm chm thi gian khi ng v Bios lun lun phi c a mm trc khi c a cng, mc d chn ch khi ng bng C.

* Boot Up Numlock Status: Nu ON l cho phm Numlock m (n Numlock sng) sau khi khi ng. Nu OFF l cho phm Numlock tt, nhm phm bn tay phi dng di chuyn con tr.

* Boot Up System Speed: Quy nh tc ca CPU trong thi gian khi ng l High (cao) hay Low (thp).

* Memory Parity Check: Kim tra chn l b nh. Chn theo mainboard v c loi cho php mc ny enable, c loi bt phi disable mi chu chy.

* IDE HDD Block Mode: Nu a cng h tr kiu vn chuyn d liu theo tng khi (cc a i mi c dung lng cao). Cho enable tng tc cho a. Nu a i c disable mc ny.

* Pri. Master/Slave LBA (Logic Block Addressing) Mode: Nu 2 a cng c ni vo u ni Primary ca card I/O c dung lng ln hn 528Mb, cho enable mc ny.

* Sec. IDE Ctrl Drives Install: Mc ny khai bo my c a cng ni vo u ni Secondary ca card I/O. Cc ch nh c th l Master, Mst/Slv v disable.

* Sec Master/Slave LBA Mode: Xc lp LBA cho u ni th 2.

* Typematic Rate Setting: Nu enable tc l cho 2 mc di y c hiu lc. 2 mc ny thay th lnh Mode ca DOS, quy nh tc v thi gian tr ca bn phm.

* Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec): La chn s k t/giy tu theo tc nh phm nhanh hay chm. Nu Set thp hn tc nh th my s pht ting Bip khi n chy theo khng kp.

* Typematic Delay (Msec): Ch nh thi gian lp li k t khi bm v gi lun phm, tnh bng mili giy.

* Security Option: Mc ny dng gii hn vic s dng h thng v Bios Setup.

Setup: Gii hn vic thay i Bios Setup, mi khi mun vo Bios Setup phi nh ng mt khu quy nh trc.

System hay Always: Gii hn vic s dng my. Mi khi m my, Bios lun lun hi mt khu, nu khng bit mt khu Bios s khng cho php s dng my.

* System Bios Shadow, Video Bios Shadow: Nu enable l cho copy cc d liu v System v Video trong Bios (c tc chm) vo Ram (tc nhanh) rt ngn thi gian khi cn truy nhp vo cc d liu ny.

* Wait for if Any Error: Cho hin thng bo ch n phm F1 khi c li.

* Numeric Processor: Thng bo c gn CPU ng x l (Present) trn my hay khng (absent). Mc ny thng c cho cc my dng CPU 286, 386, 486SX. T 486DX tr v sau c con ng x l bn trong CPU nn trn cc my mi c th khng c mc ny.

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* Turbo Switch Funtion: Cho nt Turbo c hiu lc (enable) hay khng (disable). Mc ny thng thy cc Bios i c, trn cc my i mi la chn ny thng bng cch Set jumper ca Mainboard. T Mainboard pentium tr i khng c mc ny.

c. Setup cc thnh phn c lin quan n vn hnh h thng (Chipset Setup)

* Auto Configuration: Nu enable, Bios s t ng xc lp cc thnh phn v DRAM, Cache...mi khi khi ng ty theo CPU Type (kiu CPU) v System Clock (tc h thng). Nu Disable l cho t ch nh.

* AT Clock Option: Nu Async (khng ng b) l ly dao ng chun ca b dao ng thch anh chia i lm tc hot ng cho AT Bus (bus 8 - 16Bit). Thng l 14.318MHz/2 tc 7.159MHz. C Bios cn cho chn tc ca mc ny l 14.318MHz. Nu Sync (ng b) l dng System Clock lm tc chun.

* Synchronous AT Clock/AT Bus Clock Selector: Ch nh tc hot ng cho AT Bus bng cch ly tc chun (system clock) chia nh cn li khong 8MHz cho ph hp vi card 16Bit. Cc la chn nh sau:

CLKI/3 khi system clock l 20 - 25MHz.

CLKI/4 khi system clock l 33MHz.



Tc ny cng ln (s chia cng nh), my chy cng nhanh do tng tc vn chuyn d liu. Tuy nhin ln n u l cn ty thuc vo mainboard v card cm trn cc Slot (quan trng nht l card I/O).

* AT Cycle Wait States/Extra AT Cycle WS: enable hay disable vic chn thm 1 thi gian ch vo thi gian chun ca AT Bus. Nu system clock di 33MHz chn disable. Nu trn 33MHz chn enable.

* Fast AT Cycle: Khi enable s rt ngn thi gian chun ca AT Bus.

* DRAM Read Wait States/DRAM Brust Cycle:

Di 33MHz l: 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 hay 2 - 1 - 1 - 1

T 33 - 45MHz l: 4 - 3 - 3 - 3 hay 2 - 2 - 2 - 2

50MHz l: 5 - 4 - 4 - 4 hay 3 - 2 - 2 - 2

Chn mc ny nh hng ln n tc CPU.

* DRAM/Memory Write Wait States: Chn 1WS khi h thng nhanh hay DRAM chm (tc 40MHz tr ln). Chn 0WS khi h thng v DRAM c th tng thch (33MHz tr xung).

* Hidden Refresh Option: Khi enable, CPU s lm vic nhanh hn do khng phi ch mi khi DRAM c lm ti.

* Slow Refresh Enable: Mc ny nhm bo m an ton d liu trn DRAM, thi gian lm ti s ko di hn bnh thng. Ch c enable mc ny khi b nh ca my h tr vic cho php lm ti chm.

* L1 Cache Mode: La chn gia Write-Through v Write-Back cho Cache ni trong CPU 486 tr ln. Xc lp Write-Through my s chy chm hn Write-Back nhng vic lc chn cn tu thuc vo loi CPU.

* L2 Cache Mode: Xc lp cho cache trn mainboard.

* IDE HDD Auto Detection/IDE SETUP: Khi chn mc ny s xut hin mt ca s cho php ch nh a cn d tm thng s (2 hay 4 a tu theo Bios). Sau bm OK hay YES Bios t ng in vo phn Standard.

* Power Management Setup: Phn ny l cc ch nh cho chng trnh tit kim nng lng sn cha trong cc Bios i mi.

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* Power Management/Power Saving Mode:

Disable: Khng s dng chng trnh ny.

Enable/User Define: Cho chng trnh ny c hiu lc.

Min Saving: Dng cc gi tr thi gian di nht cho cc la chn (tit kim nng lng t nht).

Max Saving: Dng cc gi tr thi gian ngn nht cho cc la chn (tit kim nhiu nht).

* Pmi/Smi: Nu chn SMI l my ang gn CPU kiu S ca hng Intel. Nu chn Auto l my ang gn CPU thng.

* Doze Timer: Mc ny ch dng cho CPU kiu S. Khi ng thi gian my rnh (khng nhn c tn hiu t cc ngt) theo quy nh, CPU t ng h tc xung cn 8MHz.

* Sleep Timer/Standby timer: Mc ny ch dng cho CPU kiu S. Ch nh thi gian my rnh trc khi vo ch Sleep (ngng hot ng). Thi gian c th t 10 giy n 4 gi.

* Sleep Clock: Mc ny ch dng cho CPU kiu S: Stop CPU h tc xung cn 0MHz (ngng hn). Slow CPU h tc xung cn 8MHz.

* HDD Standby Timer/HDD Power Down: Ch nh thi gian ngng motor ca a cng.

* CRT Sleep: Nu Enable l mn hnh s tt khi my vo ch Sleep.

* Ch nh: Cc ch nh cho chng trnh qun l ngun bit cn kim tra b phn no khi chy.

d. Phn dnh ring cho Mainboard theo chun giao tip PCI c I/O v IDE On Board

(peripheral Setup)

* PCI On Board IDE: Cho hiu lc (enabled) hay v hiu (disabled) 2 u ni a cng IDE trn mainboard. Khi s dng Card PCI IDE ri, ta cn chn disabled.

* PCI On Board Secondary IDE: Cho hiu lc (enabled) hay v hiu (disabled) u ni a cng IDE th 2 trn mainboard. Mc ny b sung cho mc trn v ch c tc dng vi u ni th 2.

* PCI On Board Speed Mode: Ch nh kiu vn chuyn d liu (PIO speed mode). C th l Disabled, mode 1, mode 2, mode 3, mode 4, Auto. Trong mode 4 l nhanh nht.

* PCI Card Present on: Khai bo c s dng Card PCI IDE ri hay khng v nu c th c cm vo Slot no. Cc mc chn l: Disabled, Auto, Slot 1, Slot 2, Slot 3, Slot 4.

* PCI IRQ, PCI Primary IDE IRQ, PCI Secondary IDE IRQ: Ch nh cch xc lp ngt cho Card PCI IDE ri.

* IDE 32Bit Transfers Mode: Xc lp ny nhm tng cng tc cho a cng trn 528Mb, nhng cng c a khng khi ng c khi enabled mc ny d fdisk v format vn bnh thng.

* Host to PCI Post Write W/S, Host to PCI Burst Write, Host to DRAM Burst Write:

Cc mc ny xc lp cho PCU Bus, khng nh hng nhiu n tc CPU, c th nguyn xc lp mc nhin.

* PCI Bus Park, Post Write Buffer: Khi enabled cc mc ny c th tng cng thm tc h thng.

* FDC Control: Cho hiu lc hay khng u ni cp v xc lp a ch cho a mm.

* Primary Seral Port: Cho hiu lc hay khng cng COM 1 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny.

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* Secondary Serial Port: Cho hiu lc hay khng cng COM 2 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny.

* Parallel Port: Cho hiu lc hay khng cng LPT 1 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny.

CU HI V BI TP

1.1.Trnh by hiu bit ca anh ch v cc iu kin an ton khi bo tr h thng my tnh

1.2.Trnh by hiu bit ca anh ch v cc th h vi x l ca Intel

1.3.Trnh by hiu bit ca anh ch v cc chun khe cm vi x l

1.4.Phn loi cc loi b nh. Xc nh thng s ca thanh nh RAM cho trc.

1.5.Thao tc thit lp mt s thng s c bn trong CMOS (Theo yu cu ra)

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CHNG 2: CI T H IU HNH

2.1. Chun b a cng

2.1.1. nh dng cp thp (Low Level Format)

y thc t l giai on u tin trong cch t chc a cng, khc vi a mm trc khi s dng a mi ta cn phi format chng, nhng i vi mt a cng mi giai on ny di hn, n phi bao gm ba bc Format cp thp (format vt l), fdisk phn vng a, v format cp cao (format cu trc hay cn c gi l format logic)

S d t trc n nay ngi ta mua mt a cng v ch cn fdisk v format n li l c th d dng c ngay l v trc khi tung a cng ra th trng th nh sn xut low level format n ri cho nn khng cn phi lm na, ni nh th nhng nu nh chng ta mun low level format th ta vn c th format bnh thng m khng c chuyn g xy ra.

Nhim v ca low level format:

Trong qu trnh low level format ,n s thc hin ba nhim v sau:

+ Chia track - To Track Number mi u track qun l track.

+ Chia sector - to sector ID (identify) u mi sector gip cho u t c th nhn din c bt u ca mt sector. To mt byte kim tra li hay kim tra tnh trng ca sector CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check). Gia hai sector k tip nhau trn cng mt track s cch nhau mt khong trng, khong trng ny c dng d phng trong trng hp u t b lch, n vn c th c c sector tip theo.

+ nh s th t ca cc sector trn track (nh Interleaving cho a cng).

D nhin format cp thp c th khng trc tip lm hng a nhng ni chung n vn c hi v mt t tnh v an ton d liu. Nh vy tuyt i khng nn lm dng n mt cch qu ng. Thng thng ta ch nn format cp thp li a trong cc trng hp sau:

- Khng Fdisk c a cng: y l trng hp bt buc bi v nh ta bit nu mt HDD khng fdisk c th khng th format c v nh th th khng th s dng c. Khi khng fdisk c ta c th gp cc tnh trng sau:

+ Chy Fdisk - Enter - My bo No fixed disk present.

+ Vo fdisk c nhng khi chn mc u tin to Primary Dos - Chng trnh fdisk hi ta c dnh maximum size chia 1 hay khng, lc ny cho d ta chn yes hoc no g th cng b treo my.

+ Khng format c, lc ta Format c: /s th c th ta nhn c mt cu thng bo hng track 0 ging nh thng gp a mm: Bad track 0 - Disk Unsusable.

- Ngoi trng hp khng fdisk v format c, th cc trng hp sau ta c th la chn c c nn format cp thp hay khng bi v t nht trong cc trng hp ny th a vn cn chy c:

+ Khi format cp cao Format c: /s khi my ang chy s % format th c th ta gp mt lot cc thng bo Trying to recover allocation unit 8711. Lc ny my ang bo cho ta bit rng cluster 8711 trn a b hng v n ang c gng phc hi li cluster , nhng thng thng th mi khi ta nhn c thng bo li ny th ta b Bad trn a.

+ Khi ta chy Scandisk c: hay NDD c: /DT hay bt k 1 phn mm no kim tra b mt a (surface Scan) ta s gp trn a c rt nhiu khi b BAD (Bad Block).

+ Khi chy bt k mt chng trnh no, ngu nhin ta s nhn c mt bng thng bo c ni dung li i loi nh sau: Error reading data on drive C: Retry, Abort, Ignore, Fail? hoc Sector not found on drive C: hoc Data error on drive C:

- 20 -

+ Khi chy bt k mt chng trnh no, ngu nhin ta s nhn c mt bng thng bo li hnh ch nht nh: A serious error occur when reading drive C: Retry or Abort?.

+ Khi ang dng DiskEdit kho st a th hin mt cu thng bo Error on hard disk 129, Retry or Abort?.

Ni chung trong nhng trng hp bn trn u l nhng trng hp a b hng qu nhiu hoc chy khng c n nh v trong nhng trng hp ny theo ti th ta nn format cp thp a li bi v chnh vic format cp thp ny li c li. Thng thng khi nh sn xut, sn xut a, d phng mt s s c hay d phng cho mt s sector trn a b hng, lc no ngi ta cng sn xut dung lng vt l trn a lun ln hn dung lng thc t khai bo trong CMOS v thc t theo mt s ti liu v HDD th c mi 1 track hay 1 Cylinder u c d 1 sector d phng, v thc cht kch thc tht ca mt sector vt l trn a lc no cng ln hn 512 bytes rt nhiu (c th l 574 bytes, 582 bytes tu theo tng loi a).

Nh th nu trong qu trnh format cp thp nu s sector trn a b hng t hn s sector d phng th lc ny c th cc chng trnh ny s ly sector d phng cn tt trn a thay th cho 1 sector b hng, v nu nh vy th b mt a ca chng ta tr nn sch v tt tr li, nhng nu s lng cc sector b bad trn a nhiu hn s sector d phng th c th a cng chng ta s b mt mt t dung lng i hoc vn cn b mt t BAD, nhng chc chn tnh trng ca a cng lc ny lun s kh hn trc khi format (tu thuc vo chng trnh format cp thp, khng theo mt rule no c nh c).

2.2.2. Phn vng a cng

Vic phn chia a cng c nhng li ch sau:

Mi mt h iu hnh c cch ring nh dng v qun l khng gian trn a, khng tng thch vi h iu hnh khc. Do cc h iu hnh khc nhau c th dng chung a, nn cn phi c c ch phn chia a cng thnh cc partition (phn khu) khc nhau mi h iu hnh c phn ring ca mnh.

Khi phn chia xong, phi nh dng tng phn khu (patition) theo ng qui trnh nh dng ca h iu hnh s chim n. Thng thng mi mt h iu hnh ch dng mt patition. Tuy nhin, c th phn chia partition a cng c nhiu a ring bit d dng trong vic qun l

Mi Partition u bt u t sector 1, head 0 ca mt cylinder no .

i vi h iu hnh DOS, mi partition l mt volume tng ng vi mt a logic (C, D, E, F, ..., Z)

Mi volume c chia thnh nhiu n v lu cha thng tin bng nhau gi l cluster. Mt cluster c th bao gm nhiu sector ( tu thuc vo vic s dng bng FAT). Mi tp d liu c lu gi trn mt hoc nhiu cluster (tu thuc vo ln ca tp d liu). Chui cc cluster lu gi lin tip c gi l cluster chain.

- C cc loi phn khu sau:

+ Phn vng DOS chnh (Primary DOS partition): y l phn khu u tin c ci t trn a v l phn khu ch c t DOS mi khi ng c. Phn khu DOS chnh c th c th chim ton b a hoc l mt phn a cng tu thuc theo yu cu ca ngi s dng. Trong trng hp ch dng mt phn lm phn khu chnh th phn cn li dnh cho phn khu m rng (Extend partition) hoc l phn vng phi DOS (non DOS).

+ Phn vng DOS m rng (Extended DOS partition).

+ Phn vng phi DOS (Non DOS partition): do h iu hnh khc qun l (c ngha l khi chng ta dng chng trnh FDISK ca DOS xem thng tin cc partition th nhng Partition do cc h iu hnh khc qun l s hin th l Non DOS)

S partition m DOS c th qun l ti a l 4 phn khu.

- 21 -

i vi phin bn DOS trc phin bn 3.3 th kch thc ca cc phn khu gii hn ti a l 32 Mb v mi a cng ch c mt phn khu DOS chnh.

T phin bn DOS 3.3 tr ln th chp nhn phn chia DOS m rng, phn khu ny c th chia thnh nhiu a logic v kch thc khng b gii hn bi 32M, nhng kch thc ca phn khu DOS chnh vn b gii hn bi 32M.

Qu trnh phn khu s to ra Master boot record ca a.

Lu : Khi phn khu ch mt phn khu gc v 3 phn khu ph (mi phn khu 16k).

phn vng cho a cng c rt nhiu chng trnh. in hnh nht l chng ta dng chng trnh FDISK c sn ca h iu hnh DOS. Ngoi ra c rt nhiu phn mm ca cc hng th 3 cho php chng ta phn chia a. Mt chng trnh c s dng rng ri l Partition Magic.

Chng trnh FDISK ca DOS dng phn chia partition. C th thay i kch thc v s lng partition bt k lc no mun. Tuy nhin vic ny s lm mt ni dung ca partition c. Tuy nhin c th s dng chng trnh ca hng th 3 phn chia a khng mt d liu nh Partition Magic ca hng Quaterdx

2.2.3. nh dng cp cao (High Level Format hay Logic Format)

nh dng cp cao l qu trnh t chc a ca mt h iu hnh c th. i vi h iu hnh DOS, nh dng cp cao s to ra Boot record, FAT (File allocation table), Root director trn tng partition.

Chng trnh FORMAT ca DOS dng to khun dng a

FORMAT [ a:] [tham s]

2.2. Ci t h iu hnh

2.2.1. Ci t MicroSoft Windows XP

- c th ci t trc tin phi vo trong BIOS t cho CD-ROM l thit b u tin c khi ng.

- Cho a Windows XP v khi ng li my tnh. Windows s t ng ci t. Windows s ly mt khong thi gian copy nhng file cn thit cho qu trnh ci t. Nu ng vi thng bo ca Windows nhn F8 tip tc, nu khng ng nhn ESC, setup s dng li.

- By gi bn s nhn c nhng la chn c th ci t vo cng, nu bn mun s dng ht dung lng cn trng ca a bn ch cn nhn ENTER tip tc, hoc bn nhn "C" c th chia nh a ra ci t. Tip theo Windows s yu cu format a. S dng nhng hng dn Windows a ra c th tip tc.

Chn NTFS cho Windows 2000 hoc XP

Chn FAT cho Windows Me v 98

- Nhn ENTER bt u Format.

- Windows s bt u format cng v xem xt a sau copy nhng file cn thit ci t. Setup s nhn cu hnh ca Windows XP v my tnh cn c khi ng li, nu c a mm trong A, hy b ra khi . C th nhn Enter qu trnh ny tin hnh nhanh hn.

- By gi giao din ha ci t c np, nhn NEXT tip tc... qu trnh ci t nhn cc thit b ca my tnh.

- Ci t h thng khu vc, c th vo Tab "INPUT LOCALES" cho thm ch nh ch ca bn phm (c th xa kiu nh "Input Locale" bn khng mun), click OK tip tc sau nhn NEXT. Cng c th thay i li trong Control Panel trong Windows.

- Tip n nhp vo dy serial sn phm v nhn NEXT tip tc. Nu c li xy ra hy kim tra li xem dy s nhp chun cha v chnh li cho ng.

- 22 -

- t tn cho my ca mnh. Cng c th t password s dng v xc nhn li. Nhn NEXT tip tc.

- Tip theo Windows s ci h thng mng. ci t h thng mng, chn Typical v nhn next, cu hnh mng vo mt thi im sau . Bn nhn NEXT c th tip tc.

- Nu my tnh trong mng th nhn "YES..." v in tn Workgroup, mt khc c th ri khi bng cch chn "NO..." v nhn NEXT.

- Tip theo l Start menu v ng k cc thnh phn....

- H thng s nh s thit lp v g b nhng file mu... v cui cng nhn FINISH hon tt qu trnh ci t Windows 2000.

- Khi ng li my tnh cho ln khi ng u tin. Nu a Windows XP vn trong cng s c thng bo sau hin ln "Press any key to boot from CD", ng lm g c, hy ch i thng bo tri qua.

- Nu ch c mt ngi s dng my tnh ny, la chn mc "Windows always assume the following user...." , my tnh s to ra mt ti khon trong my tnh. Nu c nhiu ngi s dng my tnh ny chn vo mc "Users must enter a user name and password...", iu ny c ngha l bn s truy cp vo my tnh vi t cch ngi qun tr, sau c th to ti khon cho ngi s dng trong Control Panel khi vo Windows.

- Bm nhn "NEXT" khi kt thc.

2.2.2. Ci t Redhat Linux 7.0

- Vo CMOS thit lp my khi ng t CDROM.

- Cho a CDROM Linux 1 vo khi ng.

- Ti du nhc bn g vo text ci t trn nn mn hnh Text.

+ Nhn Enter nu mun ci t trong ch ha.

+ G expert nu mun ci t trong ch chuyn gia (chi tit).

+ G linux rescue nu mun to a cu h cho linux.

- Sau , hin ln mt hp thoi chn ngn ng, chn ngn ng hin th khi ci t.

(Lu : nhn TAB chuyn i qua li cc nt, hp text, Space chn cc hp check, ENTER ng ).

- Chn kiu bn phm l us (united state).

- Khi hp thoi Installation Type xut hin , chn Custom System.

- Trong bng Automatic Partitioning , chn Manual partition v OK, sau chn trnh phn vng l Fdisk hoc Disk Druid.

- Trong bng Current Disk Partitions, to cc phn vng

+ Vng /boot (dung lng yu cu cho phn vng ny l t 16-24Mb)

+ Vng / (root)

+ Swap (dung lng yu cu cho phn vng ny l t 128-256Mb)

Nhn tip OK tin hnh format

- Trong bng LILO configuration, nhn OK to boot LILO (cu trc khi ng Linux t Master Boot Record). Mc nh dng Master Boot Record khi ng Linux, nn khng thay i g, nhn OK

- Khai bo Hostname, IP, Domain Name, ...

- Thit lp Fire wall v kiu m ha d liu trong linux.

- Thit lp cc cu hnh khc nh: Kiu chut, ngn ng lm vic, mi gi, to mt khu qun tr, to cc user ng nhp...

- Chn "gi" ci t:

- 23 -

+ Xwindows (h iu hnh Xwindows).

+ GNOME / KDE (giao din hin th).

+ Web (cc dch v web).

+ FTP (dch v truyn file).

+ Utilities (cc ng dng).

+ Development (cng c pht trin ng dng).

+ Kernel Development (cng c pht trin nhn h thng).

+ DNS server (dch v h tr DNS).

+ SAMBA server (dch v lin kt vi MS windows).

(Khng nn chn ch ci t la chn tng thnh phn ca cc gi)

- Linux lc ny s nh dng v phn vng li a ri t ng ci t cc packages. Khi qu trnh ci t hon thnh, phi thit lp phn cng cui cng - l card mn hnh v mn hnh hin th (phi thit lp chnh xc loi card, nu khng s khng th khi ng c mi trng Xwindows).

- Hon tt ci t.

CU HI V BI TP

2.1. Thc hin v gii thch thao tc khi nh dng cp thp, nh dng cp cao ca 01 a cng c th.

2.2. Thc hin ci t h iu hnh Windows trn my tnh c th

2.3. Thit lp cc thng s quc t trn h iu hnh Windows

2.4. Thc hin ci t h iu hnh Linux trn my tnh c th.

- 24 -

CHNG 3: CI T MT S THIT B NGOI VI

3.1. Chun b thit b v chng trnh iu khin

3.1.1. Chun b thit b

Trong phn ny hng dn cch ci t mt s thit b ngoi vi, c th cn chun b nhng thit b sau:

- My in, nu c iu kin c th chun b nhiu loi my in nh my in kim, my in lazer, my in phun, my in mng... Nhng my in ny kt ni vi my tnh thng qua cng LPT hoc USB (my in mng yu cu dy mng).

- a CDROM, bao gm c CDROM Rewritable cm theo chun IDE & SCSI.

- Modem internal v external loi V90 hoc X2.

- Card mng enthernet 10/100 Mbps.

- Sound card cc loi.

3.1.2. Chun b trnh iu khin

Chun b trnh iu khin trn a CDROM i km vi thit b cn ci t l phng php ti u nht, bi nhng trnh iu khin do chnh hng sn xut thit b a ra m bo tnh an ton cao, tn dng c ht sc mnh ca thit b.

3.2. Ci t my in

1. Kch chut tri vo nt Start

2. Chn Settings \ Printers and Faxes

Xut hin ca s Printers and Faxes

3. Chn Add a printer

Xut hin hp thoi Add Printer Wizard

- 25 -

4. Chn nt Next

Xut hin mn hnh:

La chn kiu kt ni vi my in

Local printer attached to this computer: My in c ni trc tip vi my tnh.

A network printer, or a printer attached to another computer: My in c ni qua mng ni b hoc kt ni vi mt my tnh khc c ci my in.

5. Chn nt Next

Xut hin thng bo Windows c tm c thit b plug & play hay khng?

6. Chn nt Next

Xut hin mn hnh la chn cng kt ni vi my in:

- 26 -

Chn cng cm kt ni vi my in, mc nh l cng LPT1

7. Chn nt Next

Xut hin mn hnh:

Chn tn hng sn xut my in bn ct Manufacturer.

Sau chn Tn loi my tin bn ct Printers.

Trng hp c a ca ng loi my in th bn cho a vo CD v chn nt Have Disk => Xut hin hp thoi Install From Disk, chn ng dn ti cha phn mm ci t my in:

Chn nt OK

8. Chn nt Next

Mn hnh t tn cho my in:

- 27 -

Bn c mun la chn my in ny l mc nh khi in?

Yes: ng

No: Khng

9. Chn nt Next

Xut hin mn hnh kim tra qu trnh ci t:

Bn c mun in lun th mt trang?

Yes: ng

No: Khng

10. Chn nt Next

Xut hin mn hnh hin th thng s thit lp khi ci my in:

11. Chn nt Finish hon thnh vic ci t my in

C trng hp bn khng th thc hin lnh Xem trc khi in (Pre Preview) v l do cha ci my in. Lc bn cng ch cn thc hin ln lt thao tc trn ci my in, bn cng khng cn phi lo lng khng c a ci hay cn phi ci ng loi my in mi c v bn ch cn xem hnh nh file vn bn trc khi in ch khng phi ci in.

- 28 -

3.3. Ci t CDROM

Vi hu ht cc loi a CDROM hin nay, BIOS c th d dng nhn din v a ra trnh iu khin c s CDROM c th lm vic ngay t khi khi ng (chc nng cho php khi ng t a CDROM trong CMOS setup l mt v d).

Ngoi ra, t h iu hnh 23bits (Windows95) tr v y, khi lp t CDROM, h iu hnh cng t ng nhn bit a CDROM.

Trng hp mun khai bo CDROM di nn ca h iu hnh DOS ta ch vic khai bo tn trnh iu khin CDROM trong tp Config.sys.

V d: device = c:\oakcdrom.sys

3.4. Ci t MODEM

3.4.1. i vi windows98

- Kch p vo biu tng My Computer trn mn hnh sau la chn phn Control Panel.

- Trong Control Panel kch vo phn modem tin hnh ci t.

Xut hin ca s Install new modem

- Kch chn Next nu mun my tnh t tm modem. Mn hnh my tnh s hin ra ca s tm kim modem.

- 29 -

- Khi my tnh tm thy modem s xut hin ca s modem standard.

- Mc nh my s tm kim c modem v cng ca n, nu modem thuc loi Plug&Play my tnh s t nhn ra kiu modem, nu khng my tnh s nhn l modem Standard.

- C th thay i kiu modem cho ng chng loi bng cch kch vo Change. Mn hnh chn loi modem s hin th.

Kch Have disk v kch Browse chn ng dn vo th mc c cha driver modem v kch nt OK.

- Nu bn khng mun thay i kiu modem th hy chn vo loi modem tng ng vi modem cn ci t. Kch nt Finish v sau ca s modem properties s hin th.

- 30 -

Nh vy hon thnh vic ci t modem. T y c th tip tc vi phn ci t Dial-Up Networking v sau l ci t kt ni.

3.4.2. i vi windows2000/XP.

- ci modem cho Win 2000, cc bc nh sau: Start --> Setting --> Control panel hoc c th kch p vo biu tng My Computer trn mn hnh v chn vo Control Panel.

- T ca s Control Panel, kch p vo biu tng Phone and modem option.

- Sau khi xut hin ca s Phone and modem options hy la chn tab Modems.

- Kch Add ci t modem mi v mn hnh ci t modem s hin th.

- Bm Next nu mun my tnh t pht hin modem. Mn hnh s xut hin ca s thng bo trng thi m my tnh ang kim tra.

- 31 -

- Mc nh, my tnh s tm thy modem tng ng vi cng ca n. Vi cc Modem PnP (Plug and Play), my tnh s t nhn ra kiu modem, cn vi nhng modem khng PnP th my tnh t nhn l Standard Modem. Trong c hai trng hp trn, chng ta nn thay i kiu v chng loi modem ng loi nh vi modem ang ci t bng cch bm vo nt: Change

- Mt ca s ci t modem s xut hin.

- Bm chut vo Have Disk , kch chut vo nt Browse chn ng dn n th mc cha driver ca modem v nhn nt OK.

- Sau bm OK v Finish. Lc ny xut hin ca s modem Properties vi tn modem va ci t. (nh minh ha)

- Vy l modem c ci xong. i vi nhng ngi truy cp internet thng qua ng dy in thoi v modem ni trc tip vi my tnh ca mnh, my tnh cn c ci t cu hnh Dial up Networking (phn ny thng c ci t sn khi ci Window). i vi Windows2000/XP chng ta s setup sau khi to connection kt ni vo internet.

3.4. Ci t Card mng

- Sau khi lp t card mng, m my ln, ng nhp vo Windows. Ch cho trnh Found New Hardware Wizard. Ty theo phin bn Windows m trnh wizard s c hin th khc nhau.

- 32 -

- Nhn Next tip tc chn la. Bao gm 2 phn:

+ Display a list of the known drivers : Hin th danh sch driver t cc nh sn xut ta t chn la.

+ Search for a suitable driver for my device: windows t ng tm kim driver.

- y ta chn Search for a suitable driver for my device t ng tm kim driver.

- hp thoi k tip, b chn tt c ngoi tr Specify a location t ch nh v tr ca driver. Nhn Next tip tc.

- B CD-Rom i km vi network adapter vo CD. Nu trnh wizard xut hin, nhn Exit hay Cancel tt trnh wizard v tr v trnh New Hardware Wizard

- Ch nh v tr ca driver bng cch nhn Browse v tm n CDRom. Nhn OK.

- Khi hp thoi k tip bo tm thy driver. Ta nhn Next tip tc ci t driver. Hp thoi bo hiu ci t thnh cng s xut hin, ty theo phin bn windows m c th bn s phi khi ng li my bt u s dng network adapter.

3.5. Ci t Sound Card

Tng t nh vic ci t modem, ci t sound card (d l loi card ri hay tch hp trn mainboard) cng c thc hin kh d dng, iu quan trng l ta phi la chn ng trnh iu khin ca chnh hng sn xut sound card.

CU HI V BI TP

3.1. Th no l chng trnh iu khin thit b (Driver)? Cc cch khai bo trnh iu khin thit b trong h iu hnh

3.2. Thc hin thao tc ci t my in c th

3.3. Thc hin thao tc ci t Modem Dial-up c th

3.4. Thc hin thao tc ci t v cu hnh Card mng c th

3.5. Thc hin thao tc ci t Sound card c th

- 33 -

CHNG 4: CI T MT S NG DNG C BN

4.1. Chun b b chng trnh ci t

4.1.1. Yu cu v b ci t.

m bo cht lng v phn mm ci t cng nh tnh n nh ca h thng, tt hn ht chng ta nn s dng cc b ci t y chc nng (Full) v c license. Sau y lit k mt s b a thng dng:

- Cc ng dng cu h h thng v sa li h thng.

- Cc chng trnh dit virus phin bn mi nht.

- Cc ng dng ti u ha h thng.

- B ci t cc H iu hnh.

- B ci t v cc ng dng vn phng.

- B ci t cc ng dng x l ha.

- Cc ngn ng lp trnh c s, bc thp

- Cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao.

- Cc h qun tr c s d liu.

- Cc ng dng mng, ng dng Internet.

- Cc phn mm ci t trn my Server.

- Cc phn mm ci t trn my Client.

- B cc trnh iu khin Driver.

- Nhng ng dng h tr cho vic dy v hc...

4.1.2. Yu cu v phn cng.

- Cc thit b mng lin quan n kiu mng c xc lp.

- Cc loi a di ng.

- Chng loi v tc ca CPU.

- Dung lng b nh m rng (RAM).

- Yu cu vi dung lng cn trng ca a cng.

- Tc v b nh ca board ha.

- Cc thit b ngoi vi ph tr...

4.2. Ci t Microsoft Office

thc hin ci t b chng trnh MicroSoft Office khng qu kh khn khi m MicroSoft h tr cho chng ta cch thc d dng nht ci t. y ti mun gii thiu cch ci t b MicroSoft Office trn mng LAN.

Microsoft Office thng lnh th trng cc ng dng vn phng t rt lu. Cc tnh nng ca b phn mm c khai thc rt nhiu nhng cn mt lnh vc rt quan trng m t ngi bit n l kh nng lm vic trn mng ca Microsoft Office. Trong bi ny ti s dng b Office 2003 lm v d, nhng hu ht cc tnh nng c cp u lm vic vi cc phin bn t Office 97 tr ln.

Ngoi vic phi c mt b Office c ci t sn, cn cn thm cng c Microsoft Office Resource Kit (thng c bit di ci tn ORK), c th ti ORK min ph t trang Web download.microsoft.com (dung lng 7,13MB).

S hu mt mng my tnh c t hng chc n hng trm my trm, ta khng th trang b cc cng c dung lng ln cng nh gn CD cho tng my v chng ta bit b Office l mt trong nhng phn mm ngn dung lng a ln nht ngy nay. Gii php l ci t b

- 34 -

Office ch Administrative Setup. Ty chn ny cho php to mt phin bn ci t c bit trn a cng ca my ch v t c th ci t Office cho cc my trm trong mng. Administrative Setup cho php:

- Tit kim dung lng a cng cho cc my trm v dng chung cc tp tin trn my ch.

- Qun l cc ty chn trong b ci t n tng thnh vin hay nhm thnh vin.

- D dng thc hin vic cp nht cc bn v li n tt c cc my v ch cn cp nht bn v cho my ch.

* To mt Administrative Installation Point (AIP)

AIP l th mc cha cc tp tin ci t chng trnh Office c chia s trn my ch, th mc ny phi c cp quyn s dng trn 700MB cha tt c file ca b ci t. Ta c th thc hin vic ci t ny t bt k my trm no trn mng, ch cn c quyn ghi trn th mc AIP. Trc tin, xc nh th mc cha tp tin Setup.exe trong a CD ci t Office. trnh ci t chy chnh xc, nn dng b ci t 5 CD thay v b 1 CD dng tt c trong 1. Sau khi xc nh ni cha tp tin setup.exe, chy tp tin ny t dng lnh vi tham s /a: m menu Start/ Run > g vo cmd > Enter m ca s g lnh > gi s CD l K v tp tin setup.exe nm trong th mc Office, g vo k:\office\setup /a.

B ci t Office c khi ng, ti y cn thit lp mt vi thng s cho n:

- Organization: tn t chc, tn cng ty...

- Install Location: th mc trn my ch c chia s.

- Product Key: mc d ci t v chy qua mng nhng vn cn bn quyn trn tng my trm. Do , bn ci t ny cn phi dng s ng k c bit gi l Volume Key, c cung cp khi mua Office vi s lng ln. Cc s ng k cho phin bn bn l khng th dng cho b ci t ny.

Cc thng tin ny ch nhp mt ln duy nht, sau ny khi ci t trn cc my trm, khng cn phi nhp li. Sau khi nhn Accept ng vi cc tha thun bn quyn, b ci t s chp ton b tp tin trn CD ci t xung AIP, ng thi x nn tt c tp tin .CAB.

* Cu hnh cc tnh nng v shortcut

Khi chn ci t t AIP, c th ch nh cc ng dng v tnh nng no s c ci trn cc my tnh ca cc thnh vin. Ngoi ra cng c th ch nh cc shortcut s c to cng vi cc tp tin ca ring ta s nhng vo b ci t.

Khi chy b ci t t AIP, cc thao tc cng tng t nh ci t trn my n. Tuy nhin, khi ty bin chn la cc thnh phn c ci t, s c thm nhiu la chn khc, bao gm:

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- Run from My Computer: b ci t s chp cc tp tin ca thnh phn chn v cng ca my tnh thnh vin.

- Run all from My Computer: thnh phn chnh v tt c cc thnh phn con c chn cng s c chp v my tnh thnh vin.

- Run from Network: ch nh cc thnh phn ny s c chy thng qua mng ti AIP m khng cn chp v my tnh thnh vin.

- Run all from Network: thnh phn chnh v tt c cc thnh phn con c chn cng s chy qua mng ti AIP. Tuy nhin, c mt s thnh phn con nu b ch nh cm chy qua mng s c chp v my tnh thnh vin.

- Installed on First Use: tt c cc tp tin cn dng cho thnh phn c chn s c ti v my tnh thnh vin khi tnh nng c s dng n ln u tin.

- Not Available: thnh phn ny khng c trong b ci t nm ti AIP, c th b sung n vo AIP sau ny khi chy li setup /a hoc thng qua ch bo tr (c trong b ORK).

- Not Available, Hidden, Locked: cc thnh phn ny b t di ch bo v ti my ch thng qua chc nng Custom Installation Wizard c trong b ORK.

* S dng ORK ty bin b ci t

Sau khi ci t b ORK, chy trnh Custom Installation Wizard (CIW) ty bin b ci t ti AIP: vo menu Start/ All Programs/ Microsoft Office/ Microsoft Office 2003 Resource Kit > Custom Installation Wizard. CIW cho php ty bin cc thnh phn sau ca b ci t, thng qua mt trnh thut s (gm 24 bc):

- Chn la ni Office s c ci trn my tnh thnh vin.

- Ch nh vic tho ci t cc phin bn c hn.

- Bt, tt, hiu chnh trng thi ca cc ng dng hay tnh nng s c ci t.

- To cc thit lp mu.

- Thm vo cc th mc hay tp tin khc, cng nh b sung cc mc registry v cc shortcut.

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- Ch nh cc shortcut c to.

- Ch nh cc thit lp bo mt (chy cc macro, ActiveX, ...).

- To cc h s mu v cc ti khon v thit lp cho Outlook.

- V mt s thit lp khc...

4.3. Ci t phng ch ting Vit

Phn ny ti xin cp n vit ci t phng ting Vit True Type Font cho h iu hnh Linux Red Hat.

Linux hin th c Ting Vit, vic ci t font Ting Vit l bt buc. Do s pht trin XWindows thng dng trong linux(Xfree86), hin nay tn ti 2 cch ci t font Ting Vit trong Linux tu thuc vo phin bn Xfree86(XWindow server)

4.3.1. Vi Xfree86 phin bn t 4.0 tr ln

Th tc tin hnh nh sau:

Do Xfree86 tch hp cc module chng trnh h tr font true type nn ch cn np font true type Ting Vit v thc hin th tc cu hnh Xfree86 nh sau:

+ To th mc cha font. V d nh /usr/ttfonst. Copy ton b font vo th mc ny.

+ Thay i tn cc tp tin c phn tn v phn ui m rng dang ch hoa sang ch thng (*.TTF sang *.ttf). Thit lp quyn cho cc font: '#chmod 644 *.ttf' v quyn cho cc th mc cha font: '# chmod 755 ttfonts'.

+ Trong th mc font thc hin cc lnh sau:

# ttmkfdir > font.scale

#mkfontdir

+ Dng trnh vi m file /ect/X11/fs/config, thm ng dn font vo trong danh sch cc ng dn font:

+ Khi ng li (Ctr -Alt-backspace) Xserver. Khi ng li X font Server(# / ect/init.d/xfs restart).

By gi th c th s dng b font mi.

4.3.2. Vi phin bn Xfree86 < 4.0

Vi phin bn ny phi ci t thm mt trnh ng dng h tr kh nng hin th font true type trong xWindows c tn l xfstt(X11 font server for true type font), th tc tin hnh nh sau:

- B font true type(cng nh mc 1): *.ttf, *.TTF

- FreeType Library Binary: Th vin lm vic vi font true type. C th tham kho ti a ch: http://www.freetype.org/

- XFSFT: X font server, c th tm gi phn mm ny (xfsft-1.03-1.i386.rpm) ti a ch http://webmit.edu/sarantos/www.

- TTMKFDIR- tin ch to font.scale cho true type font. C th dng Lycos advanced ftp search tm gi tin ch tmkfdir.tar.gz. ci TTMKFDIR t gi tin ch ttmkfdir.tar.gz, thc hin nh sau:

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# tar-zxf ttmkfdir.tar.gz

# make FREETYPE_BASE=/usr

Hoc #make FREETYPE_BASE/usr/local

Chp file ttmkfdir mi c to vo th mc /usr/bin/local.

Sau khi ci X Font Server(xfsft-1.0.3-1.i386.rpm), tm m file /usr/etc/xfsft.conf, thm ng dn font vo danh sch ca catalogue:

catalogue=/usr/ttfonts,

/usr/x11R6/lib/x11/fonts/75dpi,

By gi, thay i ni dung ca FontPath trong file /ect/XF86Config:

FontPath

"unix/:7100,/usr/X11R6/lib/x11/fonts/local"

Cng vic cn li l khi ng X server v X font server.

4.3.3. X11 Font Server for TT font

Cn mt tnh nng tng t XFSFT trong d n pht trin song song vi tn l Xfstt (vit tt ca "X11 Font Server for TT font") cng gii quyt vn hin th font true type trong linux. Cch ci t nh sau:

- G nn chng trnh ngun ly v, v d: file Xfstt-1.1.tar.gz, chy:# tar xvzf xfstt-1.1.tar.gz. Sau khi thc hin xong, chng trnh ngun s c gii nn vo th mc hin hnh.

- G lnh #make && make install. Thng th chng trnh dch chy khng c li (li do ci thiu chng trnh dch v th vin cho n ). Nu c li th ci li glib ca linux bng cch ly a ci linux ang dng, tm n cc file bt u bng glib*...i386.rpm v chy rpm-i ci t chng trnh bin dch C cho linux.

Bc tip theo l chy chng trnh xfstt. Lu l phi chy xfstt trc khi chy XWindows, cc bc thc hin nh sau:

- To mt th mc/usr/share/fonts/truetype, chp vo y cc file ttf mun dng.

- Bo cho xfstt bit th mc trn c bng cch chy #xfsst-sync. Chng trnh s thng bo tm thy tng s c bao nhiu file ttf trong th mc trn

- Chy xfstt trong ch nn # xfstt &

- Bo cho XWindows bit dch v font mi #xset-fp unix/:7101

- Chy XWindows

- Sau khi thot khi XWindows chy #xset -fp unix/:7101 g b dch v font mi

Lu l phi lm ng cc bc nh trn, khi khi ng xfstt v vo XWindow th lc ny hon ton c th c c vn bn ting vit (nu c b Star Office th c th c c ti liu *.doc).

4.4. Ci t ngn ng lp trnh

Trong bi ging ny ti xin gii thiu cc thc ci t ca h qun tr c s d liu phn tn rt mnh l Oracle 8i.

c th kt ni v thao tc vi c s d liu c t trn my ch ca lp tp hun Oracle, qu Thy C ci t Oracle vo my tnh c nhn ti n v (my trm Oracle hay Oracle client) v cu hnh cho my trm kt ni vo my ch Oracle hay Oracle server. Thao tc c th nh sau:

- Cho a Oracle 8i vo a CD ROM, trn hp hi thoi va c hin th, chn menu Oracle8i Personal Ed.

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- Trn hp hi thoi c hin th tip theo, nhn vo lin kt "Install Oracle8i Personal Edition".

- Chn menu "Install/Deinstall Products".

- Tip theo, chng trnh s cho hin th hp hi thoi hng dn cc bc ci t Oracle. Khi , nhn vo nt Next trn hp hi thoi ny bt u qu trnh ci t.

- La chn ng dn ci t, nhn vo nt Next.

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- Trn hp thoi c hin th tip theo, chn Oracle8i Client 8.1.5.0.0. Sau , nhn vo nt Next.

- Chn kiu ci t Custom. Sau , nhn vo nt Next.

- La chn nhng gi dch v ca Oracle cho phin bn Client, nhn vo nt Next.

- Chn thm cc thnh phn ci t, nhn vo nt Next.

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- Giao thc kt ni ca Oracle (mc nh Oracle t ng nhn dng v xc lp), nhn vo nt Next.

- Trn hp thoi c hin th tip theo, nhn vo nt Install. Hnh minh ha.

- Tip theo, chng trnh thc hin ci t Oracle theo cc yu cu chn. Khi mn hnh s c dng nh hnh di y.

- i cho n khi hp thoi di y c hin th. Sau , nhn vo nt Next trn hp hi thoi ny.

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- Trn hp thoi c hin th tip theo, nhn vo nt Next Oracle t xc lp.

- Hp thoi c hin th tip theo Oracle cp nht tn dch v cho nhng phin bn trc n tm thy, nhn vo nt Next.

- Trn hp thoi c hin th tip theo, nhp tn dch v l OracleDB vo hp k t (text box). Sau , nhn vo nt Next.

- Xc lp giao thc TCP/IP, nhn vo nt Next.

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- Xc lp hostname, nhp hostname vo hp k t v s cng kt ni. Sau , nhn vo nt Next.

- Kim tra li kt ni vi database, sau nhn vo nt Next.

- To tn b sung cho dch v mng ca Oracle, nhn vo nt Next.

- Nu mun cu hnh li tn ca nhng dch v mng khc trong Oracle, chn Yes, ngc li chn No mc nh ca Oracle, nhn vo nt Next.

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- Trn hp thoi c hin th tip theo, nhn vo nt Next.



- Hon thnh vic ci t c bn, nhn vo nt Finish.

- 44 -

- Nhn vo nt Exit thot khi mn hnh ci t.

- Sau khi nhn vo nt Exit, chng trnh cho hin th hp hi thoi c dng nh hnh di y. Khi , nhn vo nt Yes trn hp hi thoi hon thnh qu trnh ci t v cu hnh Oracle.

* Kim tra

kim tra xem thao tc ci t c thnh cng hay khng, thc hin theo cc bc sau.

- T mn hnh Windows, chn Start -> Program Files -> Ora_Home81 -> Aplication Development -> SQL Plus

- Trn hp hi thoi va c hin th, nhp vo thng tin ti khon trn my ch Oracle. Sau nhn vo nt OK trn hp hi thoi.

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- Khi mn hnh c dng nh hnh di y xut hin, cng l lc qu trnh ci t v cu hnh thnh cng.

4.5. Ci t mt s ng dng khc

Hin nay mi trng Windows h tr chng ta tng i n gin vic ci t cc ng dng ln n, nhng vn t ra l my tnh chng ta ang s dng c mnh ci nhiu ng dng ln trn mt my khng? Hay lm cch no vn chy c cc ng dng ln trn nhng my c cu hnh yu? y ti xin trnh by gii php gip nhng my tnh c c th chy c ng dng mi vi tc ca mt my tnh mnh.

Gii php ny l xy dng my ch ng dng (Application Server, AS) phc v cho cc my khch (client) c, mi ng dng s c ci t trn my ch ny. Khi my khch kt ni vo my ch, my y s to mt phin lm vic (session) cho my khch, x l d liu v chy ng dng ngay trn my ch nhng hnh nh c truyn v mn hnh my khch ngi dng thao tc. Do tc chy ng dng trn my khch s ty thuc vo tc x l ca my ch v s lng my khch m n phi phc v cng lc.

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im ni bt ca gii php ny l my khch c th chy cc h iu hnh khc nhau, t Windows cho n Linux (ni chung l c ci h iu hnh l c) v cc phn cng khc nhau.

4.5.1. Chun b h thng.

My tnh ch dng lm AS phi ci t h iu hnh h Windows 2000 Server hoc Windows Server 2003, c lng b nh RAM t nht l 256MB, CPU ti thiu phi l Pentium III 733MHz. Ni chung th cng nhiu b nh, nhiu CPU v tc CPU cng cao cng tt.

tnh lng RAM cn cung cp cho my tnh ch, Microsoft a ra khuyn co v phn b lng b nh cho cc ngi dng my tnh khch nh sau:

- Ngi dng nh: ch chy mt ng dng trong mt thi im v ch yu l cc ng dng vn phng nh Word, Excel... Cn thm 10MB RAM cho mi ngi dng.

- Ngi dng trung bnh: chy cng lc nhiu ng dng nhng khng thng xuyn chuyn qua li gia chng, nhng chng trnh ny khng yu cu cao v x l d liu. Cn thm 15MB cho mi ngi dng.

- Ngi dng cao cp: chy v x l d liu trn nhiu ng dng ng thi, m nhng chng trnh ny li i hi kh nng x l d liu cao. Cn thm 20MB cho mi ngi dng.

4.5.2. Ci t Terminal Services trn my ch.

i vi h Windows 2000 Server:

Vo menu Start -> Settings -> Control Panel -> Add/Remove Programs -> nhp vo Add/Remove Windows Components -> trong ca s Windows Component Wizard, chn Terminal Services, nhn Next -> trong ca s Terminal Services Setup, chn Application Server mode. Ti y, cng s thy mt danh sch cc chng trnh s khng chy c trn my khch sau khi nng cp ln AS. Nhng khng sao, ch cn g b ri ci t li l n -> chn ch tng thch vi Windows 2000 hoc Windows NT 4, a a ci t Windows 2000 Server vo ri i h thng cu hnh.

i vi h Windows Server 2003:

Vo menu Start -> Control Panel -> Add or Remove Programs -> nhp vo Add/Remove Windows Components trong ca s Windows Components Wizard, nh du mc Application Server, Terminal Server v Terminal Server Licensing -> nhn Next -> a a ci t Windows Server 2003 vo ri i cho thng chp nhng tp tin cn thit cu hnh my tr thnh my ch ng dng (mt khong 10 pht).

4.5.3. Ci t cc ng dng trn my ch.

Trc tin, cn phi g b tt nhng ng dng c ci trn my ch trc khi nng cp thnh my ch ng dng, bi l nhng ng dng c ci t sau ny h thng s a nhng tp tin th vin vo cha mt ni ring nhm thun tin cho vic chia cho cc my tnh khch.

By gi, mi khi mun ci mt chng trnh no , phi vo ca s Add or Remove Programs -> nhn nt Add New Program -> nhn nt CD Floppy trong vng Add a program from CD-ROM or floppy disk.

Trong ca s Install Program From Floppy Disk or CD-ROM nhn Next -> nhn Browse chn tp tin ci t ng dng. Nu thy tn tp tin ci t khng hin th th hy chn Programs hoc All Files trong danh sch Files of type -> nhn Next -> ca s After

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Installation hin ra v ng dng bt u c ci t, sau khi tin trnh ci t kt thc mi c php nhn Next -> cui cng nhn nt Finish.

4.5.4. To ti khon cho cc my con kt ni vo my ch.

Trn my ch ng dng, vo Administrative Tools -> Computer Management -> chn Users di Local Users and Groups -> vo menu Action -> New User -> nhp tn ng nhp ca ngi dng mun to vo User name, nhp tn y vo Full name -> nhp hai ln mt khu vo hai Password -> nhn Create to ngi dng.

i vi my Windows Server 2003 nng cp ln Domain Controller, phi thng qua nhiu bc hn, trc tin vo Administrative Tools -> Web Interface for Remote Administration - > nhp tn v mt khu ngi dng c php truy cp my ch (Administrator) -> chn th Users -> nhn nt New to ngi dng mi - > nhp tn ng nhp vo User name, tn y vo Full name -> nhp hai ln mt khu vo hai Password -> nhn OK.

Tip theo vo Administrative Tools -> Server Management -> chn Users ti vng bn tri, nhp phi vo tn ngi dng va to trong vng bn phi, chn Properties -> th Member of, nhn nt Add, nhn nt Advanced -> nhn nt Find Now -> chn Remote Desktop Users -> nhn OK -> OK -> th Account, nhp li tn ng nhp vo User logon name ri chn min (domain) trong danh sch pha sau -> nhp OK. Vn cha xong, by gi vo menu Start -> Run -> g lnh gpedit.msc, nhn phm Enter -> chn Computer Configuration -> Windows Settings -> Security Settings -> Local Policies -> User Rights

Assignment -> nhp kp chut vo mc Allow log on through Terminal Services, nhn nt Add User or Group -> nhn Advanced -> Find Now -> nhp ln tn ngi dng va to -> nhn OK ba ln ng tt c ca s.

4.5.5. Dng cc my Windows kt ni vo my ch ng dng.

kt ni vo Terminal Server, cc my khch phi c chng trnh Terminal Client. Nu dng Windows XP th bn c sn chng trnh Remote Desktop Connection. Cn i vi cc h iu hnh Windows c hn, phi ti v ci t thm Remote Desktop Connection ti a ch www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/ remotedesktop. Ring Windows 2000 Advanced Server cng c mt phin bn Terminal Client, c th to ra a mm cha chng trnh ri

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em ci ln cc my khch, bng cch vo menu Start -> Program -> Administrative Tools -> Terminal Services Client Creator.

Khi mun truy cp vo my ch ng dng, ti my khch, chy chng trnh Remote Desktop Connection (trong menu Start -> All Programs -> Accessories -> Communications)

hoc Terminal Services Client. y, ti minh ha bng Remote Desktop Connection -> nhn nt Options m rng thm cc ty chn -> th General, nhp vo mi tn xung ca Computer, chn Browse for more -> chn tn my Terminal Server, nhn OK -> nhp tn ng nhp vo User name, mt khu vo Password -> th Display, chn su mu trong danh sch Color -> th Experience, chn kiu kt ni mng trong danh sch Choose your connection speed to optimize performance -> nhn Connect bt u kt ni vo my ch.

4.5.6. Kt ni vo my ch t my khch khng dng Windows.

kt ni vo my ch ng dng t cc my chy h iu hnh khc Windows, phi dng thm phn mm HOBLink JWT ca hng th ba. Ti v t www.hobsoft.com ri lm theo nhng hng dn trn Website ny bit cch ci t cho tng h iu hnh tng ng.

CU HI V BI TP

4.1. Thc hin ci t Microsoft Office

4.2. Thc hin ci t b phng ch v cng c g ting Vit c th.

4.3. Thc hin ci t b cng c lp trnh c th.

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CHNG 5: BO TR PHN CNG

5.1. Bo dng phn cng nh k

Nng cp phn cng mi ch i c na qung ng c c my tnh nhanh, mnh hn. Bo tr thng xuyn cng rt cn. My tnh khng c bo tr ng cch s chy chm li, mt tp tin v h hng thit b. Di y l lch bo tr nn thc hin:

5.1.1. Hng ngy

Qut virus: S dng cc phn mm qut virus nh: McAfee VirusScan, Symantec Norton AntiVirus, PC-cillin... Cng nn tin hnh nng cp phin bn phn mm chng virus mi cng sm, cng tt kp ngn chn nhng virus va mi xut hin.

Sao lu: Nn dng a ln nh DVD thc hin cng vic sao lu hng ngy, ng thi c th s dng mt s cng c sao lu nh: Retrospeet Professional ca Dantz, Winbackup ca LIUtilities hoc Backup my PC ca Stomp...

5.12. Hng tun

T ng qut virus ton cng: Bt ch bo v chng virus thi gian thc v cho php chng trnh t ng cp nht tng th virus.

Windows Update: cho php MicroSoft t ng kim tra my tnh v a ra danh sch trnh iu khin, tp tin h thng, applet bo mt... cn c nng cp.

S dng tin ch Disk CleanUp c tch hp sn trong Windows.

Scheduled Tasks: cho php lp lch chy phn mm nh Back up, Disk Clean up. Ta dng trnh ny ln lch cho cc chng trnh ti u h thng chy hng ngy, hng tun...

5.1.3. Hng qu

Disk Defragmenter: gip ti u hot ng v nng cao tnh n nh ca a cng bng cch sp xp cc sector d liu ca tng tp tin vo nhng vng lin tip nhau, gim thiu di chuyn u c khi truy xut d liu.

5.1.4. Hng nm

V sinh PC: cn thn v sinh my tnh bng nhng u c mm, dng bnh kh nn c vi thi bi trong nhng gc kt ra (khng thi vo a mm, CDROM bi d lm hng u t). Dng cc loi a lau u t.

5.2. Cc gii php khai thc a ti u

5.2.1. Interleave

L mt k thut lm tng tc truy cp thng tin bng gim bt thi gian nhn ri ca CPU. V d, CPU cn c thng tin thng t hai ni A v B khc nhau, v CPU chy qu nhanh cho nn A cha kp ly ra CPU phi ch ri! A thy CPU ch th phin qu mi bo CPU sang B i lun sau tr li A ly cng cha mun! Bi th CPU c th rt bt thi gian m ly c c A v B. Ton b ngha interleave l vy.

5.2.2. H s an xen ca a cng (Interleave Factor)

Thc cht lc trc khi nh s th t ca cc sector trn track nh sn xut khng ngh n chuyn an xen cc sector l g c v n gin nh sn xut a ch vic nh s th t ca cc sector trntrack lin tc nhau. Nhng sau mt thi gian s dng a th h nhn thy rng tc truy cp a chm i mt cch bt bnh thng bi v nu nh s th t ca cc sector trn track lin tc nh th th tc lm vic ca card iu khin a HDC (Hard Disk Controller )ngay lc ny khng th no lm vic kp vi tc quay a (ta bit tc lm vic ca HDC trong thi gian ny rt chm bi v n thc hin rt nhiu thao tc hon tt vic c ghi 1 sector: nhn lnh t CPU, nh v u t, iu khin c ghi, c vo buffer,

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chuyn d liu, bo ready) v nu nh th th mi khi c mt sector xong, c c sector k tip a phi i ng mt vng quay. Nh vy khng mt thi gian ch, nh sn xut i tnh tc lm vic ca card iu khin, tnh tc quay a tng ng vi khong thi gian v nh th an xen i mt vi sector, mi nh s th t ca sector tip theo. Lm nh th th khi truy xut sector u xong, n sector th hai th a s va quay n u sector ny v s lm vic ngay m khng mt thi gian ch quay a na. Ni tm li h s an xen l mt khi nim tng i quan trng i vi cc a cng thi khai sinh lp a khi cc card iu khin cn tng i chm. i vi cc HDD c dung lng nh hin nay th h s an xen khng cn na v tc ca cc card iu khin trn cc a cng ny lm vic cc nhanh, c th ngang bng vi tc quay a, v nh th s th t ca cc sector trn cng mt track lc ny mc nhin s c nh lin tc nhau v nh th lc no h s an xen = 1 cng l ti u nht.

5.2.3. Cache memory

L loi memory c dung lng rt nh (thng nh hn 1MB) v chy rt nhanh (gn nh tc ca CPU). Thng thng th Cache memory nm gn CPU v c nhim v cung cp nhng data thng (ang) dng cho CPU. S hnh thnh ca Cache l mt cch nng cao hiu qu truy cp thng tin ca my tnh m thi. Nhng thng tin thng dng (hoc ang dng) thng c cha trong Cache, mi khi x l hay thay i thng tin, CPU s d trong Cache memory trc xem c tn ti hay khng, nu c n s ly ra dng li cn khng th s tm tip vo RAM hoc cc b phn khc.

L do Cache memory nh l v n rt t tin v ch to rt kh khn bi n gn nh l CPU (v cu thnh v tc ). Trong nhiu trng hp Cache memory nm trong CPU lun. Ngi ta gi Cache Level 1 (L1), Cache level 2 (L2)...l do v tr ca n gn hay xa CPU. Cache L1 gn CPU nht, sau l Cache L2...

5.2.4. Bursting

Cng l mt k thut khc gim thi gian truyn ti thng tin trong my tnh. Thay v CPU ly thng tin tng byte mt, bursting s gip CPU ly thng tin mi ln l mt block.

5.2.5. To vng m cho a

a. Khi nim v BUFFER

Mt chng trnh ng dng c th mt lc no c nhu cu c vi byte thng tin trn mt cung t ca a, ri sau li thm vi byte na ti cung t . trnh phi c mt cung t nhiu ln, DOS lun lun gi li nhng cung t va c trong vng m (buffer). Khi c yu cu c a, DOS s kim tra trc tin trong buffer xem c thng tin c sn khng.

Khi DOS c hoc ghi d liu vo a, d liu c lu tm thi trong vng m (mi vng m chim 512 byte)

DOS c cc cung t trn a vo mt vng m trong k c v s vng m ny c th c iu chnh. Buffer gip cho DOS lm gim nh cng vic trong cc thao tc i vi tp tin.

DOS cho php ngi s dng thay i s lng vng m bng dng khai bo

BUFFERS = n trong tp CONFIG.SYS (2 n 15)

b. Disk cache

Do thi gian truy cp ko di ca a cng, vng m a (Disk caching) c s dng tng tc thi gian truy cp ca a. C 2 loi disk caching. Th nht l cache c tch hp trong a (64k - 1MB). N c gi l cache cng. Loi cache th 2 l ly mt phn ca RAM lm chc nng cache. Vic s dng mt phn RAM lm cache c thc hin bi tp SMARTDRV.EXE. Loi cache ny c gi l cache mm.

Cache c nhim v lm trung gian gia a cng v vng m DOS. N c tc dng cung cp cc cung t cn thit cho buffer mt cch nhanh chng khi c nhu cu. Chng trnh

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to cache l c gng cung cp d liu kp thi, ng yu cu vo cho vng m DOS. Cache c th c to ra trong vng nh qui c (conventional memory), m rng (extend memory) hoc phn trang (expand memory). lm gim s ln truy cp a, chng trnh to cache c th dng 4 k thut sau:

- To bn sao tp tin (Mirroring)

- To vng m t o.

- To vng m ghi.

- Loi b vic ghi li trn a nhng d liu khng mi (redundancy checking)

* S dng trnh iu khin SMARTDRIVE.EXE to cache mm

{Trnh iu khin SMARTDRIVE.EXE c th c s dng trong tp cu hnh CONFIG.SYS hoc trong tp l AUTOEXEC.BAT}

C php:

SMARTDRIVE.EXE /tham s

6.2.6. Chng phn mnh

Sau mt thi gian hot ng do vic xo b cc tp tin ca, ghi thm

17304 - Bao Tri He Thong

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