17 cm

6 mm

Kellets whelk, Kelletia kelletiiHabitat: Rocky reef/kelp forests. Partial migration offshore during winter?Carnivorous predator and scavenger. Radula at end of feeding proboscis used to drill through animal shells (e.g., snails, bivalves, etc.) and excavate concealed prey (e.g., tube worms).

Kellets whelk, Kelletia kelletiiPreyed upon bySea ottersOctopusLobster?Elasmobranchs (bat ray, sharks)??Their shell is remarkably thick!

Monterey, CA

Kellets whelk, Kelletia kelletiiSpring/summer breeding season.Mating & internal fertilization.Females lay 100+ egg capsules/year.Capsule = 1000+ eggs.Larvae (veliger) hatch out of capsules after 30 days.Lecithotropic veliger in plankton for ~50 days.Mean Dd ~ 100 km (Siegel et al. 2003; U = 0; u = 10cm/sec)Settlement cue not known.Reproductively mature after ~6 years.

Juveniles:Found in highly varying densities and across a wide range of depth gradients within the nearshore system.

Economic value:Excellent for lawn art (match gnomes beautifully!)

Economic value:Focus of developing fishery (by-catch in lobster traps)Sold to US domestic Asian market (mostly in LA)Mean price = $1.43/kg = ~$0.15/whelkAseltine-Neilson et al. 2006

RANGEExpansion since ~1980Bahia Asuncion

Density: mainland > islands. Baja highest.

POPULATION GENETICS STUDYCOI: Cytochrome Oxidase I gene in mtDNAmtDNA: circular, ~16K basepairs longCOI sequence: 528 basepairs long One sequence per individual adult N = 15 35 samples/siteN = 16 sites, spanning entire range

COI

COI sampling sitesExpansion since ~1980Bahia Asuncion

Range expansionBahia Asuncion DiversitySiteHapNucMA0.90760.0034WC0.90480.0026DC0.91910.0044HR0.91810.0042RR0.88070.0038GI0.87620.0032YB0.76640.0027NR0.82460.0031IV0.88400.0030SV0.79660.0030PV0.88910.0035DP0.90250.0036PL0.87230.0033SQ0.81230.0028TT0.72770.0025BA0.83030.0034

Regionwide genetic structure statisticsAnalysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA): Fst = 0.012 (P = 0.001)

Pairwise differences between sites: Fst range: 0.02 0.05 (P < 0.05)Bonferroni: (120 pairs)(0.05) = 6 expected by chance.19 found.

Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance (SAMOVA): Fst = 0.02 0.03 (P = 0.002)

Non-equilibriumstirredStepping stoneGenetic isolation by geographic distance: what to expectNo correlationNo correlation?Positive correlationEquilibrium

P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 16 sites; Mantel test)

P = 0.16 (two-sided; R2 = 0.5; n = 4 sites; Mantel test)

P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 13 sites; Mantel test)

P = 0.23 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 10 sites; Mantel test)

Doh!

(Hutchinson & Templeton 1999)Expanded rangeExpansion, followed by isolationRegional equilibriumRegional non-equilibriumExpanded rangeRegional equilibriumAt large scales, drift >Relative dominance of gene flow vs. genetic drift varies with scale

Non-equilibriumstirredStepping stoneGenetic isolation by geographic distance: what to expectIBD signal only present at small scalesEquilibriumPeriodic regional disturbance due to el Nino

Sill in IBD curve reached at ~125 km

Fst = 0.0041*Ln(distance) 0.0112R2 = 0.07

P = 0. (two-sided; R2 = ; n = sites; Mantel test)

P = 0.04 (two-sided; R2 = 23; n = 6 sites; Mantel test)

P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.77; n = 4 sites; Mantel test)

Slope = ~0.01 ~0.5 Fst/1000 km

Palumbi 2003

12 kmsiteaggregateKij dispersal connectivityPairwise Fst

P = 0.13

P = 0.11

1 MA2 DC3 HR4 RR5 GI6 YB7 IV8 SV9 PV10 DP11 PL12 SQ13 TT14 BA

1 MA2 DC3 HR4 RR5 GI6 YB7 IV8 SV9 PV10 DP11 PL12 SQ13 TT14 BAFst = 0.03 (P = 0.001)

June 2000 SST(Ocean Data Center, UCSC)TTBA

1 MA2 DC3 HR4 RR5 GI6 YB7 IV8 SV9 PV10 DP11 PL12 SQ13 TT14 BAFst = 0.03 (P = 0.001)

1 MA2 DC3 HR4 RR5 GI6 YB7 IV8 SV9 PV10 DP11 PL12 SQ13 TT14 BAFst = 0.014 (P = 0.001)

1 MA2 DC3 HR4 RR5 GI6 YB7 IV8 SV9 PV10 DP11 PL12 SQ13 TT14 BAFst = 0.013 (P = 0.001)

Dont forget: Giacomos surf perch

Density: mainland > islands. Baja highest.

Thanks!

1 MA2 DC3 HR4 RR5 GI6 YB7 IV8 SV9 PV10 DP11 PL12 SQ13 TT14 BASAMOVA geographic delineations

1 MA2 DC3 HR4 RR5 GI6 YB7 IV8 SV9 PV10 DP11 PL12 SQ13 TT14 BASAMOVA geographic delineationsFst = 0.03P = 0.002

1 MA2 DC3 HR4 RR5 GI6 YB7 IV8 SV9 PV10 DP11 PL12 SQ13 TT14 BASAMOVA geographic delineationsFst = 0.029P = 0.002

1 MA2 DC3 HR4 RR5 GI6 YB7 IV8 SV9 PV10 DP11 PL12 SQ13 TT14 BASAMOVA geographic delineationsFst = 0.026P = 0.002

1 MA2 DC3 HR4 RR5 GI6 YB7 IV8 SV9 PV10 DP11 PL12 SQ13 TT14 BASAMOVA geographic delineationsFst = 0.023P = 0.002

1 MA2 DC3 HR4 RR5 GI6 YB7 IV8 SV9 PV10 DP11 PL12 SQ13 TT14 BASAMOVA geographic delineationsFst = 0.017P = 0.002

1 MA2 DC3 HR4 RR5 GI6 YB7 IV8 SV9 PV10 DP11 PL12 SQ13 TT14 BA

1 MA2 DC3 HR4 RR5 GI6 YB7 IV8 SV9 PV10 DP11 PL12 SQ13 TT14 BA

1 MA2 WC3 DC4 HR5 RR6 GI7 YB8 NR9 IV10 SV11 PV12 DP13 PL14 SQ15 TT16 BA

1 MA2 WC3 DC4 HR5 RR6 GI7 YB8 NR9 IV10 SV11 PV12 DP13 PL14 SQ15 TT16 BA

1 MA2 WC3 DC4 HR5 RR6 GI7 YB8 NR9 IV10 SV11 PV12 DP13 PL14 SQ15 TT16 BA

1 MA2 WC3 DC4 HR5 RR6 GI7 YB8 NR9 IV10 SV11 PV12 DP13 PL14 SQ15 TT16 BA

1 MA2 WC3 DC4 HR5 RR6 GI7 YB8 NR9 IV10 SV11 PV12 DP13 PL14 SQ15 TT16 BA

P = 0.45 (two-sided; R2 = 0.027; n = 12 sites; Mantel test)

P = 0.058 (two-sided; R2 = 0.136; n = 9 sites; Mantel test)

Slope = ~0.01 ~0.5 Fst/1000 km

Monterey whelk with windows broken by sea ottersNote that a 50 day PLD corresponds to a ~100 km mean dispersal distance, when estimated using Siegel et als Gaussian dispersal kernel (that was generated using trajectory simulations based on buoy current measurements in California).House in San Diego (??)2006 landings is ~100 mtPopulation density higher in mainland SoCal versus Channel Island SoCal sites. Highest in Baja.High genetic diversity in expanded range suggests that colonization was not a single event from a single source, but (possibly multiple events) from multiple sources. Low but significant global genetic structureMore pairwise differences than expected by chance.Spatial clustering increases range-wide FstWhat to expect under equilibrium dynamics (not what I found, see next slides)Entire rangeExpanded range only (low sample size, so include next nearest site in next slide)All sites within historic rangeNo IBD as predictedNo IBD, not as predictedBottom right diagram may better represent systemClear evidence that system is not in equilibriumIndeed, find IBD at smaller distancesIBD curve (instead of linear) more appropriate. Dont know how to use in Mantel Test. I spoke with IBDWS authors (Bohonak et al.) and they said they are working on a method for fitting a nonlinear regression in Mantel test, but that I should not expect that version up a running any time soon.

All pairwise distances