16º InPLA - Intercâmbio de Pesquisas em Lingüística Aplicada
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Transcript of 16º InPLA - Intercâmbio de Pesquisas em Lingüística Aplicada
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
The relation between conversation and practical activity
in educational and work settings
Annalisa SanninoUniversity of Salerno, Italy
16º InPLA - Intercâmbio de Pesquisas em Lingüística AplicadaMinicourse 2nd-5th of May 2007, São Paulo
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Research aim
Facilitating and empowering efforts in individuals and collectives through an in-dept
understanding of the relation between conversation and activity
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Hypotheses
Conversations leading to material and durable changes in activities
Potential uses of discourse as an emancipatory resource
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Empirical studies
Two traditional discursive analytical studies
One analysis of conversations in DWR interventions
Two methodological inquiries on autobiographical ethnography of conversations
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Study 1
Conversations
and processes of learning a trade
within alternance vocational training
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
ObjectiveTo introduce a methodology in order to identify knowledge and processes of learning a trade that emerge from on-the-job conversations between
master craftsmen and apprentices
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
The contextTwo years training period
Apprentices acquire knowledge and know-how relevant to the chosen profession and develop social skills to face concrete work situations
The professional training domain examined here: insulation of the outer walls of a structure
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Data collectionUnsolicited conversations for avoiding distortion of the naturally occurring interactions
Selected pairs that had recently begun working together and couldn’t interact yet according to an implicit mutual knowledge
Participants wore tape-recorders during two days of work
Reconstructions of the dialogues by combining the recordings of the master craftsman and the apprentice
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
The analytical approach
Interlocutionary logic (IL)
concept of speech act
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Characteristics of the speech acts
Illocutionary force (F): the pragmatic function of an utterance (representative, directive, commissive,
expressive, and declarative)
Propositional content (p): the representation on which a given force is applied
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Among the properties of the speech acts:
Preparatory conditions: what is presupposed or assumed to be true by the speaker who performs
the act
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Satisfaction and success of speech acts
A speech act is …
…satisfied if its p is true in the context of the utterance, and because of this utterance
…successful if the speaker manages to get the listener to understand which act s/he is performing
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Four organization levels of the interlocutions
Interventions: complex speech acts
Exchange: two or more interventions
Structure: interventions and exchanges
Transactions: interventions and structures
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Characteristics of the exchange:
Linear and hierarchical linking between interventions
Linear linking: components are sequential and belong to the same speech level
Hierarchical linking: components are bound by interdependent relations
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Table of Interlocutionary Analysis - Excerpt 1
Structures Sequential ConversationalIllocutionary Cognitive
I C1 The roughcastshouldn't be tackledlaterally
Directive(Request for correction)
(p)To tackle the roughcast
laterally
E I A2 (pneumatic drill). (Action)
I C3 That's the way youdo it, that's much better
Expressive and positiveevaluation of the action in
progress
(p)To tackle the roughcast
laterally
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Table of Interlocutionary Analysis - Excerpt 2Structures Sequential Conversational
Illocutionary CognitiveC A
C1 You’re deviating Evaluation of the action underway
Implicit directive
deviation
I
I
A2 The drill is too heavyAnswer
Explication-Justification of the action
Too heavyweight
deviation of thedrill
E. E
C3 Did you go out last. night?
Request for confirmation of animplicit hypothesis
partyfatiguedeviation
A4 I didn't sleep much Answer partyĀsleepfatiguedeviation
C5 Ah it's better not t oparty when you haveto remove the roughcast thenext day
Assertion of a principleImplicit directive
workĀ party
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
A1Ź:Like this.
C2Ź: Pull a little toward you (É ).
A3Ź:Yeah, yeah.
C4Ź: (É) The point is that you donÕt use the tool enough (É ). Itis no fun right, thatÕs true it is hard.
A5Ź:Yeah.
C6Ź: Yeah, itÕs one of the toughest jobs in the world, you killyourself at first but after you get used to it, you do it realfast. (...) Go on you still have the bottom part to do.
A7Ź:(drill)
C8Ź: YouÕve had it buddy, right?.
A9Ź:Hum (pneumatic drill).
C10Ź: YouÕve had enough, youÕre gonna get down, see Rob andtell him IÕve told you to stop. I tÕs no use, youÕre notgetting anywhere.
Excerpt 3
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Conclusive remark
Issue of lack of discursive evidence and discontinuities in conversations
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Study 2
Analyzing an extreme example of discontinuous speech in EU
conversations
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Objectives
Demonstrate that discontinuities, more than general impressions, are analyzable and foundational features of conversation
Gaining insights into an empirical procedure that allows further analyses of this kind of conversational discontinuities.
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
"People talking together, ‘conversation’, is one of the most mundane of all topics. It has been available for ages, but only (…) in the early 1960s, has it gained the serious and sustained attention of scientific investigation. (…) The general impression was that ordinary conversation is chaotic and disorderly. It was only with the advent of recording devices, and the willingness and ability to study such a mundane phenomenon in depth, that ‘the order of conversation’ (…) was discovered" (Ten Have, 1999: 4).
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Sequential organization …
…based on continuity as a fundamental assumption for analyses of conversations,
and largely used in CA and other approaches
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
The context
A consultative institution of the European Union, the Social and Economical Committee (CES), responsible for the development of a common opinion.
A collective entity which evolved step-by-step in four meetings of twelve, ten, 65, and 212 participants respectively.
Participants had different competencies and statuses, spoke different languages and interacted through interpreters.
The opinion materialized progressively as a text written and modified by a reporter.
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
The opinion discussed in the meetings
The CES had to reach a conclusion about a report drawn up by European Commission concerning the decisions adopted within the framework of the Cohesion Funds
The 'Funds' was an instrument aimed at reinforcing economic and social cohesion between the EU Member States.
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Data collection
Video-recordings and transcriptions of each meeting and audio-recordings of the simultaneous French interpretations.
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
The analytical approach
Interlocutionary logic (IL)
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Advantages of using IL for analyzing the CES data over the other theories and methodologies available
1) it conceptualizes also discontinuities (Trognon, 1992),
2) it allows analyses of multi-speaker discourse (Trognon and Kostulski, 1996),
3) it can be applied also to long conversations and extensive corpora (in Batt et al., 2004)
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
IL and speech act theory
Basic elements of IL are not individual speech acts, but rather logical relations they
maintain in the interlocution
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
"in conversation the function of the illocutionary act accomplished first is unspecified. This function can be determined only later, looking at what goes on in the interaction. (…) That’s why the conversation is less the prototypical space of the use of linguistic expressions. Admittedly it is that. But it is especially the prototypical space of the communicability of this use" (Trognon and Brassac, 1992: 85-86).
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Constitutional discontinuities of CES conversations
When participants can intervene, they tend to 'pack in' into the same speaking turn all that they have to say concerning the text and/or the interventions carried out before by the others
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Types of discontinuities
intra-intervention: detected in synchronic observations related to each speaking turn
inter-intervention: detected in diachronic observations related to the whole transcript and potentially reciprocal behaviors evolving over time
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Intra-intervention discontinuities(topical and actional diversity of speaking turns)
B17 : I would like to re-examine some remarks and some questions which were formulated. First of all, the report {...}. Here we are with regard to the delay. Then, the implementation {...}. Now, let us procede to the selection of projects {... }.
G13 : ... it's an indirect question through you, Chairman, to the Commission, when they mention the potential new states, using Cohesion Fund principles, there is no mention of Cyprus ....
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Inter-intervention discontinuities(when reactive interventions are linked with distal interventions)
H153: ...Well, in a telegraphic way, I will make some suggestions, which could be taken into account in this document. First, take the synergies established between the cohesion funds and the other structural funds. .... Another thing: item 3.3 of this document is about the reduction of the investment in natural protection and the improvement of the urban environment. I do not agree ... I do not know, for example for Portugal which has a rather important wooded zone and which is not reforested simply because the questions of financing. ...
...
B17: ... Now as to synergy, we have many cases. ... we will try to do our better by integrating more the action planning ...
...
E204: ... I would wish to intervene briefly, starting from a remark made by the expert of group 3, a person I respect for his good knowledge of the relevant mechanisms. When he speaks about synergy with other funds, he referred to the wooded areas and I will say that, I will tell the reporter not to make it appear in 3.3 because synergies already exist. ... The Commission said, these synergies are being considered, this is part of the work of the Commission to analyze these synergies. ...
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Conversations or puzzles?
Conversations as starting configuration of a puzzle, a pool of units arranged in a different way than that of a classic
sequential organization usually ascribed to conversations.
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Pieces of the puzzle or 'intervention sections’
(units bounded on the basis of their topics)
Because the intervention sections fulfilled their function only in assembling, it is necessary to put
them together, to rebuild the puzzle, in order to find the sequences beneath the entire corpus
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Two readings of the transcript
1. horizontal, by traversing the transcriptions to circumscribe the various intervention sections,
2. vertical, by cycles, to follow interactional developments on each section
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Dissection of the transcript according to topics
What is being talked about? What does the speaker do or put forward in his or her talk?
Categorization and representation of the discursive flow
Interventions aimed at developing the form and content of the opinion (T), and interventions dealing with meeting management and task achievement (T’)
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Flow of the topics directly (T) and indirectly (T') concerned with the collective task during the first meeting
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University of Salerno, Italy ______________________________________________________ Annalisa Sannino
Conclusive remarks
First step for identifying and representing conversational discontinuities
Challenge: understanding what are the resources the participants employ and mobilize to deal with discontinuous conversations, and what are the
consequences of these discontinuities for the subject.
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For contacts:Annalisa Sannino
University of Salerno Department of EducationVia Ponte Don Melillo
84084 Fisciano (SA) ItalyE-mail: [email protected]