16476-Full Thesis (Alsaba...

34
References 81 REFERENCES Abdallah, E.M., Khalid, A. S. and Ibrahim, N. (2009). Antibacterial activity of oleo- gum resins of Commiphora molmol and Boswellia papyrifera against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Scientific Research and Essay 4: 351- 356. Abdel, T.M., Kaunzinger, A., Bahr, U., Karas, M., Wurglics, M. and Schubert- Zsilavecz, M. (2001). Development of a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 11-keto-beta-boswellic acid in human plasma. Journal of Chromatograpy Biomedical Applications 761: 221- 227. Agnihotri, N., Neelam, K. and Varsha, G. (2004). Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates from neonatal septicemia. Japanese Journal of infectious Diseases 54: 273-275. Ajdic, D., McShan, W.M., McLaughlin, R. E., Savic, G., Chang, J., Carson, M. B., Primeaux, C., Tian, R., Kenton, S., Jia, H., Lin, S., Qian,Y., Li, S., Zhu, H., Najar, F., Lai, H., White, J., Roe, B.A. and Ferretti, J.J. (2002). Genome sequence of Streptococcus mutans UA159, a cariogenic dental pathogen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99(22): 14434-39. Akihisa, T., Tabata, K., Banno, N., Tokuda, H., Nishimura, R., Nakamura, Y., Kimura, Y., Yasukawa, K. and Suzuki, T. (2006). Cancer chemopreventive effects and cytotoxic activities of the triterpene acids from the resin of Boswellia carteri. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29: 1976-79. Al Zamil, F. (1999). Recurrent bacterial meningitis: report of two cases from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 19: 395-399.

Transcript of 16476-Full Thesis (Alsaba...

References

81

REFERENCES

Abdallah, E.M., Khalid, A. S. and Ibrahim, N. (2009). Antibacterial activity of oleo-

gum resins of Commiphora molmol and Boswellia papyrifera against methicillin

resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Scientific Research and Essay 4: 351-

356.

Abdel, T.M., Kaunzinger, A., Bahr, U., Karas, M., Wurglics, M. and Schubert-

Zsilavecz, M. (2001). Development of a high performance liquid

chromatographic method for the determination of 11-keto-beta-boswellic acid in

human plasma. Journal of Chromatograpy Biomedical Applications 761: 221-

227.

Agnihotri, N., Neelam, K. and Varsha, G. (2004). Antimicrobial susceptibility of

isolates from neonatal septicemia. Japanese Journal of infectious Diseases 54:

273-275.

Ajdic, D., McShan, W.M., McLaughlin, R. E., Savic, G., Chang, J., Carson, M. B.,

Primeaux, C., Tian, R., Kenton, S., Jia, H., Lin, S., Qian,Y., Li, S., Zhu, H.,

Najar, F., Lai, H., White, J., Roe, B.A. and Ferretti, J.J. (2002). Genome

sequence of Streptococcus mutans UA159, a cariogenic dental pathogen.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of

America 99(22): 14434-39.

Akihisa, T., Tabata, K., Banno, N., Tokuda, H., Nishimura, R., Nakamura, Y., Kimura,

Y., Yasukawa, K. and Suzuki, T. (2006). Cancer chemopreventive effects and

cytotoxic activities of the triterpene acids from the resin of Boswellia carteri.

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29: 1976-79.

Al Zamil, F. (1999). Recurrent bacterial meningitis: report of two cases from Riyadh,

Saudi Arabia. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 19: 395-399.

References

82

Alanis, A. J. (2005). Resistance to antibiotics: Are we in the post-antibiotic era.

Archives of Medical Research 36: 697-705.

Ammon H. P. (2002). Boswellic acids (components of frankincense) as the active

principle in treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.Wiener Medizinische

Wochenschrift 152: 373-378.

Ammon H. P. (2006). Boswellic acids in chronic inflammatory diseases. Planta Medica

72: 1100-16.

Ammon, H. P., Mack, T., Singh, G. B. and Safayhi, H. (1991). Inhibition of leukotriene

B4 formation in rat peritoneal neutrophils by an ethanolic extract of the gum

resin exudate of Boswellia serrata. Planta Medica 57: 203-207.

Ammon, H.P., Safayhi, H., Mack, T. and Sabieraj, J. (1993). Mechanism of anti-

inflammatory actions of curcumine and boswellic acids. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology 38: 113-119.

Anderson, K.M. Seed, T. Plate, J.M., Jajeh, A., Meng, J. and Harris, J.E. (1993).

Selective inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase reduce CML blast cell proliferation and

induce limited differentiation and apoptosis. Leukotriene Research 19: 789-801.

Ando, T., Tsumori, H., Shimamura, A., Sato, Y. and Mukasa, H. (2003). Classification

of oral Streptococci by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with direct activity

stain for glucosyltransferases. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 18: 171-175.

Angeh, J. (2005). Isolation and characterization of antibacterial compounds present in

members of Combretum section Hypocrateroptis. PhD thesis, University of

Pretoria.

Antibiotic Expert Group. (2006). Therapeutic guidelines: Antibiotic. 13th ed. North

Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines.

References

83

Aoki, H., Shiroza, T., Hayakawa, M., Sato, S. and Kuramitsu, H. K. (1986). Cloning of

a Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase gene coding for insoluble glucan

synthesis. Infection and Immunity 53: 587-594.

Arora, D.S. (1999). Some Indian spices and their antimicrobial properties. Pp. 33-40.

In: Singh, J. and Aneja, K. R. (Eds.). From Ethnomycology to Fungal

Biotechnology: Exploiting Fungi from Natural Resources for Novel Products.

Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New Yok.

Atal, C. K., Gupta, O. P. and Singh, G. B. (1981). Salai guggul ex-Boswellic serrata, a

promising antihyperlipidemic and anti-arthritic agents. British Journal of

Pharmacology 74: 203.

Avila, N. S., Capote, F. P. and de Castro, M.D.L. (2007). Ultrasound-assisted extraction

and silylation prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the

characterization of the triterpenic fraction in olive leaves. Journal of

Chromatography A 1165: 158-165.

Babita, M. and Taneja, S.C. (1995). Two triterpenoids from Boswellia Serrata gum

resins. Phytochemistry 39: 453-455.

Baker, D.G. and Schumacher, H.R. (1993). Acute monoarthritis. New England Journal

of Medicine 329: 1013-1020.

Balaban, N. and Rasooly, A. (2000). Staphylococcal enterotoxins. International Journal

of Food Microbiology 61: 1-10.

Batista, O., Duarte, A., Nascimento, J. and Simones, M. F. (1994). Structure and

antimicrobial activity of diterpenes from the roots of Plectranthus hereroensis.

Journal of Natural Products 57: 858-861.

Berenbaum, M. (1987). Minor synergy and antagonism may be clinically important.

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 19: 271-80.

References

84

Betoni, J.E.C., Mantovani, R.P., Barbosa, L.N., Di-Stasi, L.C. and Fernandes, A.

(2006). Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on

Staphylococcus aureus diseases. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 101 No.

4.

Bisno, A.L. (2001). Acute pharyngitis. The New England Journal of Medicine 344: 205-

211.

Bjerre, L.M. and Kochen, M.M. (2004). Antibiotics for community acquired pneumonia

in adult outpatients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2.

Borrelli, F., Capasso, F., Capasso, R., Ascione, V., Aviello, G., Longo, R. and Izzo, A.

A. (2006). Effect of Boswellia serrata on intestinal motility in rodents:

inhibition of diarrhoea without constipation. British Jornal of Pharmacology

148: 553-560.

Bowler, P. G., Duerden, B. I. and Armstrong, D. G. (2001). Wound Microbiology and

Associated Approaches to Wound Management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews

14: 244-269.

Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantization of

microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding.

Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248-254.

Buechele, B. and Simmet, T. (2003). Analysis of 12 different pentacyclic triterpenic

acids from frankincense in human plasma by high performance liquid

chromatography and photodiode array detection. Journal of Chromatography

795: 355-362.

Burlando, B., Parodi, A., Volante, A. and Bassi, A.M. (1993). Comparison of the

irritation potentials of Boswellia serrata gum resin and of acetyl-11-keto-

boswellic acid by in vitro cytotoxicity tests on human skin-derived cell lines.

Toxicology Letters 177: 144-149.

References

85

Butler, J. C., Crengle, S., Cheek, J. E., Leach, A. J., Lennon, D., O'Brien, K. L. and

Santosham, M. (2001). Emerging infectious diseases among indigenous peoples.

Emerging Infectious Disease 7: 554-555.

Bylka, W., Szaufer-Hajdrych, M., Matlawska, I. and Goslinska, O. (2004).

Antimicrobial activity of isocytisoside and extracts of Aquilegia vulgaris.

Letters in Applied Microbiology 39(1): 93-97.

Camarda, L., Dayton, T., Di Stefano, V., Pitonzo, R. and Schillaci, D. (2007). Chemical

composition and antimicrobial activity of some oleo gum resin essential oils

from Boswellia spp. (Burseraceae). Annals of Chemistry 97(9): 837-844.

Carson, C.F., Hammer, K.A. and Riley, T.V. (2006). Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)

oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clinical

Microbiology Review 19: 50-62.

Ceri, H., Olson, M.E., Stremick, C., Read, R. R., Morck, D. and Buret, A. (1999). The

Calgary Biofilm Device: New Technology for Rapid Determination of

Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Bacterial Biofilms. Journal of Antimicrobial and

Chemotherapy 37(6): 1771-1776.

Cernakova, M. and Kostalova, D. (2002). Antimicrobial activity of berberine, a

constituent of Mahonia aquifolium. Folia Microbiology.47(4): 375-378.

Chambers, H. F. (2001). The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus.

Emerging Infectious Disease 7: 178-182.

Chambers, H.F., Korzeniowski, O.M. and Sande, M.A. (1983). Staphylococcus aureus

endocarditis: clinical manifestations in addicts and no addicts. Medicine 62:170-

177.

Chande, N., McDonald, J. W. and MacDonald, J. K. (2006). Interventions for treating

collagenous colitis. Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews 18: CD003575.

References

86

Chande, N., McDonald, J. W. and MacDonald, J. K. (2008). Unfractionated or low-

molecular weight heparin for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis.

Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews 16: CD003575.

Chatterjee, G.K. and Pal, S.D. (1984). Anti-inflammatory agents from Indian medicinial

Plants. Indian Drugs 21: 431.

Chrubasik, J. E., Roufogalis, B. D. and Chrubasik, S. (2007). Evidence of effectiveness

of herbal antiinflammatory drugs in the treatment of painful osteoarthritis and

chronic low back pain. Phytotherapy Research 21: 675-83.

Cichewicz, R. H. and Thorpe, P. A. (1996). The antimicrobial properties of chile

peppers (Capsicum species) and their uses in Mayan medicine. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology 52:61-70.

Clark, N.C. (2005). Comparison of Tn1546-Like Elements in Vancomycin-Resistant

Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Michigan and Pennsylvania. Antimicrobial

Agents and Chemotherapy 49: 470-72.

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2007) Methods for antimicrobial

susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria, 7th edn. CLSI document M11-A7

(ISBN 1-56238- 626-3). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne,

Pennsylvania USA

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2006). Methods for dilution antimicrobial

susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard. M7-

A7. 7 edition Wayne, PA.

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2008). Reference method for broth dilution

antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts, approved standard. CLSI document

M27-A3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.

References

87

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2008). Reference method for broth dilution

antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi, approved standard. CLSI

document M38-A2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.

Coates, A., Bax, H.Y., and Page, R.C. (2002). The future challenges facing the

development of new antimicrobial drugs. Nature Reviews of Drug Discovery 1:

895-910.

Cohen, J. and William, P. (2004). Infectious Diseases. 2nd ed. Mosby (Elsevier),

“Chapter 33: Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis, and Cystic Fibrosis”.

Cohen, M.L. (2000). Changing patterns of infectious disease. Nature 406: 762-767.

Conlon, C.P. (2005). Skin and soft tissue infections. Medicine 33: 4-8.

Conly, J. (2002). Antimicrobial Resistance in Canada. Journal of Canadian Medical

Association 167: 885-891.

Cook, C.E., Fang, Q.C., Lee, Y.W., Li, D.H. and Wang, Z.G. (1991). Pentacyclic

triterpenoid compounds as topoisomerase inhibitors or cell differentiation

inducers. US Patent, 5064823.

Cordell, G. A. and Araujo, O. E. (1993). Capsaicin: identification, nomenclature, and

pharmacotherapy. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27: 330-336.

Costerton, J., Stewart, P. and Greenberg, E. (1999). Bacterial biofilms: a common cause

of persistent infections. Science 284: 1318-1322.

Cowan, M. M. (1999). Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Clinical Microbiology

Reviews 12(4): 564-582.

Cox, S.D., Mann, C.M., Markham, J.L., Bell, H.C., Gustafson, J.E., Warmington, J.R.

and Wyllie, S.G. (2000). The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of

Melaleuca alternifolia (tree oil). Journal of Applied Microbiology 88: 170-175.

References

88

Cox, S.D., Mann, C.M., Markham, J.L., Gustafson, J.E., Warmington, J.R. and Wyllie,

S.G. (2001). Determining the Antimicrobial Actions of Tea Tree Oil. Molecules

6: 87-91.

Cragg, G.M., Newman, D.J. and Snader, K.M. (1997). Natural products in drug

discovery and development. Journal of Natural Products 60: 52-60.

Craig, W. A. and Gudmundsson, S. (1991). Postantibiotic effect. In Antibiotics in

Laboratory Medicine, 3rd edn (Lorian, V., Ed.), pp. 403-31. Williams and

Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

Craig, W.A. and Gudmundsson, S. (1996). Postantibiotic effect. In Antibiotics in

laboratory medicine. 4 edition. Edited by: Lorian V. Williams and Wilkins Co.,

Baltimore, MD 296-329.

Crosby, A.W. (1989). America’s forgotten pandemic: the influenza of 1918.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Cuevas, C.A. (2003). New Antibiotics and New Resistance. American scientist 91(2):

138-149.

Dagan, R. (1993). Impetigo in childhood: Changing epidemiology and new treatments.

Pediatric Annals. 22: 235-240.

Dancer, S.J. (2008). The effect of antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 61: 246-253.

Davies, R. M. (2007). The clinical efficacy of triclosan/copolymer and other common

therapeutic approaches to periodontal health. Clinical Microbiology and

Infectious diseases 13: 25-29.

De Pasquale, R., Germano, M. P., Keita, A., Sanogo, R. and Iauk, L. (1995). Antiulcer

activity of Pteleopsis suberosa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 47:55-58.

References

89

Devulapalle, K.S. and Mooser, G. (2001). Glucosyltransferase inactivation reduces

dental caries. Journal of Dental Research 80(2): 466-469.

Diekema, D.J., Pfaller M. A., Schmitz, F. J., Smayevsky, J., Bell, J., Jones, R. N.,

Beach, M. (2001). Survey of infections due to Staphylococcus species:

frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in

the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Western Pacific

region for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999.

Clinical Infectious Diseases 32(2): 114-132.

Dinges, M.M., Orwin, P.M. and Schlievert, P.M. (2000). Exotoxins of Staphylococcus

aureus. Clinical Microbiology Review 13: 16-34.

Donlan, R.M. and Costerton, J.W. (2002). Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically

relevant microorganisms. Clinical Microbiology Review 15: 167-193.

Drugeon, H. B., Juvin, M. E. and Bryskier, A. (1999). Relative potential for selection of

fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains by levofloxacin:

comparison with ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin and ofloxacin. Journal of

Antimicrobials and Chemotherapy 43: 55-59.

Dubois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A. and Smith, F. (1956).

Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances.

Analytical Chemistry 28: 350-356.

Dunne, W.M. Jr. (2002). Bacterial adhesion: seen any good biofilms lately? Clinical

Microbiology Review 15: 155-166.

Dymock, W., Warden, C. J. H. and Hopper, D. (1980). M/S Periodical Experts, Delhi 1:

303.

Eliopoulus, G.M. and Moellering, R.C.J. (1996). Antimicrobial combinations. In

Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine. 4 editions Edited by: Lorian V. Baltimore,

MD: The Williams 330-396.

References

90

El-Seedi, H.R. (2007). Antimicrobial Arylcoumarins from Asphodelus microcarpus.

Journal of Natural Products 1: 118 -120.

Fernández-Guerrero, M.L., Verdejo, C., Azofra, J., and de-Górgolas, M. (1995).

Hospital- acquired infectious endocarditis not associated with cardiac surgery:

an emerging problem. Clinical Infectious Diseases 20:16-23.

Foster, T.J. and Hook, M. (1998). Surface protein adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus.

Trends in Microbiology 6: 484-488.

Gallucci, M.N., Oliva, M., Casero, C., Dambolena, J., Luna, A., Zygadlob, J. and

Demo, M. (2009). Antimicrobial combined action of terpenes against the food-

borne microorganisms Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus

cereus. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 24: 348-354.

Gerhardt, H., Seifert, F., Buvari, P., Vogelsang, H. and Repges, R. (2001). Therapy of

active Crohn disease with Boswellia serrata extracts H 15. German journal of

Gastroenterology 39: 11-17.

Gilani, A. H. and Atta-ur-Rahman. (2005). Trends in ethnopharmacology. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology 100: 43-49.

Gillet, Y., Issartel, B., Vanhems, P., Fournet, J.C., lina, G., Bes, M., Vandenesch, F.,

Piemont, Y., Brousse, N., Floret, D. and Etienne. J. (2002). Association between

Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin

and highly lethal necrotizing pneumonia in young immuno-competent patients.

Lancet 59: 753-759.

Glaser, T., Winter, S., Groscurth, P., Safayhi, H., Sailer, E. R., Ammon, H. P., Schabet,

M. and Weller, M. (1999). Boswellic acids and malignant glioma: induction of

apoptosis but no modulation of drug sensitivity. British Journal of Cancer 80:

756-765.

References

91

Gonzales, R., Bartlett, J.G., Besser, R.E., Cooper, R.J., Hickner, J.M., Hoffman, J.R.

and Sande, M.A. (2001). Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of

uncomplicated acute bronchitis: Background. Annals of Internal Medicine

134(6): 521-590.

Gottrup, F., Melling, A. and Hollander, D. (2005). An overview of surgical site

infections: aetiology, incidence and risk factors. European Wound Management

Association Journal 5(2): 11-15.

Gould, Ian. M. (2007). MRSA bacteraemia. International Journal of Antimicrobial

Agents 30: 66-70.

Graber, C. (2007). Skin and soft tissue infections caused by CA-MRSA. Bulletin of

Experimental Treatments for AIDS 19: 20-26.

Graus, I. M. F., Smit, H. F., and Nutricia, N.V. (2000). Composition for the treatment of

osteoarthritis. US Patent, 6492429.

Grundmann, H., Aires-De-Sousa, M., Boyce, J. and Tiemersma, E. (2006). Emergence

and resurgence of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a public health

threat. The Lancet 368: 874-885.

Guerrant, R. L. and Blackwood, B. L. (1999). Threats to global health and survival: the

growing crises of tropical infectious diseases — an “unfinished” agenda.

Clinical Infectious Diseases 28: 966-986.

Gupta, I., Parihar, A., Singh, G.B., Ludtke, R., Safayhi, H. and Ammon, H.P. (1997).

Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis.

European Journal of Medical Research 2: 37-43.

Hamada, S. and Slade, H.D. (1980) Biology, immunology, and cariogenicity of

Streptococcus mutans. Microbiology Review 44: 331-384.

References

92

Hamilton-Miller, J.M. (1995). Antimicrobial properties of tea (Camellia sinensis L.)

Antimicrobial Agents of Chemotherapy 39(11): 2375-2377.

Han, Q.B., Lee, S.F., Qiao, C.F., He, Z.D., Song, J.Z., Sun, H.D. and Xu, H.X. (2005).

Complete NMR Assignments of the Antibacterial Biflavonoid GB1 from

Garcinia kola. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 53(8): 1034-1036.

Han, R. (1994). Highlight on the studies of anticancer drugs derived from plants in

China. Stem Cells 12: 53-63.

Hanada, N. and Kuramitsu, H. K. (1988). Isolation and characterization of the

Streptococcus mutans gtfC gene, coding for synthesis of both soluble and

insoluble glucans. Infection and Immunity 56: 1999-2005.

Hanada, N. and Kuramitsu, H. K. (1989). Isolation and characterization of the

Streptococcus mutans gtfD gene, coding for primer-dependent soluble glucan

synthesis. Infection and Immunity 57: 2079-2085.

Hancock, R.E. (1997). The bacterial outer membrane as a drug barrier. Trends

Microbiology 5:37-42.

Hancock, R.E. (2005). Mechanisms of action of newer antibiotics for Gram-positive

pathogens. Lancet Infectious Diseases 5: 209-218.

Hartstein, A.I., Mulligan, M.E., Morthland, V.H. and Kwok, R.Y. (1992). Recurrent

Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 30: 670-

674.

Harvey, A. (2000). Strategies for discovering drugs from previously unexplored natural

products. Drug Discovery Today 5: 294-300.

Helander, I.M., Alakomi, H.L., Latva-Kala, K., Mattila-Sandholm, T., Pol, I., Smid,

E.J., Gorris, L.J. and Von Wright, T. (1998). Characterization of the action of

References

93

selected essential oil components on Gram-negative bacteria. Journal of

Agriculture Food Chemistry 46: 3590-3595.

Hemaiswarya, S., Kruthiventi, A.K. and Doble, M. (2008). Synergism between natural

products and antibiotics against infectious diseases. Phytomedicine 15: 639-652.

Hilliard, J.J., Goldschmidt, R.M., Licata, L., Baum, E.Z. and Bush, K. (1999). Multiple

mechanisms of action for inhibitors of histidine protein kinases from bacterial

two-component systems. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43: 1693-

1699.

Hiramatsu, K. (2001a). Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a new model of

antibiotic resistance. Lancet Infectious Diseases 1: 1470-55.

Hiramatsu, K., Cui, L., Kuroda, M. and Ito, T. (2001b).The emergence and evolution of

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Trends in Microbiology 9: 486-93.

Hoffner, R. J., Slaven, E., Perez, J., Magana, R. N., Henderson, S. O. (2000).

Emergency department presentations of typhoid fever. The Journal of

Emergency Medicine 19: 317-321.

Hohmann, E. L. (2001). Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 32:

263-269.

Huang, M.T., Badmaev, V., Ding, Y., Liu, Y., Xie, J. G. and Ho, C.T. (2000). Anti-

tumor and anti-carcinogenic activities of triterpenoid, beta-boswellic acid.

Biofactors 13: 225-30.

Hufford, C. D., Jia, Y., Croom, E. M., Muhammed, Jr. I., Okunade, A. L., Clark, A. M.

and Rogers, R. D. (1993). Antimicrobial compounds from Petalostemum

purpureum. Journal of Natural Products 56:1878-1889.

Ing, M.B., Baddour, L.M. and Bayer, A.S. (1997). Bacteremia and infective

endocarditis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and complications. In: Crossley, K.B,

References

94

Archer, G.L, (eds). The staphylococci in human disease pp 331-54. New York:

Churchill Livingstone.

Iseman, M.D. (2007). Tuberculosis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine.

23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; chap 345.

Itzkowitz, S. H. and Yio, X. (2004). Inflammation and cancer IV. Colorectal cancer in

inflammatory bowel disease: the role of inflammation. American Journal of

Physiology Gastrointestinal and Liver Physioliology 287: 7-17.

Iwu, M.W., Duncan, A.R. and Okunji, C.O. (1999). New antimicrobials of plant origin.

Janick J (ed.), Perspectives on new crops and new uses, pp. 457-462.

Jevons, M.P. (1961). “Celbenin” resistant staphylococci. British Medical Journal 1:

124-125.

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (2000). Report on the

global HIV/AIDS epidemic: June 2000. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Joos, S., Rosemann, T., Szecsenyi, J., Hahn, E. G., Willich, S. N. and Brinkhaus, B.

(2006). Use of complementary and alternative medicine in Germany - a survey

of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Bio Med Central Complementary

and Alternative Medicine 22: 6-19.

Kadota, S., Basnet, P., Ishii, E., Tamura, T. and Namba, T. (1997). Antibacterial

activity of trichorabdal from Rabdosia trichocarpa against Helicobacter pylori.

International Journal of Medical Microbiology 286: 63-67.

Kamath, Y. J., Asad, J. V. M. (2006). Effect of hexane extract of Boswellia serrata

oleo-gum resin on chemically induced liver damage. Pakistan Journal of

Pharmacutical Science 19: 129-33.

Kandle, S.K., Ghatole, M.P., Takpere, A.Y., Hittinhalli, V.B. and Yemul. V.L. (2003).

Bacteriophage typing and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus

References

95

and from clinical specimen in and around Sholapur (South Maharashtra).

Journal of Communicable Disease 35: 17-23.

Kar, A. and Menon, M. K. (1969). Analgesic effect of the gum resin of Boswellia

serrata Roxb. Life Science 8: 1023-8.

Kasali, A.A., Adio, A.M., Kundaya, O.E., Oyedeji, A.O., Eshilokun, A.O. and

Adefenwa, M. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Boswellia

serrata Roxb. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 5(3): 173-175.

Kawabata, S. and Hamada, S. (1999). Studying biofilm formation of Streptococci

mutans. Methods in Enzymology 30: 513-523.

Kaye, M.G., Fox, M.J., Bartlett, J.G., Braman, S.S. and Glassroth, J. (1990). The

clinical spectrum of Staphylococcus aureus pulmonary infections. Chest 97:788-

792.

Keyes, P.H. and Jordan, H.V. (1964). Periodontal lesions in the Syrian hamster-III

Findings related to an infectious and transmissible component. Archives of Oral

Biology 9: 377-400.

Khanna, D., Sethi, G., Ahn, K. S., Pandey, M. K., Kunnumakkara, A. B., Sung, B.,

Aggarwal, A. and Aggarwal, B. B. (2007). Natural products as a gold mine for

arthritis treatment. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 7: 344-51.

Kimmatkar, N., Thawani, V., Hingorani, L., Khiyani, R. (2003). Efficacy and

tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee-a

randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine 10: 3-7.

Kirkland, K.B. (1999). The impact of surgical site infections in the 1990: attributable

mortality, excess length of hospitalization, and extra costs. Infection Control and

Hospital Epidemiology 20: 725 -730.

References

96

Kirtikar, K. R. and Basu, B. D. (1935). In Indian Medicinal Plants, I, 2nd edn, M/s

Periodical Experts, Delhi, India, 2 p. 521.

Kloos, W.E. and Bannerman, T.L. (1994). Update on clinical significance of coagulase-

negative Staphylococci. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7: 117-140.

Kloos, W.E. and Mussel, M.S. (1975). Distribution and persistence of Staphylococcus

and Micrococcus species and other aerobic bacteria on human skin. Applied

Microbiology 30: 381-385.

Kloos, W.E., and lambe, D.W. (1991). Staphylococccus: In Barlows, A, Hausler, W.J.,

Herrmann, K.L., Isenberg, H.D., Shadomy, H.J, (eds). Manual of Clnical

Microbiology, 5th ed. pp 222-237.ASM, Washington D.C.

Kloos, W.E., and Schleifer, K.H. (1986). Genus IV- Staphylococcus Rosenbach 1884.

In: Sneath, P.H.A., Mair, N.S., Sharpe, M.E., (eds). Bergey’s Manual of

Systemic Bacteriology, pp 271-273 Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

Kolenbrander, P.E. (2000). Oral microbial communities: biofilms, interactions, and

genetic systems. Annual Review of Microbiology 54: 413-437.

Komaroff, A.L., Pass, T.M., Aronson, M.D, Ervin, C.T., Cretin, S., Winickoff, R.N.

and Branch, W.T. Jr. (1986). The prediction of streptococcal pharyngitis in

adults. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1: 1-7.

Konishi, N., Torii, Y., Yamamoto, T., Miyagi, A., Ohta, H., Fukui, K., Hanamoto,

S., Matsuno, H., Komatsu, H., Kodama, T. and Katayama, E. (1999). Structure

and enzymatic properties of genetically truncated forms of the water-insoluble

glucan-synthesizing glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus sobrinus. Journal of

Biochemistry 126(2): 287-295.

Koo, H., Gomes, B. P. F. A., Rosalen, P. L., Ambrosano, G. M. B., Park, Y. K. and

Cury, J. A. (2000). In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and Arnica

montana against oral pathogens. Archives of Oral Biology 45: 141-148.

References

97

Koo, H., Pearson, S. K., Scott-Anne, K., Abranches, J., Cury, J. A., Rosalen, P. L.,

Park, Y. K., Marquis, R. E. and Bowen, W. H. (2003). Effects of apigenin and

tt-farnesol on Glucosyltransferase activity, biofilm viability and caries

development in rats. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 17: 337-343.

Koo, H., Rosalen P. L., Cury J. A., Park Y. K. and Bowen W. H. (2002). Effects of

compounds found in propolis on Streptococcus mutans growth and on

glucosyltransferase activity. Antimicrobial Agents and chemotherapy 46(5):

1302-1309.

Kopec, L.K., Vacca-Smith, A.M. and Bowen, W.H. (1997). Structural aspects of

glucans formed in solution and on the surface of hydroxyapatite. Glycobiology

7: 929-934.

Krause, R.M. (1981). The restless tide: the persistent challenge of the microbial world.

Washington, DC: National Foundation for Infectious Diseases.

Kreck, C. and Saller, R. (1999). Herbal drugs of foreign cultures and medical systems

exemplified by Indian incense. Considerations regarding social and insurance

medicine expert assessment. Versicherungsmedizin 51: 122-127.

Krieglstein, C.F., Anthoni, C., Rijcken, E.J., Laukotter, M., Spiegel, H.U., Boden, S.E.,

Schweizer, S., Safayhi, H., Senninger, N. and Schurmann, G. (2001). Acetyl-11-

keto-beta boswellic acid, a constituent of a herbal medicine from Boswellia

serrata resin, attenuates experimental ileitis. International Journal of Colorectal

Diseases 16: 88-95.

Kubo, I., Muroi, H. and Himejima, M. (1992). Antimicrobial activity of green tea flavor

components and their combination effects. Journal of Agriculture Food

Chemistry 40: 245-248.

References

98

Kubo, I., Muroi, H. and Himejima, M. (1993a). Antimicrobial activity against

Streptococcus mutans of mate tea flavor components. Journal of Agriculture

Food Chemistry 41: 107-111.

Kubo, I., Muroi, H. and Kubo, A. (1993b). Antimicrobial activity of long-chain alcohols

against Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry 41: 2447-

2450.

Kuehnert, M., Kruszon, M., Hill, H.A., McQuillan, G., McAllister, S.K., Fosheim,

G., McDougal, L.K., Chaitram, J., Jensen, B., Fridkin, S.K., Killgore, G.

and Tenover, F.C. (2006). Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal

Colonization in the United States, 2001-2002. Journal of Infectious Disease 193:

172-79.

Kulkarni, A. T. and Sachdeva N.L. (1995). The problems of oral health in India. Swasth

Hind 39: 62-64.

Kulkarni, R. R., Patki, P. S., Jog, V. P., Gandage, S. G. and Patwardhan, B. (1991).

Treatment of osteoarthritis with a herbomineral formulation: a double-blind,

placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 33: 91-5.

Kuramitsu, H.K. (1993). Virulence factors of Streptococci mutans: role of molecular

genetics. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine 4: 159-176.

Ladhani, S. (2003). Understanding the mechanism of action of the exfoliative toxins of

Staphylococcus aureus. Immunology and Medical Microbiology 39: 181-189.

Langmead, L. and Rampton, D. S. (2006). Review article: Complementary and

alternative therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology

and Therapeutics 23: 341-349.

Lederberg, J. (1997). Infectious disease as an evolutionary paradigm. Emerging

Infectious Disease 3: 417-423.

References

99

Leung, R.S. and Katial, R. (2008). The Diagnosis and Management of Acute and

Chronic Sinusitis. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 35 (1): 11-24.

Lew, D.P., and Waldvogel, F.A. (1997). Osteomyelitis. New England Journal of

Medicine 336: 999-1007.

Lewis, K. and Ausubel, F.M. (2006). Prospects for plant-derived antibacterials. Nature

Biotechnology 24(12): 1504-1507.

Lina, G., Piedmont, Y., Godail-Gamot, F., Bes, M., Peter, M.O., Gauduchon, V.,

Vandenesch, F. and Etienne, J. (1999). Involvement of Panton-Valentine

leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and

pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Disease 29: 1128-1132.

Lindhe, J., Hamp, S.E. and Lo¨e, H. (1973). Experimental periodontitis in the Beagle

dog. Journal of Periodontal Research 8: 1-10.

Liu, J. J., Huang, B. and Hooi, S. C. (2006). Acetyl-keto-beta-boswellic acid inhibits

cellular proliferation through a p21-dependent pathway in colon cancer cells.

British Journal of Pharmacology 148: 1099-1107.

Livermore, D.M. (2000). Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococci. International Journal

of Antimicrobial Agents 16: S3-S10

Lo¨e, H., Theilade, E. and Jensen, S.B. (1965). Experimental gingivitis in man. Journal

of Periodontology 36: 177-187.

Lo’pez-Amoro’s, R., Comas, J. and Vives-Rego, J. (1995). Flow cytometric assessment

of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium starvation-survival in seawater

using rhodamine 123, propidium iodide and oxonol. Applied and Environmental

Microbiology 61: 2521-2526.

Loesche, W.J. (1986). Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay.

Microbiology Review 50: 353-380.

References

100

Lowy, F.D. (2003). Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus.

Journal of Clinical Investigations 111: 1265-1273.

Lowy, F.D. 1998. Staphylococcus aureus infections. The New England Journal of

Medicine 339: 520-532.

Mabe, K., Yamada, M., Oguni, I. and Takahashi, T. (1999). In vitro and In vivo

Activities of Tea Catechins against Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrobial Agents of

Chemotherapy 43(7): 1788-1791.

Machado, T.B., Leal, I.C.R., Amaral, A.C.F., Santos, K.R.N., Silva, M.G. and Kuster,

R.M. (2002). Antimicrobial Ellagitannin of Punica granatum Fruits. Journal of

the Brazilian Chemical Society 13(5): 606-610.

Madubunyi, I.I. (1995). Antimicrobial activities of the constituents of Garcinia Kola

Seeds. International Journal of Pharmacognosy 33(3): 232-237.

Magesh, V., Raman, D. and Pudupalayam, K.T. (2008). Genotoxicity studies of dry

extract of Boswellia serrata. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 7(4):

1129-1135.

Mahato, S.B. and Sen, S. (1997). Advances in triterpenoids research ,1990-1994.

Phytochemistry 44: 1185-1236.

Mahato, S.B., Nandy, A.K. and Roy, G. (1992). Triterpenoids. Phytochemistry 31:

2199-2249.

Makarov, S. S. (2000). NF-kappaB as a therapeutic target in chronic inflammation:

recent advances. Molecular Medicine Today 6: 441-448.

Marsh, P. D. (2006). Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community-

implications for health and disease. Bio Med Central Oral Health 6: 1-14.

Marsh, P.D. (2004). Dental plaque as a microbial biofilm. Caries Research 38: 204-211.

References

101

McCormick, A., Fleming, D and Charlton, J. (1995). Morbidity statistics from general

practice Fourth national study 1991-1992. London, OPCS, HMSO.

Meghashyam, B., Nagesh, L and Ankola A. (2007). Dental Caries Status and Treatment

Needs of Children of Fisher Folk Communities, Residing in the Costal Areas of

Karnataka Region. Medicinal Journal of India 56 (1): 96-98.

Mendoza, L., Wilkens, M. and Urzua, A. (1997). Antimicrobial study of the resinous

exudates and of diterpenoids and flavonoids isolated from some Chilean

Pseudognaphalium (Asteraceae). Journal of. Ethnopharmacology 58: 85-88.

Menon, M. K. and Kar, A. (1971). Analgesic and psychopharmacological effects of the

gum resin of Boswellia serrata. Planta Medica 19: 333- 41.

Millar, B.C., Prendergast, B.D. and Moore, J.E. (2008). Community-associated MRSA

(CAMRSA): an emerging pathogen in infective endocarditis. Journal of

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 61: 1-7.

Murray, R.J. (2005). Recognition and management of Staphylococcus aureus toxin-

mediated disease. International Medical Journal 35(2): S106-S119.

Mylotte, J.M., McDermott, C. and Spooner, J.A. (1987). Prospective study of 114

consecutive episodes of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Review of Infectious

Diseases 9: 891-907.

Nakamura, C. V., Ishida, K., Faccin, L. C., Filho, B. P. D., Cortez, D. A. G., Rozental,

S., de Souza, W. and Ueda-Nakamura, T. (2004). In vitro activity of essential oil

from Ocimum gratissimum L. against four Candida species. Research in

Microbiology 155: 579−586.

Nakano, K., Nomura, R., Nemoto, H., Mukai, T., Yoshioka, H., Shudo, Y., Hata, H.,

Toda, K., Taniguchi, K., Amano, A. and Ooshima, T. (2007). Detection of novel

serotype k Streptococcus mutans in infective endocarditis patients. Journal of

Medical Microbiology 56:1413-1415.

References

102

Nascimento, G. F., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P. C. and Silva, G. L. (2000). Antibacterial

activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 31: 247-256.

National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. (1992). Methods for

Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents; Tentative Guideline

M26-T. NCCLS, Villanova, PA.

National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. (1998). Methods for

determining bactericidal activity of antimicrobial agents. Approved guideline

M26-A. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, PA.

National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report, data summary from

January 1992-April 2001. American Journal of Infectious Control 29: 400-421.

Newman, D. J., Cragg, G. M. and Snader, K. M. (2003). Natural products as sources of

new drugs over the period 1981-2002. Journal of Natural Products 66: 1022-

1037.

Norrby, R.S., Nord, C.E. and Finch, R. (2005). Lack of development of new

antimicrobial drugs: a potential serious threat to public health. Lancet Infectious

Diseases 5(2): 115-119.

Novak, R., Henriques, B., Charpentier, E., Normark, S. and Tuomanen, E. (1999).

Emergence of vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nature 399:

590-593.

Nyhlin, N., Bohr, J., Eriksson, S. and Tysk, C. (2006). Systematic review: microscopic

colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23: 1525-34.

O'Brien, K.L., Beall, B., Barrett, N.L., Cieslak, P. R., Reingold, A., Farley, M.M.,

Danila, R., Zell, E. R., Facklam, R., Schwartz, B. and Schuchat, A. (2002).

Epidemiology of invasive group A Streptococcus disease in the United States,

1995-1999. Clinical Infectious Diseases 35: 268-276.

References

103

Ogeston, A. (1882). Micrococcus poisoning. Journal of Anatomy 17: 24-58.

Pandey, R. S., Singh, B. K. and Tripathi, Y. B. (2005). Extract of gum resins of

Boswellia serrata inhibits lipopolysaccharide induced nitric oxide production in

rat macrophages along with hypolipidemic property. Indian Journal of

Experimental Biology 43: 509-516.

Paradesi, F., Corti, G. and Messeri, D. (2005). Antistaphylococcal (MSSA, MRSA,

MSSE, MRSE) antibiotics. Medical Clinics of North America 85: 1-17.

Pardhy, R.S. and Bhattacharya, S.C. (1978). Boswellic acid, acetyl- β-boswellic, acid-

11-keto- β-boswellic acid and 11-keto-β-boswellic acids from the resin of

Boswellia serrata Roxb. Indian Journal of Chemistry 16: 176-178.

Park, Y. S., Lee, J. H., Bondar, J., Harwalkar, J. A., Safayhi, H. and Golubic, M.

(2002a). Cytotoxic action of acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) on

meningioma cells. Planta Medica 68: 397- 401.

Park, Y. S., Lee, J. H., Harwalkar, J. A., Bondar, J., Safayhi, H. and Golubic, M.

(2002b). Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) is cytotoxic for

meningioma cells and inhibits phosphorylation of the extracellular-signal

regulated kinase 1 and 2. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 507:

387-93.

Pignattari, A., Phaller, M., Hollis, R., Sesso, R., Leme, I. and Herwaldt, L. (1990).

Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection in patients on continuous

ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28:1898-902.

Pinner, R.W., Teutsch, S.M., Simonsen, L., Klug, L.A., Graber, J.M., Clarke,

M.J.and Berkelman, R.L. (1996). Trends in infectious diseases mortality in the

United States. Journal of American Medical Association 275: 189-93.

Piovano, S. (1999). Bacteriology of most frequent oral anaerobic infections. Anaerobe

5: 221-227.

References

104

Pretto, J.B., Cechinel-Filho, V., Noldin, V.F., Sartori, M.R.K., Isaias, D.E.B. and Cruz,

A.B. (2004). Antimicrobial activity of fractions and compounds from

Calophyllum brasiliense (Clusiaceae/Guttiferae). Journal of Bioscience and

Bioengineering 59: 657-662.

Projan, S.J., Nesin, M. and Dunman, P.M. (2006). Staphylococcal vaccines and

immunotherapy: to dream the impossible dream? Current Opinion in

Pharmacology 6: 473-479.

Pulvirenti, J.J., Kerns, E., Benson, C., Lisowski, J., Demarais, P. and Weinstein. R.A.

(1996). Infective endocarditis in injection drug users: importance of human

immunodeficiency virus serostatus and degree of immunosuppression. Journal

of Infectious Diseases 22: 40-45.

Raja A.F., Ali. F., Khan I.A., Shawl A.S., Arora D.S., Shah B.A. and Taneja S.C.

(2011). Antistaphylococcal and biofilm inhibitory activities of acetyl-11-keto-β-

boswellic acid from Boswellia serrata. Bio Med Central Microbiology 11: 54.

Reddy, G. K. and Dhar, S.C. (1978). Effect of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

agent on lysosomal stability in adjuvant induced arthritis. Italian Journal of

Biochemistry 36: 205-217.

Reddy, M.V., Thota, N., Sangwan, P.L., Malhotra, P., Ali, F., Khan, I.A., Chimni, S.S.

and Koul, S. (2010). Novel bisstyryl derivatives of bakuchiol: targeting oral

cavity pathogens. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45: 3125-3134.

Reed, L.J. and Muench, H. (1938). A simple method for estimating fifty percent end

points. American Journal of Hygiene 27: 493-497.

Reising, K., Meins, J., Bastian, B., Eckert, G., Mueller, W.E., Schubert-Zsilavecz, M.

and Abdel Tawab, M. (2005). Determination of boswellic acids in brain and

plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

Analytical Chemistry 77: 6640-6645.

References

105

Rogers, C.B. (1998). Cycloartenoid dienone acids and lactones from Combretum

erythrophyllum. Phytochemistry 49: 2069-2076.

Rolla, G., Ciardi, J.E., Eggen, K., Bowen, W.H. and Afseth, J. (1983). Free glucosyl-

and fructosyltransferase in human saliva and adsorption of these enzymes to

teeth in vivo. In: Doyle RJ, Ciardi JE, ed. Glucosyltransferases, glucans, sucrose,

and dental caries. Chemical senses. Washington, DC: IRL Press: 21-30.

Safayhi, H., Rall, B., Sailer, E.R. and Ammon, H.P. (1997). Inhibition by boswellic

acids of human leukocyte elastase. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental

Therapeutics 281: 460-463.

Safayhi, H., Sailer, E.R. and Ammon, H.P. (1995). Mechanism of 5-lipoxygenase

inhibition by acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid. Molecular Pharmacology 47:

1212-1216.

Sakanaka, S., Sato, T., Kim, M. and Yamamoto, T. (1990). Inhibitory effects of green

tea polyphenols on glucan synthesis and cellular adherence of carcinogenic

Streptococci. Agriculture and Biological Chemistry 54: 2925-2929.

Saklani, A. and Kutty, S. K. (2008). Plant-derived compounds in clinical trails. Drug

Discovery Today 13: 161-171.

Scheie, A.A., Eggen, K.H. and Rölla, G. (1987). Glucosyltransferase activity in human

in vivo formed pellicle and in whole saliva. Scandinavian Journal of Dental

Research 95: 212-215.

Schilling, K.M. and Bowen, W.H. (1988). The activity of glucosyltransferase adsorbed

onto saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Journal of Dental Research 67: 2-8.

Schneider, I. and Bucar, F. (2005). Lipoxygenase Inhibitors from Natural Plant Sources.

Part 2: Medicinal Plants with Inhibitory Activity on Arachidonate 12-

lipoxygenase, 15-lipoxygenase and Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists.

Phytotherapy Research 19: 263-72.

References

106

Seril, D. N., Lia, J., Yang, G. Y. and Yang, C. S. (2003). Oxidative stress and ulcerative

colitis-associated carcinogenesis: studies in humans and animal models.

Carcinogenesis 24: 353-362.

Shah, B.A., Kumar, A., Gupta, P., Sharma, M., Sethi, V.K., Saxena, A.K., Singh, J.,

Qazi, G.N. and Taneja, S.C. (2007). Cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of novel

amino analogues of boswellic acids. Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Letters

17: 6411-6416.

Shah, B.A., Qazi, G. N. and Taneja, S. C. (2009). Boswellic acids: a group of

medicinally important compounds Natural Produc. Reports 1-26.

Shao, Y., Ho, C. T., Chin, C. K., Badmaev, V., Ma, W. and Huang, M. T. (1998).

Inhibitory activity of boswellic acids from Boswellia serrata against human

leukemia HL-60 cells in culture. Planta Medica 64: 328-331.

Sharma, M. L., Khajuria, A., Kaul, A., Singh, S., Singh, G. B. and Atal, C. K. (1988).

Effect of salai guggal ex-Boswellia serrata on cellular and humoral immune

responses and leucocyte migration. Agents Actions 24: 161-164.

Sharma, M.L., Bani, S. and Singh, G.B. (1989). Anti-arthritic activity of boswellic acids

in bovine serum albumin (BSA)-induced arthritis. International Journal of

Immunopharmacology 11: 647-652.

Sharma, S., Thawani, V., Hingorani, L., Shrivastava, M., Bhate, V.R. and Khiyani, R.

(2004). Pharmacokinetic study of 11-keto-beta-boswellic acid. Phytomedicine

11: 1255-1260.

Sharma, V., Sharma, S., Garg, P., and Rao, G.N. (2004). Clinical resistance of

Staphylococcus keratitis to ciprofloxacin monotherapy. Indian Journal of

Ophthalmology 52: 287-92.

References

107

Shawl, A.S., Kumar, T., Chishti, N. and Shabir, S. (2006). Cultivation of Rose Scented

Geranium (Pelargonium sp.) as a cash Crop in Kashmir valley. Asian Journal of

Plant Sciences 5: 673-675.

Sheldon, J.W., Balick, M.J. and Laird, S.A. (1997). Medicinal plants: Can utilization

and conservation coexist? Advances in Economic Botany, Volume 12. Bronx,

New York, NY: The New York Botanical Garden.

Shibata, H., Kondo, K., Katsuyama, R., Kawazoe, K., Sato, Y., Murakami, K., Takaishi,

Y., Arakaki, N. and Higuti, T. (2005). Alkyl Gallates, Intensifiers of ß-Lactam

Susceptibility in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial

Agents and Chemotherapy 49(2): 549-555.

Shrivastava, S. K., Singh, G. K. and Basniwal, P. K. (2003). Boswellic acid an

alternative anti-inflammatory therapy. Indian Journal of Natural Products 19:

14.

Sievert, D.M., Boulton, M.L., Stoltman, G., Johnson D, Stobierski MG, Downes FP.,

Somsel, P. A., Rudrik, J.T., Brown, W., Hafeez, W., Lundstorm, T., Flanagan,

E., Johnson, R., Mitchell, J. and Chang, S. (2002). Staphylococcus aureus

resistant to vancomycin. Journal of the American Association 288: 824-824.

Sigurdardottir, B., Bjornsson, O. M., Jonsdottir, K. E., Erlendsdottir, H. and

Gudmundsson, S. (1997). Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A 20-year

overview. Archives of Internal Medicine. 157:425-430.

Simon, H.B. (2005). “Bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract”. In Dale,

David. ACP Medicine, 2006 Edition (2)

Sindelar, G., Zhao, X., Liew, A., Dong, Y., Lu, T., Zhou,

J., Domagala,

J. and Drlica, K.

(2000). Mutant Prevention Concentration as a Measure of Fluoroquinolone

Potency against Mycobacteria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44:

3337-3343.

References

108

Singh, G. B. and Atal, C. K. (1984). Pharmacology of an extract of salai guggul ex-

Boswellia serrata. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 16: 51.

Singh, S., Khajuria, A., Taneja, S. C., Johri, R. K., Singh, J. and Qazi, G. N. (2008).

The gastric ulcer protective effect of boswellic acids, a leukotriene inhibitor

from Boswellia serrata in rats. Phytomedicine 15: 400-407.

Singh, S., Khajuria, A., Taneja, S. C., Khajuria, R. K., Singh, J. and Qazi, G. N. (2007).

Boswellic acids and glucosamine show synergistic effect in preclinical anti-

inflammatory study in rats. Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Letters 17: 3706-

11.

Skaar, E.P. and Schneewind, O. (2004). Iron-regulated surface determinants (Isd) of

Staphylococcus aureus: stealing iron from heme. Microbes and Infection 6: 390-

397.

Smith, E.C.J., Williamson, E.M., Wareham, N., Kaatz, G.W. and Gibbons, S. (2007).

Antibacterials and modulators of bacterial resistance from the immature cones of

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. Phytochemistry 68(2): 210-217.

Smith, J.W., Hasan, M.S., Mader, J.T. and Calhoun, J. (2000). Osteomyelitis. In:

Mandell G.L., Bennett J.E., Dolin, R. (eds). Douglas, Mandell and Bennett's

principles and practice of infectious diseases. 5thed. 1175-1182; 1182-1196.

New York: Churchill Livingstone, USA.

Socransky, S.S. and Haffajee, A. D. (2000). Dental biofilms: difficult therapeutic targets

Periodontology 28: 12-55.

Steele, V.E., Holmes, C.A., Hawk, E.T., Kopelovich, L., Lubet, R.A., Crowell, J.A.,

Sigman,C.C. and Kelloff, G.J. (1999). Lipoxygenase inhibitors as potential

cancer chemopreventives. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 8:

467-483.

References

109

Sterk, V., Buchele, B. and Simmet, T. (2004). Effect of food intake on the

bioavailability of boswellic acids from an herbal preparation in healthy

volunteers. Planta Medica 70: 1155-1160.

Stewart, P.S. (2002). Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacterial biofilms.

International Journal of Medical Microbiology 292: 107-113.

Styers, D., Sheehan, D.J., Hogan, P. and Sahm, D.F. (2006). Laboratory-based

surveillance of current antimicrobial resistance patterns and trends among

Staphylococcus aureus: 2005 status in the United States. Annals of Clinical

Microbiology and Antimicrobials 5: 1-9.

Suresh, B., Sriram, S., Dhanaraj, S. A., Elango, K. and Chinnaswamy, K. (1997).

Anticandidal activity of Santolina chamaecyparissus volatile oil. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology 55: 151-159.

Syrovets, T., Buchele, B., Gedig, E., Slupsky, J. R. and Simmet, T. (2000). Acetyl-

boswellic acids are novel catalytic inhibitors of human topoisomerases I and

IIalpha. Molecular Pharmacology 58: 71- 81.

Syrovets, T., Gschwend, J. E., Buchele, B., Laumonnier, Y., Zugmaier, W., Genze, F.

and Simmet, T. (2005). Inhibition of IkappaB kinase activity by acetyl-boswellic

acids promotes apoptosis in androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells in

vitro and in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280: 6170 -6180.

Tak, P. P. and Firestein, G. S. (2001). NF-kappaB: a key role in inflammatory diseases.

Journal of Clinical Investigation 107: 7-11.

Takahashi, T., Kokubo, R. and Sakaino, M. (2004). Antimicrobial activities of

eucalyptus leaf extracts and flavonoids from Eucalyptus maculata. Letters in

Applied Microbiology 39(1): 60-64.

Taneja, S. C. and Dhar, K. L. (1996). In Supplement To Cultivation & Utilization Of

Medicinal Plants, ed. Handa & Kaul, p. 525.

References

110

Tarver, R., Teague, S., Heitkamp, D. and Conces, D. (2005). Radiology of community-

acquired pneumonia. Radiologic clinics of North America 43: 497-512.

Taylor, R. S. L., Edel, F., Manandhar, N. P. and Towers, G. H. N. (1996). Antimicrobial

activities of Southern Nepalese medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology

50: 97-102.

Tenover, F. C. (2006). Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. American

Journal of Medicine 119: 3-10.

Thomas, S. and Hermann, P. T. A. (1999). Use of Boswellic Acid for Treating Brain

Tumors. US Patent, 5919821.

Thuma, P. (2001). “Pharyngitis and tonsillitis”. In Hoekelman, Robert A. Primary

pediatric care. St. Louis: Mosby.

Tibayrenc, M. (2001). The golden age of genetics and the dark age of infectious

diseases. Infection Genetics and Evolution 1: 1-2.

Todd, J., Fishaut, M., Kapral, F. and Welch, T. (1978). Toxic-shock syndrome

associated with phage-group-I staphylococci. Lancet 2: 1116-1118.

Tripathi, Y. B., Reddy, M. M., Pandey, R. S., Subhashmi, J., Tiwari, O. P., Singh, B. K.

and Reddanna, P. (2004). Anti-inflammatory properties of BHUx, a polyherbal

formulation to prevent atherosclerosis. Inflammopharmacology 12: 131-52.

Tripathi, Y. B., Tripathi, P., Korlagunta, K., Chai, S. C., Smith, B. J. and Arjmandi, B.

H. (2008). Role of Sandhika: a polyherbal formulation on MC3T3-E1

osteoblast-like cells. Inflammation 31: 1-8.

Trombetta, D., Castelli, F., Grazia, M.S., Venuti, V., Cristani, M., Daniele, C., Saija, A.,

Mazzanti, G. and Bisignano, G. (2005). Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action of

Three Monoterpenes. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49: 2474-2478.

References

111

Tshikalange, T.E., Meyer, J.J.M. and Hussein, A.A. (2005). Antimicrobial activity,

toxicity and the isolation of a bioactive compound from plants used to treat

sexually transmitted diseases. Journal of .Ethnopharmacology 96(3): 515- 519.

Tsiodras, S, Gold, H.S. and Sakoulas, G. (2001). Linezolid resistance in a clinical

isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 358: 207-208.

Tuomanen, E., Austrian, R. and Masure, H.R. (2009). Pathogenesis of pneumococcal

infection. The New England Journal of Medicine 332: 1280-1284.

Ulubelen, A., Oksuz, S., Kolak, U., Bozok-Johansson, C., Celik, C. and Voelter, W.

(2000). Antibacterial diterpenes from the roots of Salvia viridis. Planta Medica

66(5): 458-462.

Vacca-Smith, A.M., Venkitaraman, A.R., Schilling, K.M. and Bowen, W.H. (1996).

Characterization of glucosyltransferase of human saliva adsorbed onto

hydroxyapatite surfaces. Caries Research 30: 354-360.

Venkitaraman, A.R., Vacca-Smith, A.M., Kopec, L.K. and Bowen, W.H. (1995).

Characterization of glucosyltransferase B, GtfC, and GtfD in solution and on the

surface of hydroxyapatite. Journal of Dental Research 74: 1695-1701.

Virus, R. M. and Gebhart, G. F. (1979). Pharmacologic actions of capsaicin: apparent

involvement of substance P and serotonin. Life Sciences 25:1273-1284.

Waldvogel, F.A. (1995). Staphylococcus aureus. (Including toxic shock syndrome).In:

Douglas, M. and Bennett’s (eds) Principle and practice of Infectious Diseases

4th ed, 1754-1777. New York, Churchill-Livingstone.

Waldvogel, F.A. (2000). Staphylococcus aureus (including staphylococcal toxic shock).

In Principles and practice of infectious diseases. G.L. Mandell, J.E. Bennett,

and R. Dolin, editors. Churchill Livingstone. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

2069-2092.

References

112

Weber, C. C. Reising, K., Muller, W. E., Schubert-Zsilavecz, M. and Abdel-Tawab, M.

(2006). Modulation of Pgp function by boswellic acids. Planta Medica 72: 507 -

513.

Weckesser, S., Engel, K., Simon-Haarhaus, B., Wittmer, A., Pelz, K. and Schempp, C.

M. (2007). Screening of plant extracts for antimicrobial activity against bacteria

and yeasts with dermatological relevance. Phytomedicine 14: 508-516.

Wei, G.X., Campagna, A.N. and Bokek, L.A.(2006). Effect of MUC7 peptides on the

growth of bacteria and on Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Journal of

Antimicrobial Agents 57: 1100-1109.

Wertheim, H.F.L., Melles, D.C., Vos, M.C., Leeuwen, W.V., Belkum, A.V., Verbrugh,

H.A. and Nouwen, J.L. (2005). The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus

aureus infections. Lancet Infectious Diseases 5: 751-62.

Wertheim, H.F.L., Vos, M.C., Ott, A., Belkum, A.V., Voss, A., Kluytmans, A.J.W.,

Keulen, P.H.J. and Grauls, C.M.V. (2004). Risk and outcome of nosocomial

Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in nasal carriers versus non-carriers. Lancet

364: 703-705.

Wetmore, R.F. (2007). “Tonsils and adenoids”. In Bonita F. Stanton; Kliegman, Robert;

Nelson, Waldo E.; Behrman, Richard E.; Jenson, Hal B.. Nelson Textbook of

Pediatrics. Philadelphia: Saunders.

Wick, W. and Kuker, W. (2004). Brain edema in neurooncology: radiological

assessment and management. Onkologie 27: 261- 266.

Wilkinson, B.J. (1997). Biology. In: Crossley, K.B. and Archer, G.L., (eds). The

staphylococci in human disease. pp 1-38.New York: Churchill Livingstone.

Wilson, A. P. R., Gibbons, C., Reeves, B. C., Hodgson, B., Liu, M. and Plummer, D.

(2004). Surgical wound infections as a performance indicator: agreement of

References

113

common definitions of wound infections in 4773 Patients. British Medical

Journal 329: 720-722.

World Health Organization (2000). World heath report- 2000. Geneva, Switzerland:

World health organization.

World Health Organization (2010). The Global Tuberculosis Epidemic Fact sheet no

104 World Health Organisation Nov 2010.

World Health Organization . (2002). Antimicrobial resistance. Fact Sheet No194.

World Health Organization Media Centre. (2008). Fact Sheet Number 107, Cholera

(Geneva: World Health Organization).

World Health Organization. (2004). The global burden of disease: 2004 update. WHO

Press, 2008.

Wu, J.A., Kusuma, C., Mond, J.J. and Kokai-Kun, J.F. (2003) Lysostaphin Disrupts

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms on Artificial

Surfaces. Antimicrobial Agents of Chemotherapy 47: 3407-3414.

Xiaojing, L.I., Kristin, M., Kolltveit, L. T and Ingar, O. (2000). Systemic diseases

caused by oral infection. Clinical microbiology reviews 13: 547-558.

Xu, H. X., Zeng, F. Q., Wan, M., and Sim, K. Y. (1996). Anti-HIV triterpeneacids from

Geum japonicum. Journal of Natural Products 59: 643-645.

Yamamoto, Y. and Gaynor, R. B. (2001). Therapeutic potential of inhibition of the NF-

kappaB pathway in the treatment of inflammation and cancer. Journal of.

Clinical Investigation 107: 135-142.

Yamashita, Y., Bowen, W. H., Burne, R. A. and Kuramitsu, H. D. (1993). Role of the

Streptococcus mutans gtf genes in caries induction in the specific-pathogen-free

rat model. Infection and Immunity 61: 3811-3817.

References

114

Yuan G., Wahlqvist, M. L., Yang, G., He, M. and Li, D. (2006). Natural products and

anti-inflammatory activity. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 15: 143-

52.

Yuan, H. Q., Kong, F., Wang, X. L., Young, C. Y., Hu, X. Y. and Lou, H. X. (2008).

Inhibitory effect of acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid on androgen receptor by

interference of Sp1 binding activity in prostate cancer cells. Biochemical

Pharmacology 75: 2112-2121.