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Human Factors Engineering

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Displays

Prof. D. C. Chandra

Lecture 7

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Overview

• Taxonomy of displays

• Classic display issues

• Design and evaluation of flight deck displays

– EFB discussion

• Display examples from different domains

• EVS/HUD video

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Basic Taxonomy

• Displays can be visual, auditory, haptic etc. – Any way to transmit information

– Focus on visual displays for this lecture

• Static displays – Symbols (e.g., road signs)

– Good for spatial information (e.g., paper maps)

• Dynamic displays – Present temporal information such as current

status, trends, predictions

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Some Classic Display Issues

• Inside-out vs. Outside-in

• Display arrangement

• Moving pointer vs. moving scale display

• Information integration on glass displays

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Inside-out vs. Outside-in

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Moving AircraftExocentric movingaircraft outside-in

Moving Outside WorldEgocentric moving horizon inside-out

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

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Display Design

Slides covering the following topics have been removed due to copyright restrictions:

• Early Display Design: Enabling T Scan

• Primary Flight Displays

• Visual Displays: Old vs. New

• Integral Boeing Displays

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The Rise of Glass Cockpits

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WrightFlyer

Vega

B-17P-51

F-80

Electra

C-141

C-5

L-1011

Concorde EA-6BF-18757/767

C-17

A320A310

747

DC-9

707

C-130

Constellation

DC-3

Ford Tri-MotorSpad

Num

ber

of d

ispl

ays

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Time

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

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Boeing 787 Flight Deck

Image courtesy of Jetstar Airways on Flickr.

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Display Taxonomy Continued

• Round-dial vs. glass displays – A.k.a. electro-mechanical vs. electronic – Round-dials are often separated while glass displays are

typically integrated

• Analog vs. digital – e.g., car speedometers show either a needle & dial or

numbers

• Shared displays – Glass displays with multiple functions that are either

overlaid (e.g., traffic & weather) or switched between (display modes)

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Visual Display Design Considerations • Display size • Density • Screen Resolution • Clutter • Color • Luminance • Brightness • Font Size • Field of View • Highlighting • Grouping • Vibrations • Dark adaptation • Analog vs. Digital • Dual Coding • Graphical vs. Textual representation of data

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General Display Implementation Issues

• Design

– Display size

– Presentation of information

– Interaction

– Location relative to operator

• Evaluation

– By regulators, users, purchasers…

• Standardization

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Electronic Flight Bag • Combination of hardware and

software

– Some general purpose devices (iPad), some aviation-specific (Astronautics)

– Portable or installed or mounted in flight deck

• Report on EFB human factors considerations (2003) used by FAA and other authorities to evaluate EFBs

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Image of electronic flight bag removeddue to copyright restrictions.

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Display Design and Evaluation • General issues

– Legibility of fonts and labels, training, ease of use, “intuitiveness”

• Hardware – Screen size – Physical controls and interaction – Screen technology (e.g., CRT, LCD, HUD)

• Resolution, refresh rate, viewing angle, brightness (daylight readability) • Input devices, e.g., touch screen, cursor control device

• Software – Software controls (e.g., buttons, icons) – Color – Multi-tasking and interaction

• Data entry, configuration

– Information time lag (e.g., traffic)

• Design standards – RTCA DO-160 Environmental Testing – RTCA DO 178-B software assurance

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Examples

• Aeronautical chart samples

• Flight deck traffic displays

• Boeing 787 flight deck slides

• Air Traffic Control Displays

• Weather Displays

• Automobiles

• Locomotives

• Enhanced Vision Systems and Head-up Displays

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Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Traffic Display

Standard TCAS symbology

• TCAS traffic display shows – Traffic Alerts (TAs) – Resolution Advisories (RAs) – Proximate traffic as either or – Relative altitude and climb/descent information

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This image is in the public domain. Source: Wikipedia.

Image of TCAS display removed due to copyright restrictions.

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• New symbols can present more information e.g., data quality, directionality

• How much information can be encoded visually in a traffic symbol without confusing the pilot?

Newer Traffic Displays

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Image of Garmin G1000 CDTI Displayremoved due to copyright restrictions.

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Air Traffic Control

• Issues include

– Information integration, time lag, ambient lighting

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Image of New York TRACON removeddue to copyright restrictions.

Image of Newark Tower interior removeddue to copyright restrictions.

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Integrated Terminal Weather System

• Issues include

– Information integration, both spatial and temporal

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Image of ITWS interface removed due to copyright restrictions.

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Locomotive Displays

• Beginning to convert to glass displays

– Standardization

– Display arrangement

– Information integration

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Human Factors in Display Advertisements…

• Garmin multi-function displays for general aviation

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