16110 Energy & the Environment
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Transcript of 16110 Energy & the Environment
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16110 Energy & the Environment
Registrar: Dr Andy Grant
James Weir building, room M610
Printed notes available from Central Services, James Weir building room M651
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Convection currents (wind and ocean waves), 368 . 1012 W
Evaporation of water, heating of water & ice.40 . 1015 W
Photosynthesis on land and sea,98 . 1012 W
Direct conversion to heat, 82 . 1015 W
Long wave radiation to space122.5 . 1015 W
Tidal energy (moon and sun),3 . 1012 W
Geothermal energy,32 . 1012 W
Incoming solar energy, 175 . 1015 W
Reflected short wave radiation,52.5 . 1015 W
Formation of fossil fuels, 13 . 106 W
Surface of the earth
Atmospheric boundary
Energy from the sun
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Energy production,
conversion and
distribution to
demand sectors
FOSSIL FUELS NUCLEAR POWER
INDUSTRY
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
TRANSPORT
RENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES
ELECTRICITY
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Abbreviations in SI Units
10 -12 Pico 10 3 Kilo
10 -9 Nano 10 6 Mega (million)
10 -6 Micro 10 9 Giga (billion)
10 -3 Milli 10 12 Tera
10 15 Peta
10 18 Exa
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Energy Conversion Factors
1 kW-hour = 3600 kilojoules (kJ); the Joule is the basic SI unit of energy. (1 Joule = 1 Watt for 1 second)
1 barrel of oil = 0.136 tonnes;
energy content = 1.64 MW-hour (1 barrel)
= 12 MW-hour (1 tonne).
1 kW-hour = 3412 British Thermal Units (Btu)
= 860 . 103 Calories
= 0.0335 therms
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World primary energy consumption, by region
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
1200019
72
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Mill
ion
to
nn
es o
il eq
uiv
alen
t
North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Africa China Japan Rest of w orld
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World primary energy consumption, by fuel
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Mill
ion
to
nn
es o
il eq
uiv
alen
tCoal Oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydro
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Per Capita Primary Energy Consumption
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
To
nn
es o
f o
il eq
uiv
alen
t
North America Western Europe Eastern Europe
Rest of w orld World average
Energy consumption per capita remains fairly static in most
developed countries, but is rising steadily
elsewhere.
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Proven fossil fuel reserves
0
100
200
300
400
500
60019
82
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Bill
ion
ton
ne
s o
il e
qu
iva
len
t
oil natural gas coal
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Proven fossil fuel reserves
0
50
100
150
200
250
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Ye
ars
re
ma
inin
g a
t pre
sen
t ra
tes
of
con
sum
ptio
noil natural gas coal
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Kyoto Protocol, 1997
Greenhouse gases listed:
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
• Methane (CH4)
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
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UK commitments
12.5% reduction in 6 Kyoto greenhouse gases by 2008 – 2012, relative to emissions in 1990.
Labour manifesto objective to cut CO2 emissions by 20%, by year 2010.
Policy statements: UK: 10% of electricity from renewables by 2010
Scotland: 15% of electricity from renewables by 2010
40% of electricity from renewables by 2020
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Sources of UK electricity production
1990
Gas1%
Coal64%
Hydro1% Nuclear
21%
Oil11%
Imports1%
Other1%
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Sources of UK electricity production
1994
Oil5%
Coal49%
Gas13%
Nuclear28%
Hydro1%
Imports2%
Other2%
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Sources of UK electricity production
1998
Nuclear28%
Gas33%
Oil1%
Coal34%
Imports1% Hydro
1%
Other2%
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Energy production,
conversion and
distribution to
demand sectors
FOSSIL FUELS NUCLEAR POWER
INDUSTRY
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
TRANSPORT
RENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES
ELECTRICITY
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Fossil fuel electricity generating plant
Generator
LP HP
Condenser
~
Heat rejection
Steam turbine
Fuel supply
Water
Pump
Superheated steam
Wet steam
Heat rejection
Combustion
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Drax coal-fired power station
Largest in the UK, rated at
3.6 GW electrical output.