Auction Theory Class 7 – Common Values, Winner’s curse and Interdependent Values. 1.
16043_attitude and Values (1)
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Unit Number. 06
Unit NameATTITUDES AND VALUES
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ATTITUDE – Definition • What is an attitude?• Allport (1935) defined an Attitude as a mental or
neural state of readiness, organized through experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influence on the individual’s response to all objects and situations to which it is related.
• A simpler definition of attitude is a mindset or a tendency to act in a particular way due to both an individual’s experience and temperament.
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 2
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Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 3
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Attitude
A state of mind or feeling with regard to some matter
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Three components of ATTITUDE
• An attitude includes three components: an affect (a feeling), cognition (a thought or belief), and behavior (an action).
• Attitudes help us define how we see situations, as well as define how we behave toward the situation or object
• Attitudes also provide us with internal cognitions or beliefs and thoughts about people and objects
• Attitudes cause us to behave in a particular way toward an object or person
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 4
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Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 5Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 5
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Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 6
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Characteristics of Attitude
• Difficult to measure– Indicated by behavior, reactions to individual
situations, social values
• May create inflexibility and stereotypes– Based on inconsistencies, incorrect
assumptions or other false data
• Demonstrated by behavior
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Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 7
Characteristics of Attitude• Formed largely from the continuous
process of socialization
• Positive or negative• Once formed not easily changed
– New conditions, new experience, and new information
– Attitudes may be affected by age, position, and education
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Attitude Formation
• attitudes are defined as enduring systems of beliefs that can be examined on three different levels:
• – cognitive (how we think or reason through an attitude)
• – emotional (how we feel regarding an attitude)
• – behavioral (how we act on an attitude)
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 8
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Origins of Attitudes• research has indicated there are several ways
in which we acquire attitudes• one of our earliest agents of attitude
formation are our parents, later followed by our peers and the media
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 9
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4 major sources of attitude formation are:
• classical conditioning: associating behaviors and attitudes as "good" or "bad" (i.e. it's good to tell the truth, it's bad to steal)
• operant conditioning: being rewarded or punished for behavior and attitudes (i.e. being praised for telling the truth or being punished for stealing something)
• cognitive appraisals: weighing logical arguments in determining your attitude
• observational learning: learning attitudes through peer behavior and the media
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 10
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FORMATION OF ATTITUDE
• PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS: The psychology of a person is the combination of his perceptions, ideas, beliefs , values, information etc.
• FAMILY FACTOR : Parents and other elders in the family influence most in the formation of one’ attitude
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 11
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FORMATION OF ATTITUDE
• SOCIAL FACTORS: Societies differ in terms of language , values , beliefs ,culture ,customs ,norms etc. and all these influence a person’s attitude.
• ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS : In an organisational work culture , nature of job , fellow workers , qualities of supervisor , pay package , and position etc all effects the formation of attitude
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 12
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FORMATION OF ATTITUDE
• POLITICAL FACTORS : Political ideologies in the state/country , behaviour of political leaders , political atmosphere of the state/country influence a lot in the formation of one’s attitude.
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 13
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TYPES OF ATTITUDE
• POSITIVE ATTITUDE• NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 14
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POSITIVE ATTITUDE• Optimism, as defined by Dictionary.com,
means "a tendency to expect the best possible outcome or dwell on the most hopeful aspects of a situation".
• Take now the following definition of positive attitude: "a person's disposition towards life in a manner that shows optimism" (as opposed to a pessimistic point of view) is the POSITIVE ATTITUDE.
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 15
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NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
• Definition: bad attitude , Synonyms: chip on one's shoulder, cynicism, defeatism, dim view, discouragement, expectation of the worst, gloomy outlook, hopelessness, lack of confidence, low spirits, negative thinking, negativism, pessimism. All these words put together or any of them is negative attitude.
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 16
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IMPROTANCE OF ATTITUDE• It Helps in better decision making• It helps in developing a team spirit in an
organisation.• The person will treat a problem as a challenge • It will help in achieving the goals cheerfully• The stress level of the person/team member will
be less even after the day of hard work• It will give a new direction to one’s life leading to
success after successName of Discipline eg. Mechanical
Engineering 17
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VALUES AND ETHICS
VALUESare
“Global beliefs that guide actions and judgements across a variety of situations” as
defined by a socio-psychologist Molten Rokeach
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VALUES• “Values represent basic convictions that a
specific mode of conduct (or end – state of existence) is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct ( or end- state of existence).”
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 19
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TYPES OF VALUES
Terminal Values (ends)
• Comfortable life• Sense of accomplishment• Family Security• Self respect• Wisdom
Instrumental Values(means)
• Ambition• Courage• Honesty• Helpfulness• Independence
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 20
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VALUES AND ETHICSETHICS:
The question of:(a) what is right and acceptable
and above board versus
what is wrong and unacceptable and under-the-table
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Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 22
ETHICS (CONT):Collection of:
Right attitudes,Right values,Correct behaviour;Respect for others
(These are considered as irreducible moral expectations)
DEFINITIONS
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Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 23
ETHICS (CONT):Principles that govern a person or group’s
behaviour,Rules of behaviour.They regulate what an employee would do in
different situations at workWOULD DO ethics are intrinsic, part of the
character of a person,Can be taught but cannot be achieved without the
inner desire to accomplish them
DEFINITIONS
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ETHICS - DEFINITION
• “Ethics is a set of moral rules and regulations formulated from the time immemorial by the society for its members to lead an honest and happy life.”
• “Ethics indicates the way of life one has to lead , where honesty , discipline , and understanding of moral values & ideals , character and relationship with others are the influencing factors.”
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 24
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Factors effecting ethical behaviour
• INDIVIDUAL FACTORS• SOCIAL FACTORS• OPPORTUNITY FACTORS
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 25
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TYPES OF ETHICS 1 PERSONAL ETHICS
• It may be defined as “ the rules by which an individual lives his / her personal life is known as personal ethics.”
2 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
• It may be defined as “ the moral way the professionals should behave in his domain of profession, be it engineering , medical , legal , or business, is known as professional ethics.”
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 26
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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
• Professional ethics are the standards or codes of conduct set by the people in a specific profession. A code of ethics is a part of expectations of those involved in a particular profession by all concerned. For example , a patient expect ethical behaviour from the doctor.
• Professional ethics is commonly known as ethical business practices
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 27
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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 28
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ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD WORK ETHICS
GENERAL:Being prepared to go the extra mile to get things
done,Creating the environment for teamwork to
flourish,Cultivating values and actions perceived as
appropriate at work place,Having the capacity to encourage best
performance from colleagues. Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical
Engineering 29
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ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD WORK ETHICS
SPECIFIC:HONESTY:
Assignments should be done with utmost honesty: no cheating, lying, stealing
It is psychologically proven that if you do these things your conscience will bother you.
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 30
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ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD WORK ETHICS SPECIFIC:DEPENDABILITY:
Dependable people are also reliable and responsible
They produce results when needed and expected
They are not given to excusesThey are good examples to those
around themName of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 31
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ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD WORK ETHICS
SPECIFIC:EFFICIENCY (COMPETENCE):
Maximization of personal and organizations resources (time, paper, money),
Enhances personal growth and the betterment of the organization,
The hallmark of good workers
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 32
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ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD WORK ETHICS
SPECIFIC:POSITIVE WORK HABITS:
Cultivate habits that impress colleagues, subordinate and superiors Dress appropriatelyCome early to work,Put in a full day’s work
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 33
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SPECIFIC:INITIATIVE:
Do not always wait to be told what to do,
Be a Nehemiah in any problem situation
If you cannot be the solution, do not be the problem.Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical
Engineering 34
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HUMILITY:
Humility and modesty are virtuesFools are arrogantThe wise is humbleJesus is our example
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 35
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SPECIFIC:TEAM WORK/TEAM SPIRIT:
Two are better than one: good reward for their labour (Eccl. 4: 1)
Can two work together except they be agreed? (Amos 3: 3)
Always remember that you are a part of the team, no matter the role you play in it,
Do what is not only good for you, but also beneficial to the team as a whole Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical
Engineering 36
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God’s word about ethics• Work is a virtuous duty mandated by God• FAITHFULNESS: Moreover, it is required in
stewards that a man be found faithfulDILIGENCE:Wholehearted application of mind and power Not with eye service as men pleasers… but as
to the LordConsequently, idleness is viewed as a
sanctionable vice Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical
Engineering 37
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Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 38
HONESTY: Do you lie, cheat or steal on your work? (Exo. 20: 15; BIU, 2007: xii (4))PRODUCTIVITY: Have you done enough to justify your pay? (BIU, 2007: (7); Thess. 3: 10(b))TRUSTWORTHINESS: How dependable are you? (Titus 2: 9,10)
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Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 39
FINALLY, brethren, whatsoever things are TRUE, whatsoever things are HONEST, whatsoever things are JUST, whatsoever things are LOVELY, whatsoever things are of GOOD REPORT, if there be any VIRTUE, and if there be any PRAISE, think on these things (Phil 4: 8)
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Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 40
PERSONAL ETHICS CAN BE TAUGHT, BUT OFTEN THY CANNOT BE ACHIEVED IF THE PERSON HAS NO INNER DESIRE TO ACCOMPLISH THEM,
PEOPLE WHO HAVE QUESTIONABLE WORK ETHICS SOMETIMES FIND THAT THEY HAVE BOTHERED CONSCIENCES,
LET US RESOLVE TO HAVE THE INNER DESIRE TO ACCOMPLISH GOOD WORK ETHICS SO THAT WE DO NOT HAVE BOTHERED CONSCIENCES.
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• Lecture content
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 41
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Relevant references• Website links• Books (Detailed information: Chapter No. and
other relevant specification)• Any others
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 42
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Conclusion/Application/future scope
Name of Discipline eg. Mechanical Engineering 43