15782 BTY885-Introduction History Biotechnology

8/3/2019 15782 BTY885-Introduction History Biotechnology

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Welcome to the World of

Biotechnology


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What is Biotechnology?Lets break it down:

Biology- use of biological/living/alive

agents/their partsTechnology - the application of science to

achieve industrial or commercial objectives

(products: cheese, wine, curd; & process:

fermentation). Collection of tech.

Coined the term- Karl Kreky (1970)

Controlled use of biological agents or their

cellular components for beneficial uses.


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A Definition That is a Little

More Fun


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Origins of Biotechnology

Although it seems like a new thing,biotechnology has actually been around a

while

Domesticated plants and animals are theresult of selective breeding (have you ever

seen a wild corn plant, not something youd

want to eat)

Using yeast to make bread rise

Using bacteria or yeast to ferment grapes

into wine


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So Why Should I Care?

Biotechnology aspects all aspects of youreveryday life, including: agriculture and foodsafety, healthcare, law enforcement andenvironmental issues

Although there are many great career pathsinvolving biotechnology that you may consider,possibly even more importantly, you will soonbe voters

Youll make decisions on the ethics involvinglegalizing certain types of research

You might be on a jury where biotechnology plays akey part in the evidence presented


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The Biotechnology Toolbox

Today, biotechnology is used in threemain ways:

Directly using cells

Placing yeast into a bioreactor to ferment grapes

Using the proteins/enzymes made by cells

Isolating antibiotics from bacteria for use inhuman medicine

Using the genetic material inside of cellDNA fingerprinting


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Just Some of theLatest Advances

in the World of BiotechnologyCloning-genetically identical

DNA fingerprinting

Genetically modified bacteria to

synthesize products

Genetically modified foods


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Why Clone?To create identical cells for research

purposes

To maintain a genetically desirable

species of plant or animal

To create a missing organ or tissue for

treatment of human diseases

To save endangered or extinct species


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Some Products of Cloning


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DNA Fingerprinting

Identifying the pattern of certain sequences in partsof a persons DNA to determine if two samplescome from the same person, related persons or two,non-related individuals

Only parts of the DNA sequence are used becausethe whole genome is too long to sequence repeatedly

Everyone has a unique sequence of DNA (evenidentical twins, although their genomes would be

very close to identical)


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What Does a DNA Fingerprint

Look Like?


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What can DNA Fingerprints

be used for?Paternity/maternity tests

To determine if a suspect was at a crime

sceneTo identify a murder victim

To identify a soldier killed in the line of

dutyTo determine identity


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Genetically-Modified BacteriaInserting new genes into a bacteria to

trick it into making a product for us

Although each bacteria usually doesnt

make much product, millions of bacteria

can be grown in bioreactors at the same

time, and the product harvested from allof them at once


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Some Products Now

Synthesized by BacteriaBiodiesel fuel

Chemicals to block an HIV infection

Photographs

Human insulin for diabetics

Plastics


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Genetically-Modified FoodsLivestock or produce that has received

new genes to make the product healthier,

resistant to pest or more nutritious

The process is similar to that used to

create genetically-modified bacteria, but

the genes are being inserted into multi-celled organism instead


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Some Genetically Modified

Organisms (GMO)


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Why make GMOs?

To give plants resistance to certain pests

without the use of pesticides

To make plants drought resistant

To make cows that produce more milk

To make vegetables that can undergo long

transport without over-ripening

To make chickens that contain extra vitamins

that may be missing from our diets


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TheEthics of Biotechnology

Despite all the exciting things thatbiotechnology can do or will do in the nearfuture, there are things to consider:

Would it be ethical to clone a human? Why or whynot?

Should your insurance company be allowed to haveaccess to your DNA profile if it detected somedisease?

How can the bacteria in bioreactors be disposed ofonce they are no longer useful?

What happens to the natural balance when GMO aresent out to compete with natural plants in the

environment?


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Conclusion

We are at the cusp of an exciting time in theworld of biology

We are capable to manipulating living cells in waysthat would have been unimaginable even 20 years

ago

With this new technology comes many new jobs andbenefits to mankind

With this new technology comes the need to think

through the ethical issues that arise and to wiselyweigh the benefits against the drawbacks to makeinformed decisions as to what research should beencourage and what should not


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HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

OLD BIOTECHNOLOGY: Before discovery of

DNA structure (1953); Watson &Crick

Modern Biotechnology: recombinant DNAtechnology (rDNA)


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Old biotech: 5000 BC- M.O. were used for making cheese,wine, vinegar, leavened bread (yeast), curd.

Pasteurisation of milk-to prevent milk spoilage

Large scale production of preservatives:glycerol- by bacteria: streptomyces

Citric acid: by fungi:Aspergillus niger,

Acetone, Butanol: by bacteria: Clostridiumacetobutylicum

Antibiotics: Penicillin (1930); A. Waksman: byfungi: Penecillium notatum


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Yeast Fermented productsFermentation: Process in which yeast

enzymes chemically change compoundsinto alcohol. Alcohol is converted intoacetic acid (sour taste; vinegar) by MO.

Bread Baking

Vinegar-from Juices & extracts fromfruits and grains


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Antibiotics:

A substance, such as penicillin or streptomycin,

produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria,

and other MO that can destroy or inhibit the growth

of other . Antibiotics are widely used in theprevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Penicillin (1928): Alexander Fleming:

first drug produced by MO.


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Modern BiotechManipulation of genetic materials of

organisms

by rDNAtechnology/genetic engineering

Microscopy and advanced computertechnology are used

Based on genetics and the use of microscopy,

biochemical methods, related sciences andtechnologies

In-depth knowledge of science


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Use of biotech to produce new life forms

Recombinant DNA Process

Genetic material is moved from one organism to

another Materials involved are quite small

PCR: Kary Mullis (1985)

Genome sequencing-Arabidopsis, tobacco etc.

Challenging and often controversial

Many have opposing or negative views ofbiotechnology

Modern Biotech


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Human Insulin was produced in bacteria

(E. coli) on commercial scale (1983).

Plant HYVs by transferring desirablegene from alien sources.

Gene: a functional DNA sequence

Gold rice: vitamin A precursor

Bt cotton/brinjal/potato/corn: Insect pest

resistant: by Monsanto+Mahyco

But controversial: biosafety

Modern Biotech


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Biotechnology:A science of many disciplines Agricultural BT:

Tissue culture/Micropropagation: to increase rate of

multiplication, disease-free plants. Cryopreservation: -

196 C. Pollen/Anther/Embryo culture, Transgenic crops

Biotic (bacteria, fungi, virus etc.)& Abiotic stress (salt,heavy metals, heat, water etc.) resistant plants, molecular

pharming (plant as pharmaceutical products).

Microbial BT: to increase mining efficiency, simplifying

manufacturing and production processes, sewagetreatment.

Animal BT:In vitro fertilization, GM animals (for

improved yield and quality products) eg. sheep, pigs,

dog, chicken etc.


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Forensic BT: DNA fingerprinting, maternal/paternal,

criminal tests.

Environmental BT: Bioremediation , degradation of

petroleum and mgt of oil spills (Pseudomonas putida),

detoxification of industrial wastes, biocontrol agents (GM

bacteria, fungi, virus to control diseases and pest)

Aquatic BT: aquaculture, disease-resistant strains ofoysters and vaccines against viruses, transgenic salmon to

overproduce growth hormone.

Medical BT: drugs,gene knockout testing, recombinant

proteins for human medical applications, human genome

projects (to detect defective genes and disorders), gene

therapy by stem cell culture, DNA probes-to diagnose

diseases eg. cancer, hepatitis


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Industrial BT: large scale production of ethanol,

acetic acid, glycerol, antibiotics, enzymes, single

cell proteins (SCP), biofuels, mineral extractionby MO.

Regulatory BT: quality assurance and quality

control lab testing, monitoring processes forconsistent product standard.


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Agriculture biotechnology


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Agriculture biotechnology

Its need: increase productivity, limited resources.

Genetically modified crops: corn, soybean, cotton,

rice, phytoremediation plants, abiotic and biotic-

stresses tolerant crops etc.Micopropagation-Forest tree, ornamental plants,

horticulture plants.

Enhanced nutrition (golden rice).

Herbicide-resistant crops.

Plant-produced vaccines & bioplastics.

Disease-resistant crops

High-performance and healthier cooking oil.


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Transgenic Plants

Tissue culture Recombinant DNA technology

(Genetic engineering)

Plant Transformation methods: Vector-mediated (Agrobacterium

tumefaciens) and biolistic-mediated.

15782 BTY885-Introduction History Biotechnology

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