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Transcript of 1/5/2016copyright 2006 ; All Rights Reserved. 1 What is Syntactic Fluency? The ability to create a...
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What is Syntactic Fluency?
• The ability to create a variety of sentence structures – appropriately complex and/or simple and varied in length to add interest to writing.
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What is Syntactic Permutation?
• Sentence structures that are extraordinarily complex and involved.
• Often difficult for a reader to follow.
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Sentence Forms
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What is a Simple Sentence?
• Contains one independent clause - can stand by itself - and no dependent clauses – which cannot stand alone.
Examples of Simple Sentences:
• The baby cried. -Independent clause: contains one subject, baby, and one predicate, cried.
• The girl ran into her bedroom. - Independent clause: contains one subject, girl, and one predicate, ran into her bedroom.
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What is a Complex Sentence?
• Contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
• The dependent clause is introduced by either a subordinate conjunction such as although, while or because or a relative pronoun such as who or which.
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Examples of Complex Sentences
• When I saw what you had done, I was sad. – Independent clause: I was sad– Dependent clause: When I saw what you had done
• That you love me makes me happy. – Independent clause: (subject) makes me happy. – Dependent clause: That you love me (acting as the
subject)
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What is a Compound Sentence?
• Contains at least two independent clauses, but does not need a dependent clause.
• The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, so), a correlative conjunction (both…and, either…or), or a semicolon that functions as a conjunction.
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Examples of Compound Sentences
• The singer bowed, and the applause began.
- Independent clauses: the singer bowed and the applause began
- Coordinating conjunction: and• Either the singer bowed or the applause
began.
- Correlative conjunction: or• The singer bowed; the applause began.
- Joined by a semicolon.
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What is a Complex-Compound Sentence?
• Contains at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
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Examples of Compound-Complex Sentences
• The dog lived in the backyard, but the cat, who thought she was superior, lived inside the house.- Independent clauses: The dog lived in the backyard and the cat lived inside the house- Dependent clause: who thought she was superior
• Though the movie had been tested on the market, The Last Shadow did not fare well in the United States, but it did develop a huge following in Europe, which usually does not go for this movie genre.- Independent clauses: The Last Shadow did not fare well in the United States and it did develop a huge following in Europe - Dependent clauses: though the movie had been tested on the market and which usually does not go for this movie genre
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Parallelism in Sentence Structure
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What is Parallelism?
• The technique of arranging words, phrases, and clauses side by side and making them similar in form.
• Ideas must be equal in some way, such as in emphasis, in use, or in fact.
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What is a Simple Parallel?
• A series of coordinated elements.• Similar in form and grammatical function.
Example Simple Parallel Sentence
• She looked tired, frustrated and disgusted.
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What is a Complex Parallel?
• Deliberately emphasizes parallel construction to achieve cadence and rhythm through repetition.
• The main clause (subject and predicate) ALWAYS comes first.
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Examples of Complex Parallel Sentences
• A new generation of Americans born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of their ancient heritage ... (Kennedy)
• Throughout our nation, the major cities are in trouble: scarred by slums and ghettos, threatened by racial strife, crippled by inadequate finances...
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What is a Periodic Sentence?
• Is not grammatically complete until its end. • Is accomplished by the use of parallel
phrases at the opening or by the use of dependent clauses preceding the independent clause.
• Is effective when it is used to arouse interest and curiosity to hold an idea in suspense before its final revelation.
• Also called a period.
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Example Periodic Sentence“Out of the bosom of the Air, Out of the cloud-folds of her garment shaken, Over the woodlands brown and bare, Over the harvest-fields forsaken, Silent and soft, and slow, Descends the snow.”
~ From Longfellow’s “Snowflakes” ~
- Parallel adverbial phrases (“Out of the bosom”, “Out of the cloud-folds,” “Over the woodlands,” “Over the harvest-fields”), - Each followed by parallel modification (“of the air,” “of her garments shaken,” “brown and bare,” “forsaken,”). - The thought is not grammatically complete until the subject/verb group “Descends the snow” finalizes the statement.
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What is a Balanced Sentence?
• Characterized by parallel structure. • Constructed as to emphasize an antithesis – two
contrasting images.
Example Balanced Sentences• And so my fellow Americans – ask not what your
country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. (Kennedy)
• It is not that today’s artists cannot paint, it is that today’s critics cannot see. (Rothko)
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What is a Loose Sentence?
• Builds through parallel constructions after a main clause.
• The main clause (with the subject and verb) comes first.
• Effective for description.
• Also called a cumulative sentence .
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What is Asyndeton?
• Commas used with no conjunction to separate a series of words.
• Emphasizes the parallel structure equally and speeds up the flow of the sentence.
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Example Loose Sentences featuring Asyndeton
• The brilliant assembly filed past us, the marshals with their batons and ceremonial red hats, the professors draped in their doctoral hoods, the graduates in somber black.
• Nothing could deflect that wall of water, sweeping away trees and boulders,engulfing streets and villages, churning and roaring like a creature in pain.