15.2

Export from India Profound effect on SE Asia Powerful neighbors

China India

Mainland SE Asia Many peninsulas Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, part

of Malaysia Island SE Asia

20,000 islands Indian Ocean and S China Sea Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines

Separated from Asia by mtns Traders and invaders did push overland 4 river valleys

Irrawaddy Chao Phraya Mekong Red

Islands: strategic importance Malacca and Sunda straits

Command of these straits controls rich trade routes

Monsoons (seasonal winds) shaped trade patterns

Ships travelled NE in Summer SE in Winter Between seasons: harbored ships in SE Asian ports

International trade network linked India, SE Asia, China, to East Africa and Middle East

Key products: spices Most to East Asia, Middle East, East Africa

Civilization here began 5,000 years ago Own religious patterns and cultures Nuclear family Women: greater equality

Spice traders Rulers of cities Choose or divorce partners

Matrilineal descent: inheritance through the mother

Spread culture Theravada beliefs introduced Writing, law, govt, art, architecture, farming Settled port cities Presents to local rulers Married into influential families Exchanged cottons, jewels, perfume for raw

materials, timber, spies, gold Peak around 500-1000

Hinduism and Buddhism already in SE Asia Indians carried Islam into region 1200s Trades spread beliefs throughout islands of

Indonesia and Philippines Arab merchants Growth of Islam contributed to stable trade

network

Pagan Irrawaddy Valley Rice paddies King Anawrata

Brought Buddhism to Burman people Stupas: dome-shaped shrines Fell in 1287 to conquering Mongols

Khmer Empire Peak between 800-1350 Present day rulers control Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia

Pious Hindus Leaders saw themselves as god-kings

Ordinary people preferred Buddhism King Suryavarman II built temple complex at Angkor Wat

Ruins survived to today Among most impressive in world Hundreds of carved figures

Srivijaya Trading empire 600-1200 Controlled Strait of Malacca Hinduism and Buddhism Other islands: people blended beliefs of Hinduism,

Buddhism, Islam to create local gods Islam spread to Sumatra, Java

Indian influence outweighed Chinese Spread through trade China conquered Annam (N Vietnam)

Heart of N Vietnam: Red River delta Fertile rice paddies Provided food

111 BC: Han armies conquered region Controlled for 1000 years Spread:

Confucian ideas Chinese civil service system Built government bureaucracy similar to China’s Learned to write/speak Chinese Adopted Mahayana Buddhism beliefs from China

Daoism

39 AD: briefly drove Chinese out Remembered as martyrs and heroes 939 Vietnam broke free Remained tributary state of China