151232 Micronutrients - Overview 2015 Full Slide Handout
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Transcript of 151232 Micronutrients - Overview 2015 Full Slide Handout
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Overview
2015
A/Prof Rozanne Kruger
151.232
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Task:
Match each micronutrient (column B) with
- a source from column A
- a role from column C
List any other names these micronutrients might be known
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Column B
Vit A Vit Bs Vit C
Vit !
Vit "
Calcium #luori$e
%o$ine
%ron &elenium
Column A (Source)
kiwifruit, currants
beef, seafood
water, tea
kelp, seafood
yeast, cereals,
animal products
carrots, pumpkin
bacteria, leafy greens
sunshine, salmon
dairy products
snapper, brazil nuts
Column C (Roles)
blood clotting
dental health
fertility, antioxidant
energy metabolism,
mental wellbeing
regulating growth
binding O2 reproduction, vision
calcium absorption
collagen synthesis
muscle contraction
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Vit A = carrots, pumpkin; reproduction, vision
Vit Bs = yeast, cereals; enery meta!olism, mental well"!ein Vit # = kiwi$ruit, currants; collaen synt%esis
Vit & = suns%ine, salmon; calcium a!sorption
Vit ' = !acteria, lea$y reens; !lood clottin
#alcium = dairy products; muscle contraction
(luoride = water, tea; dental %ealt%
)odine = kelp, sea$ood; reulatin rowt%
)ron = !ee$, s%ell$is%; !indin o*yen
+elenium = !rail nuts, snapper; $ertility, antio*idant
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Vit A: Retinol, Retinoic acid, Retinal, precursors are carotenes such as Beta-Carotene
Vit Bs:
Thiamin = B1 Riboflavin = B2 (activates B6, helps convert tryptophan to niacin) Niacin, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide = B3;
precursor is tryptophan Biotin
Pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine = B6 Folate, folic acid, folacin, pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) Cobalamin = B12 (activated by Folate) Pantothenic Acid = B5Vit C: Ascorbic acid
Vit D: Cholecalciferol (D3 animals); ergocalciferol (D2 plants);1,25 dihydroxy vit D = calctriol precursor is cholesterol
Vit E: alpha-tocopherol (only active form of Vit E in humans)Vit K: phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, naphthoquinone
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-o !e a!le to classi$y t%e nutrients
-o !e a!le to descri!e t%e eneral $unctions o$ t%e vitamins andminerals
-o distinuis% !etween t%e properties o$ t%e various types o$vitamins
-o identi$y clearly t%e roles o$ t%e vitamins and minerals inmeta!olism
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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)noranic nutrients
.inerals /eulate .aintain
ater
utrient -ransport
/eulate temperature
-ake part in c%emical reactions
/emove waste
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Oranic nutrients
#ar!o%ydrates 3rovide 4nery +ave 3rotein Assist in Burnin o$ $at
6ipids
Assist in makin o$ 4(As a!sorption o$ (at solu!le Vitamins 3rovide4nery
3roteins
Build /epair provide enery reulate
Vitamins
/eulate 3rovide 4nery 3rotect Assist in !ody $unctions
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-%e vitamins are oranic su!stances, re7uired in tiny amounts,
t%at are essential $or %ealt%, and per$orm at least one speci$icmeta!olic $unction and must !e provided in t%e diet 8cannot!e synt%esied9
'ita = li$e
amine = containin nitroen
#asimir (unk : 112
8later dropped
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B vitamins names and functions
Thiamin B1 Metabolism of energy yieldingRiboflavin* B2 intermediates via red/ox reactions
Niacin B3 Coenzymes in energy metabolismPyridoxine* B6 TransaminationCobalamin B12 Transmethylation*Folate B9 Methylation reactionsPantothenic acid B5 Constituent of coenzyme ABiotin B10 Carboxylation using coenzyme A
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+tructure: )ndividual units " not linked molecules e>>lucose amino acids
(unction: not enery yieldin : t%ey assist enymesused in enery meta!olism
(ood #ontents: amount inested : measured inmicrorams 89 and millirams 8m9
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Bio"availa!ility
is t%e proportion o$ t%e nutrient t%at is diested, a!sor!ed andmeta!olied t%rou% normal pat%ways,
is not represented simply !y t%e amount t%at is contained in a $ood>
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4$$iciency o$ diestion transit time
3revious nutrient intake and nutritional status Ot%er $oods consumed simultaneously
(ood preparation met%od
+ource o$ t%e nutrient : synt%etic or natural
?ealt% status
Bioavailability in turn affects micronutrient requirements
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3recursor provitamin
+ome vitamins in $oods are in an inactive $orm known asprecursors or pro"vitamins
)n vivo precursor active vitamin
.easurin vitamin intake = active vitamin @ potentialamount availa!le in precursor $orm
#oenyme
A su!stance, usually a vitamin, t%at must !e present!e$ore certain enymes can $unction
+ome vitamins serve primarily as coenymes aidin in t%e
action o$ enymes
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Apo"enyme
An inactive protein portion o$ an enyme, eit%er aco$actor 8a metallic ion9 or a coenyme 8a vitamin9
must !e attac%ed to it to $orm an active enyme
?olo"enyme
An active enyme made up o$ a protein part 8apo"enyme9, and eit%er a co$actor 8a mineral9 or a
coenyme 8a vitamin9
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#o"enymes : vitamins minerals#o"$actors : minerals
.ost B vitamins and minerals $orm part o$ co"enyme comple*est%at ena!le enymes to synt%esie compounds or to dismantlecompounds
to assist enymes to release enery
to assist wit% meta!olism e>> vit B
to $acilitate cell multiplication e>> $olate
.etalloenymes 8(e, n9
-%e vitamin portion o$ t%e co"enyme !inds to t%e enyme
it%out t%e co"enyme t%e enyme cannot work
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#oenyme $unction
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Oranic nature
#an !e destroyed t%us %andle wit% care, storae,cookin, O2 and sunli%t
?eatin 8B19, CV rays$luorescent li%t 8B29, O*idation viacuttinprocessin 8#9,
+olu!ility
in$luences diestion, a!sorption transport, storae and
e*cretion: ?ydrop%ilic 8prot #?O; water solu!le vitamins = D Bvits #9
: ?ydrop%o!ic 8lipid; $at solu!le vitamins = A,&,4,'9
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-o*icity
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Dose effects
3%ysioloical e$$ect
w%en a dose o$ a nutrient at a level w%ic% can easily !eac%ieved t%rou% diet provides a normal !lood concentration>
3%armacoloical e$$ect w%en a lare dose at a level w%ic% could only !e ac%ieved
t%rou% supplementation provides a !lood concentration w%ic%
is in e*cess o$ t%e normal rane and acts like a dru
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ater soluble
8B vits #9
#at soluble
8A&4'9
A!sorption &irect in !lood (irst in lymp%, t%en !lood
-ransport -ravel $reely /e7uire protein carriers
+torae #irculate $reely in water"
$illed parts
+tored in cells associated wit%
$at4*cretion 'idneys detect remove
e*cess in urine
6ess readily e*creted, remain in
$at"storae sites
-o*icity 3ossi!le to reac% to*ic levels
8$rom supplements9
6ikely to reac% to*ic levels
8$rom supplements9/e7uirements eeded in $re7uent doses 81
to F days9
eeded in periodic doses
8weeks or even mont%s9
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)noranic su!stances : no car!ons
.acro elements : present in %i% amounts 8G50ppm9 inanimal tissue
.icro elements : trace elements : present in small amounts 8H50ppm9 80>005I9 o$ !ody wei%t
&e$iciency o$ )odine : representin 1 part per D0 million o$ !odywei%t = more de!ilitatin t%an a de$iciency o$ calcium w%ic%accounts $or 2I 82 parts per %undred9 o$ !ody wei%t
#annot !e synt%esied
J?i%erK in animal $oods t%an plant $oods and morereadily a!sor!a!le 8superiorE9
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-o*icity
)ndividual variation &ietary needs
Variation
e$$ects
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.aintenance o$ Acid"!ase !alance
Bioloical reactions depend on narrow rane o$ p? 8acidity alkalinity9
)nactivation o$ enymes result in cellular starvation and deat%
Acid"$ormin elements 8not to do wit% taste9
#%lorine, sulp%ur, p%osp%orus 8presence o$ elements9 .eat, es, cereals
Base"$ormin elements $oods +odium, potassium, manesium, calcium
(ruits, veeta!les, nuts
eutral $oods .ilk, suar, starc%, $ats oils
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.aintenance o$ Acid"!ase !alance
.i*ed diets usually %ave more acid"$ormin elements
#ounteract : #O2, urine
Bu$$ers in !lood 8react wit% e*cess acid !ase : neutralie9
)ne$$ective !u$$erin :
Alkalosis : !lood too alkaline Acidosis : !lood too acid
Csually no pro!lems due to dietary intakes
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#atalyst $or !ioloical $unctions
+u!stance t%at speeds up or $acilitates a reaction t%at would occur at amuc% slower rate t%an wit%out it
#o$actors are su!stances t%at are essential $or a iven reaction to occur
calcium catalyst $or !lood clottin !ut not part o$ clot
-%iamine contain sulp%ur and vit B12 contain co!alt
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#omponents o$ essential !ody compounds
?ormones
-%yro*in : )
?! : (e
?#l " #l
4nymes .etallo"enymes e>> enery release enyme : #u (e
3rotein splittin enyme " n
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-ransmission o$ nerve impulses
As an impulse is conducted alon nerve $i!res, permea!ility
c%anes, allowin potassium to leave t%e cell> At same time sodium enters eac% cell, !ut is 7uickly pumped
out : resultin in temporary c%ane o$ electrical c%are on
cell mem!rane
-%is c%are c%anes t%e permea!ility o$ t%e ne*t sement o$t%e $i!re : sendin t%e messae alon
#oncentration o$ a and ' essential
eurotransmitter A#% is needed at t%e Lunction o$ eac% $i!re "reulated !y #alcium
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/eulation o$ #ontractility o$ muscles
#omposition o$ intercellular $luid is critical
#alcium : stimulate muscle contraction
+odium, potassium, manesium : e*ert rela*in e$$ect
Balance is critical : usually rat%er %ormonal t%an dietary
+odium, potassium, manesium, calcium
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Mrowt% o$ !ody tissue
6are concentrations
Bone, teet% : #alcium, p%osp%orus
4nery release or reactions resultin in synt%esis
3%osp%orus, manesium, iron
.aintenance o$ water !alance
Between $luid compartments )ntracellular and e*tracellular
+odium, potassium
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