15. The Resurgence of Empire in East...
Transcript of 15. The Resurgence of Empire in East...
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Chapter 14
The Resurgence of Empire
in East Asia
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The Sui Dynasty (589-618 C.E.)
Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han
dynasty
Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China,
initiates Sui dynasty
Massive building projects
Military labor
Conscripted labor
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The Grand Canal
Intended to promote trade between north and
south China
Most Chinese rivers flow west-east
Linked network of earlier canals
2000 kilometers (1240 miles)
Roads on either bank
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The Tang Dynasty (618-907 C.E.)
Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui
dynasty
Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion
Emperor assassinated in 618 C.E.
Tang dynasty initiated
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Tang Taizong
Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649
C.E.)
Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take
throne
Strong ruler
Built capital at Chang’an
Law and order
Taxes, prices low
More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies
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Major Achievements of Tang
Dynasty
Transportation and communications
Extensive postal, courier services
Equal-field system
20% of land, hereditary ownership
80% redistributed according to formula
Family size, land fertility
Worked well until eighth century
Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries
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Bureaucracy of Merit
Imperial civil service examinations
Confucian educational curriculum
Most advance through merit
Educational opportunity widely available
Built loyalty to the dynasty
System remains strong until early twentieth century
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Tang Military Expansion and
Foreign Relations
Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet
One of the largest expansions of China in its
history
Established tributary relationships
Gifts
China as “Middle Kingdom”
The kowtow ritual
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The Sui and Tang Dynasties, 589-907 C.E.
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Tang Decline
Governmental neglect: emperor obsessed with
music, favorite concubine
775 C.E. rebellion under An Lushan, former
military commander
Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763
Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress
rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang
Tang decline continues, rebellions in ninth
century, last emperor abdicates 907
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Song Dynasty (960-1279 C.E.)
Emphasis on administration, industry, education,
the arts
Military not emphasized
Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960-976
C.E.)
Former military leader
Made emperor by troops
Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants,
expanded meritocracy
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The Song Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.
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Song Weaknesses
Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy
Two peasant rebellions in twelfth century
Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy
Civil service leadership of military
Lacked military training
Unable to contain nomadic attacks
Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou,
southern China (Southern Song)
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Agricultural Economies of the Tang
and Song Dynasties
Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, two
crops per year
Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals
Soil fertilization, improved irrigation
Water wheels, canals
Terrace farming
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Population Growth
Result of increased
agricultural production
Effective food
distribution system
Transportation
networks built under
Tang and Song
dynasties
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Urbanization
Chang’an world’s most populous city: two
million residents
Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over one million
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Patriarchal Social Structures
Increased emphasis on ancestor worship
Elaborate grave rituals
Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased
ancestors
Foot binding gains popularity
Increased control by male family members
Wu Zhao (626-706 C.E.)
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Foot Binding
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Technology and Industry
Porcelain (“chinaware”)
Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces
Agricultural tools, weaponry
Gunpowder invented
Earlier printing techniques refined
Moveable type by mid-eleventh century
Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier
Naval technology
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Emergence of a Market Economy
Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages
Promissory notes, checks also used
Development of independently produced paper money
Not as stable, riots when not honored
Government claims monopoly on money production in eleventh century
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China and the Hemispheric Economy
Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese
cities
Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases
local demands for imported luxury goods
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Cultural Change in Tang and Song
China
Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty
Increasing popularity of Buddhism
Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear
Clientele primarily foreign merchant class
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Dunhuang
Mahayana Buddhism especially popular in
western China (Gansu province), 600-1000 C.E.
Buddhist temples, libraries
Economic success as converts donate land
holdings
Increased popularity through donations of
agricultural produce to the poor
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Conflicts with Chinese Culture
Buddhism:
Text-based (Buddhist
teachings)
Emphasis on
Metaphysics
Ascetic ideal
Celibacy
isolation
Confucianism:
Text-based (Confucian
teachings)
Daoism not text-based
Emphasis on ethics,
politics
Family-centered
Procreation
Filial piety
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Schools of Buddhism
Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate
Dharma translated as dao
Nirvana translated as wuwei
Accommodated family lifestyle
“One son in monastery for ten generations of salvation”
Chan school; Zen Buddhism
Pure Land school
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Persecution of Buddhists
Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late
Tang dynasty
840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist
temples, expulsions
Zoroastrians, Christians, Manichaeans as well
Economic motive: seizure of large monastic
landholdings
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Neo-Confucianism
Song dynasty refrains from persecuting
Buddhists, but favors Confucians
Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought
Philosopher Zhu Xi (1130-1200 C.E.)
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China and Korea
Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea
recognizes Tang as emperor
Technically a vassal state, but highly independent
Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive
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China and Vietnam
Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture,
technology
But ongoing resentment at political domination
Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in
tenth century
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China and Early Japan
Chinese armies never invade Japan
Yet Chinese culture pervasive
Imitation of Tang administration
Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” (710-794 C.E.)
Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings
Yet retention of Shinto religion
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Heian Japan (794-1185 C.E.)
Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto)
Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of
Fujiwara clan
Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power
behind the throne
Helps explain longevity of the institution
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Japanese Literature
Influence of Chinese kanji characters
Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese
The Tale of Genji
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Institution of the Shogun
Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in
twelfth century
Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 C.E.
Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to
continue in Kyoto
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Medieval Japan
Kamakura (1185-1333 C.E.) and Muromachi
(1336-1573 C.E.) periods
Decentralized power in hands of warlords
Military authority in hands of samurai
Professional warriors
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Borderlands of postclassical China:
Korea, Vietnam, and Japan
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