15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

52
15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition

Transcript of 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Page 1: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

15 Solutions

Section 2 Describing Solution Composition

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Molarity

The concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent

bull A solution that contains a relatively small amount of solute is a dilute solution

bull A concentrated solution contains a large amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Molarity

In chemistry the most important unit of concentration is molaritybull Molarity (M) is the number of moles of

solute dissolved in one liter of solution

bull Molarity is also known as molar concentration

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Molarity

bullThe figure below illustrates the procedure for making a 05M or 05-molar solution

Add 05 mol of solute to a 1-L volumetric flask half filled with distilled water

Swirl the flask carefully to dissolve the solute

Fill the flask with water exactly to the 1-L mark

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Molarity

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the number of moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Molarity (M) = moles of soluteliters of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullIntravenous (IV) saline solutions are often administered to patients in the hospital One saline solution contains 090 g NaCl in exactly 100 mL of solution What is the molarity of the solution

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Calculating Molarity

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNsolution concentration = M

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

solution concentration = 090 g NaCl100 mL

molar mass NaCl = 585 gmol

Convert the concentration from g100 mL to molL The sequence is

g100 mL rarr mol100 mL rarr molL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Use the molar mass to convert g NaCl100 mL to mol NaCl100 mL Then convert the volume units so that your answer is expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

The relationship 1 L = 1000 mL gives you the conversion factor 1000 mL1 L

Solutionconcentration =

= 015 molL

= 015M

090 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1000 mL

100 mL 585 g NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be less than 1M because a concentration of 090 g100 mL is the same as 90 g1000 mL (90 g1 L) and 90 g is less than 1 mol NaCl

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHousehold laundry bleach is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) How many moles of solute are present in 15 L of 070M NaClO

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Calculating the Moles of Solute in a Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmoles solute = mol

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

volume of solution = 15 L

solution concentration = 070M NaClO

The conversion is volume of solution rarr moles of solute Molarity has the units molL so you can use it as a conversion factor between moles of solute and volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the given volume by the molarity expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Make sure that your volume units cancel when you do these problems If they donrsquot then yoursquore probably missing a conversion factor in your calculations

15 L = 11 mol NaClO070 mol NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be greater than 1 mol but less than 15 mol because the solution concentration is less than 075 molL and the volume is less than 2 L

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 2: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Molarity

The concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent

bull A solution that contains a relatively small amount of solute is a dilute solution

bull A concentrated solution contains a large amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Molarity

In chemistry the most important unit of concentration is molaritybull Molarity (M) is the number of moles of

solute dissolved in one liter of solution

bull Molarity is also known as molar concentration

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Molarity

bullThe figure below illustrates the procedure for making a 05M or 05-molar solution

Add 05 mol of solute to a 1-L volumetric flask half filled with distilled water

Swirl the flask carefully to dissolve the solute

Fill the flask with water exactly to the 1-L mark

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Molarity

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the number of moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Molarity (M) = moles of soluteliters of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullIntravenous (IV) saline solutions are often administered to patients in the hospital One saline solution contains 090 g NaCl in exactly 100 mL of solution What is the molarity of the solution

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Calculating Molarity

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNsolution concentration = M

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

solution concentration = 090 g NaCl100 mL

molar mass NaCl = 585 gmol

Convert the concentration from g100 mL to molL The sequence is

g100 mL rarr mol100 mL rarr molL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Use the molar mass to convert g NaCl100 mL to mol NaCl100 mL Then convert the volume units so that your answer is expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

The relationship 1 L = 1000 mL gives you the conversion factor 1000 mL1 L

Solutionconcentration =

= 015 molL

= 015M

090 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1000 mL

100 mL 585 g NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be less than 1M because a concentration of 090 g100 mL is the same as 90 g1000 mL (90 g1 L) and 90 g is less than 1 mol NaCl

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHousehold laundry bleach is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) How many moles of solute are present in 15 L of 070M NaClO

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Calculating the Moles of Solute in a Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmoles solute = mol

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

volume of solution = 15 L

solution concentration = 070M NaClO

The conversion is volume of solution rarr moles of solute Molarity has the units molL so you can use it as a conversion factor between moles of solute and volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the given volume by the molarity expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Make sure that your volume units cancel when you do these problems If they donrsquot then yoursquore probably missing a conversion factor in your calculations

15 L = 11 mol NaClO070 mol NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be greater than 1 mol but less than 15 mol because the solution concentration is less than 075 molL and the volume is less than 2 L

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 3: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Molarity

In chemistry the most important unit of concentration is molaritybull Molarity (M) is the number of moles of

solute dissolved in one liter of solution

bull Molarity is also known as molar concentration

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Molarity

bullThe figure below illustrates the procedure for making a 05M or 05-molar solution

Add 05 mol of solute to a 1-L volumetric flask half filled with distilled water

Swirl the flask carefully to dissolve the solute

Fill the flask with water exactly to the 1-L mark

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Molarity

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the number of moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Molarity (M) = moles of soluteliters of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullIntravenous (IV) saline solutions are often administered to patients in the hospital One saline solution contains 090 g NaCl in exactly 100 mL of solution What is the molarity of the solution

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Calculating Molarity

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNsolution concentration = M

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

solution concentration = 090 g NaCl100 mL

molar mass NaCl = 585 gmol

Convert the concentration from g100 mL to molL The sequence is

g100 mL rarr mol100 mL rarr molL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Use the molar mass to convert g NaCl100 mL to mol NaCl100 mL Then convert the volume units so that your answer is expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

The relationship 1 L = 1000 mL gives you the conversion factor 1000 mL1 L

Solutionconcentration =

= 015 molL

= 015M

090 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1000 mL

100 mL 585 g NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be less than 1M because a concentration of 090 g100 mL is the same as 90 g1000 mL (90 g1 L) and 90 g is less than 1 mol NaCl

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHousehold laundry bleach is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) How many moles of solute are present in 15 L of 070M NaClO

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Calculating the Moles of Solute in a Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmoles solute = mol

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

volume of solution = 15 L

solution concentration = 070M NaClO

The conversion is volume of solution rarr moles of solute Molarity has the units molL so you can use it as a conversion factor between moles of solute and volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the given volume by the molarity expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Make sure that your volume units cancel when you do these problems If they donrsquot then yoursquore probably missing a conversion factor in your calculations

15 L = 11 mol NaClO070 mol NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be greater than 1 mol but less than 15 mol because the solution concentration is less than 075 molL and the volume is less than 2 L

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 4: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Molarity

bullThe figure below illustrates the procedure for making a 05M or 05-molar solution

Add 05 mol of solute to a 1-L volumetric flask half filled with distilled water

Swirl the flask carefully to dissolve the solute

Fill the flask with water exactly to the 1-L mark

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Molarity

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the number of moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Molarity (M) = moles of soluteliters of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullIntravenous (IV) saline solutions are often administered to patients in the hospital One saline solution contains 090 g NaCl in exactly 100 mL of solution What is the molarity of the solution

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Calculating Molarity

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNsolution concentration = M

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

solution concentration = 090 g NaCl100 mL

molar mass NaCl = 585 gmol

Convert the concentration from g100 mL to molL The sequence is

g100 mL rarr mol100 mL rarr molL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Use the molar mass to convert g NaCl100 mL to mol NaCl100 mL Then convert the volume units so that your answer is expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

The relationship 1 L = 1000 mL gives you the conversion factor 1000 mL1 L

Solutionconcentration =

= 015 molL

= 015M

090 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1000 mL

100 mL 585 g NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be less than 1M because a concentration of 090 g100 mL is the same as 90 g1000 mL (90 g1 L) and 90 g is less than 1 mol NaCl

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHousehold laundry bleach is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) How many moles of solute are present in 15 L of 070M NaClO

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Calculating the Moles of Solute in a Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmoles solute = mol

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

volume of solution = 15 L

solution concentration = 070M NaClO

The conversion is volume of solution rarr moles of solute Molarity has the units molL so you can use it as a conversion factor between moles of solute and volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the given volume by the molarity expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Make sure that your volume units cancel when you do these problems If they donrsquot then yoursquore probably missing a conversion factor in your calculations

15 L = 11 mol NaClO070 mol NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be greater than 1 mol but less than 15 mol because the solution concentration is less than 075 molL and the volume is less than 2 L

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 5: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Molarity

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the number of moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Molarity (M) = moles of soluteliters of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullIntravenous (IV) saline solutions are often administered to patients in the hospital One saline solution contains 090 g NaCl in exactly 100 mL of solution What is the molarity of the solution

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Calculating Molarity

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNsolution concentration = M

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

solution concentration = 090 g NaCl100 mL

molar mass NaCl = 585 gmol

Convert the concentration from g100 mL to molL The sequence is

g100 mL rarr mol100 mL rarr molL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Use the molar mass to convert g NaCl100 mL to mol NaCl100 mL Then convert the volume units so that your answer is expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

The relationship 1 L = 1000 mL gives you the conversion factor 1000 mL1 L

Solutionconcentration =

= 015 molL

= 015M

090 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1000 mL

100 mL 585 g NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be less than 1M because a concentration of 090 g100 mL is the same as 90 g1000 mL (90 g1 L) and 90 g is less than 1 mol NaCl

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHousehold laundry bleach is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) How many moles of solute are present in 15 L of 070M NaClO

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Calculating the Moles of Solute in a Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmoles solute = mol

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

volume of solution = 15 L

solution concentration = 070M NaClO

The conversion is volume of solution rarr moles of solute Molarity has the units molL so you can use it as a conversion factor between moles of solute and volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the given volume by the molarity expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Make sure that your volume units cancel when you do these problems If they donrsquot then yoursquore probably missing a conversion factor in your calculations

15 L = 11 mol NaClO070 mol NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be greater than 1 mol but less than 15 mol because the solution concentration is less than 075 molL and the volume is less than 2 L

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 6: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullIntravenous (IV) saline solutions are often administered to patients in the hospital One saline solution contains 090 g NaCl in exactly 100 mL of solution What is the molarity of the solution

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Calculating Molarity

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNsolution concentration = M

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

solution concentration = 090 g NaCl100 mL

molar mass NaCl = 585 gmol

Convert the concentration from g100 mL to molL The sequence is

g100 mL rarr mol100 mL rarr molL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Use the molar mass to convert g NaCl100 mL to mol NaCl100 mL Then convert the volume units so that your answer is expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

The relationship 1 L = 1000 mL gives you the conversion factor 1000 mL1 L

Solutionconcentration =

= 015 molL

= 015M

090 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1000 mL

100 mL 585 g NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be less than 1M because a concentration of 090 g100 mL is the same as 90 g1000 mL (90 g1 L) and 90 g is less than 1 mol NaCl

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHousehold laundry bleach is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) How many moles of solute are present in 15 L of 070M NaClO

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Calculating the Moles of Solute in a Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmoles solute = mol

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

volume of solution = 15 L

solution concentration = 070M NaClO

The conversion is volume of solution rarr moles of solute Molarity has the units molL so you can use it as a conversion factor between moles of solute and volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the given volume by the molarity expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Make sure that your volume units cancel when you do these problems If they donrsquot then yoursquore probably missing a conversion factor in your calculations

15 L = 11 mol NaClO070 mol NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be greater than 1 mol but less than 15 mol because the solution concentration is less than 075 molL and the volume is less than 2 L

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 7: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNsolution concentration = M

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

solution concentration = 090 g NaCl100 mL

molar mass NaCl = 585 gmol

Convert the concentration from g100 mL to molL The sequence is

g100 mL rarr mol100 mL rarr molL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Use the molar mass to convert g NaCl100 mL to mol NaCl100 mL Then convert the volume units so that your answer is expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

The relationship 1 L = 1000 mL gives you the conversion factor 1000 mL1 L

Solutionconcentration =

= 015 molL

= 015M

090 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1000 mL

100 mL 585 g NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be less than 1M because a concentration of 090 g100 mL is the same as 90 g1000 mL (90 g1 L) and 90 g is less than 1 mol NaCl

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHousehold laundry bleach is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) How many moles of solute are present in 15 L of 070M NaClO

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Calculating the Moles of Solute in a Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmoles solute = mol

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

volume of solution = 15 L

solution concentration = 070M NaClO

The conversion is volume of solution rarr moles of solute Molarity has the units molL so you can use it as a conversion factor between moles of solute and volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the given volume by the molarity expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Make sure that your volume units cancel when you do these problems If they donrsquot then yoursquore probably missing a conversion factor in your calculations

15 L = 11 mol NaClO070 mol NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be greater than 1 mol but less than 15 mol because the solution concentration is less than 075 molL and the volume is less than 2 L

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 8: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Use the molar mass to convert g NaCl100 mL to mol NaCl100 mL Then convert the volume units so that your answer is expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

The relationship 1 L = 1000 mL gives you the conversion factor 1000 mL1 L

Solutionconcentration =

= 015 molL

= 015M

090 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1000 mL

100 mL 585 g NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be less than 1M because a concentration of 090 g100 mL is the same as 90 g1000 mL (90 g1 L) and 90 g is less than 1 mol NaCl

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHousehold laundry bleach is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) How many moles of solute are present in 15 L of 070M NaClO

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Calculating the Moles of Solute in a Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmoles solute = mol

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

volume of solution = 15 L

solution concentration = 070M NaClO

The conversion is volume of solution rarr moles of solute Molarity has the units molL so you can use it as a conversion factor between moles of solute and volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the given volume by the molarity expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Make sure that your volume units cancel when you do these problems If they donrsquot then yoursquore probably missing a conversion factor in your calculations

15 L = 11 mol NaClO070 mol NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be greater than 1 mol but less than 15 mol because the solution concentration is less than 075 molL and the volume is less than 2 L

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 9: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be less than 1M because a concentration of 090 g100 mL is the same as 90 g1000 mL (90 g1 L) and 90 g is less than 1 mol NaCl

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 162Sample Problem 162

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHousehold laundry bleach is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) How many moles of solute are present in 15 L of 070M NaClO

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Calculating the Moles of Solute in a Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmoles solute = mol

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

volume of solution = 15 L

solution concentration = 070M NaClO

The conversion is volume of solution rarr moles of solute Molarity has the units molL so you can use it as a conversion factor between moles of solute and volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the given volume by the molarity expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Make sure that your volume units cancel when you do these problems If they donrsquot then yoursquore probably missing a conversion factor in your calculations

15 L = 11 mol NaClO070 mol NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be greater than 1 mol but less than 15 mol because the solution concentration is less than 075 molL and the volume is less than 2 L

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 10: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHousehold laundry bleach is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) How many moles of solute are present in 15 L of 070M NaClO

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Calculating the Moles of Solute in a Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmoles solute = mol

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

volume of solution = 15 L

solution concentration = 070M NaClO

The conversion is volume of solution rarr moles of solute Molarity has the units molL so you can use it as a conversion factor between moles of solute and volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the given volume by the molarity expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Make sure that your volume units cancel when you do these problems If they donrsquot then yoursquore probably missing a conversion factor in your calculations

15 L = 11 mol NaClO070 mol NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be greater than 1 mol but less than 15 mol because the solution concentration is less than 075 molL and the volume is less than 2 L

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 11: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmoles solute = mol

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

volume of solution = 15 L

solution concentration = 070M NaClO

The conversion is volume of solution rarr moles of solute Molarity has the units molL so you can use it as a conversion factor between moles of solute and volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the given volume by the molarity expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Make sure that your volume units cancel when you do these problems If they donrsquot then yoursquore probably missing a conversion factor in your calculations

15 L = 11 mol NaClO070 mol NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be greater than 1 mol but less than 15 mol because the solution concentration is less than 075 molL and the volume is less than 2 L

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 12: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the given volume by the molarity expressed in molL

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Make sure that your volume units cancel when you do these problems If they donrsquot then yoursquore probably missing a conversion factor in your calculations

15 L = 11 mol NaClO070 mol NaCl 1 L

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be greater than 1 mol but less than 15 mol because the solution concentration is less than 075 molL and the volume is less than 2 L

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 13: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The answer should be greater than 1 mol but less than 15 mol because the solution concentration is less than 075 molL and the volume is less than 2 L

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 163Sample Problem 163

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 14: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 15: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

How much water is required to make a 100M aqueous solution of NaCl if 584 g of NaCl are dissolved

A 100 liter of water

B enough water to make 100 liter of solution

C 100 kg of water

D 100 mL of water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 16: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

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Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

bullWhat effect does dilution have on the amount of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 17: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

bullBoth of these solutions contain the same amount of solutebull You can tell by the color of solution (a) that it is

more concentrated than solution (b)

bull Solution (a) has the greater molarity

bull The more dilute solution (b) was made from solution (a) by adding more solvent

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 18: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 19: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The definition of molarity can be rearranged to solve for moles of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute = molarity (M) liters of solution (V)

Moles of solute before dilution =

Moles of solute after dilution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 20: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains unchanged upon dilution

Moles of solute = M1 V1 = M2 V2

bull M1 and V1 are the molarity and the volume of the initial solution

bull M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 21: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Making Dilutions

She measures 20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet

She transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL volumetric flask

She carefully adds water to the mark to make 100 mL of solution

The student is preparing 100 mL of 040M MgSO4 from a stock solution of 20M MgSO4

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 22: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many milliliters of aqueous 200M MgSO4 solution must be diluted with water to prepare 1000 mL of aqueous 0400M MgSO4

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Preparing a Dilute Solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 23: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNV1 = mL of 200M MgSO4

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

M1 = 200M MgSO4

M2 = 0400M MgSO4

V2 = 1000 mL of 0400M MgSO4

Use the equation M1 V1 = M2 V2 to solve for the unknown initial volume of solution (V1) that is diluted with water

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 24: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Solve for V1 and substitute the known values into the equation

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

V1 = = = 200 mLM2 V2

M1

0400M 1000 mL200M

Thus 200 mL of the initial solution must be diluted by adding enough water to increase the volume to 1000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 25: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The initial concentration is five times larger than the dilute concentration

bull Because the number of moles of solute does not change the initial volume of solution should be one-fifth the final volume of the diluted solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 164Sample Problem 164

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 26: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 27: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

1000 mL of a 0300M CuSO45H2O solution is diluted to 5000 mL What is the concentration of the diluted solutionM1 V1 = M2 V2

M2 = 00600M

M2 = = M1 V1

V2 0300M 1000 mL

5000 mL

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 28: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

Percent SolutionsbullHow do percent by volume and percent by mass differ

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 29: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 30: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 31: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull You could prepare such a solution by diluting 91 mL of pure isopropyl alcohol with enough water to make 100 mL of solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 32: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solutionbull Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold

as a 91-percent solution by volume

bull The concentration is written as 91 percent by volume 91 percent (volumevolume) or 91 (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 33: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by volume of a solution is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 34: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat is the percent by volume of ethanol (C2H6O or ethyl alcohol) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted to a volume of 250 mL with water

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Calculating Percent by Volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 35: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNPercent by volume = ethanol (vv)

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

volume of solute = 85 mL ethanol

volume of solution = 250 mL

Use the known values for the volume of solute and volume of solution to calculate percent by volume

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 36: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

State the equation for percent by volume

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 37: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Substitute the known values into the equation and solve

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Percent by volume ((vv)) = 100250 mL

85 mL ethanol

= 34 ethanol (vv)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 38: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The volume of the solute is about one-third the volume of the solution so the answer is reasonable

bull The answer is correctly expressed to two significant figures

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 165Sample Problem 165

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 39: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bullPercent by mass of a solution is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is as a percent by mass or percent (massmass)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 40: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Percent Solutions

bull Percent by mass is sometimes a convenient measure of concentration when the solute is a solid

bull You have probably seen information on food labels expressed as a percent composition

Percent by mass ((mm)) = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 41: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 42: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullWhat are three ways to calculate the concentration of a solution

CHEMISTRY amp YOUCHEMISTRY amp YOU

The concentration of a solution can be calculated in moles solute per liter of solvent or molarity (M)

percent by volume ((vv)) or

percent by mass ((mm))

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 43: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bullHow many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are needed to make 2000 g of a 28 glucose (mm) solution

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Using Percent by Mass as a Conversion Factor

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 44: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

KNOWNS

UNKNOWNmass of solute = g C6H12O6

Analyze List the knowns and the unknown1

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

mass of solution = 2000 gpercent by mass = 28 C6H12O6(mm)

The conversion is mass of solution rarr mass of solute In a 28 C6H12O6 (mm) solution each 100 g of solution contains 28 g of glucose Used as a conversion factor the concentration allows you to convert g of solution to g of C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 45: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Write percent by mass as a conversion factor with g C6H12O6 in the numerator

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

You can solve this problem by using either dimensional analysis or algebra

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 46: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Multiply the mass of the solution by the conversion factor

Calculate Solve for the unknown2

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

2000 g solution = 56 g C6H12O6100 g solution28 g C6H12O6

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 47: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

bull The prepared mass of the solution is 20 100 g

bull Since a 100-g sample of 28 (mm) solution contains 28 g of solute you need 20 28 g = 56 g of solute

bull To make the solution mix 56 g of C6H12O6 with

1944 g of solvent

bull 56 g of solute + 1944 g solvent = 2000 g of solution

Evaluate Does the result make sense3

Sample Problem 166Sample Problem 166

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 48: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 49: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

What is the mass of water in a 2000 g glucose (C6H12O6) solution that is labeled 50 (mm)

(mm) = 100

mass of glucosemass of solution

mass of glucose =

mass of glucose = 2000 g 0050 = 100 g C6H12O6

mass of water = 2000 g ndash 100 g = 1900 g H2O

( (mm)) mass of solution100

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 50: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Concepts

bullTo calculate the molarity of a solution divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters

Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change

Percent by volume is the ratio of the volume of solute to the volume of solution Percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 51: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Key Equations

Percent by mass = 100mass of solution

mass of solute

Percent by volume = 100volume of solution

volume of solute

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

liters of solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms
Page 52: 15 Solutions Section 2 Describing Solution Composition.

Copyright copy Pearson Education Inc or its affiliates All Rights Reserved

Glossary Terms

bull concentration a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent usually expressed as molL

bull dilute solution a solution that contains a small amount of solute

bull concentrated solution a solution containing a large amount of solute

bull molarity (M) the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution

  • 15 Solutions
  • Molarity
  • Molarity (2)
  • Molarity (3)
  • Molarity (4)
  • Slide 6
  • Slide 7
  • Slide 8
  • Slide 9
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • Making Dilutions
  • Making Dilutions (2)
  • Making Dilutions (3)
  • Making Dilutions (4)
  • Making Dilutions (5)
  • Making Dilutions (6)
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Percent Solutions
  • Percent Solutions (2)
  • Percent Solutions (3)
  • Percent Solutions (4)
  • Percent Solutions (5)
  • Percent Solutions (6)
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Percent Solutions (7)
  • Percent Solutions (8)
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Slide 47
  • Slide 48
  • Slide 49
  • Key Concepts
  • Key Equations
  • Glossary Terms