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15 kinds of research methodologies
for Ph.D. pupils
Dissertation Methodology Help | Phd Thesis Methodology | Phd Thesis Methods
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Pure research or fundamental research or basic research zooms on enhancing scientific knowledge for the exhaustive understanding of a topic or certain natural phenomena, essentially in natural sciences; knowledge that is obtained for the purpose of knowledge it is called fundamental research.
1.Basic Research
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1.Applied research
Research that covers real life applications of the natural sciences; aimed at offering an answer to particular practical issues and develops novel technologies.
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2. Fixed research versus flexible research
In fixed research, the design of the study is fixed prior to the main phase of data gathering; moreover, fixed designs are essentially theoretical. Variables that need to be controlled and measured need to be known in advance and they are measured quantitatively.
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Flexible research as the name denotes involves freedom during the data gathering phases; variables are not quantitatively measurable, such as culture.
2. Fixed research versus flexible research
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3. Quantitative research and qualitative research
Quantitative research denotes gauging phenomena in various grades; on the other hand, qualitative research sometimes deems Boolean measurements alone; solution can be studied qualitatively for its appropriateness. However, comparison between candidate solutions requires quantitative observation.
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4. Experimental research and non-experimental research
In an experimental design, operationalize
the variables to be measured; moreover,
operationalize in the best manner.
Consider the study expectations, outcome
measurement, variable measurement, and
the methods to answer research
questions.
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4. Experimental research and non-experimental research
Think of the practical limitations such as
the availability of data-sets and
experimental set-ups that represent
actual scenarios.
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5. Exploratory research and confirmatory research
Confirmatory research tests a priori hypotheses—outcome predictions done prior to the measurement stage. Such a priori hypotheses are usually derived from a theory or the results of previous studies.
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5. Exploratory research and confirmatory research
Exploratory research generates a posteriori hypotheses by investigating a data-set and ascertaining potential connection between variables.
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6. Explanatory research or casual research
Causal research is also called explanatory
research; conducted to ascertain the
extent and type of cause-effect
relationships. Causal research are
conducted to evaluate effects of specific
changes on existing norms, various
processes etc.
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7. Descriptive research
Descriptive research is the available statement of affairs; researcher has no control over variable. Descriptive studies are characterised as simply an effort to ascertain, define or recognize. Not “why it is that way” nor “how it came to be,” which is the objective of analytical research.
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8. Historical research
Historical research explores and explains the meanings, phases and traits of a phenomena or process at a certain phase of time in the past; historical research is a research strategy from the research of history.
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9. Casual comparative research
Also called as “ex-post facto”
research (In Latin, implies
“after the fact”); researchers
determine the causes or
consequences of differences
that already exist between or
among groups of individuals.
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9. Casual comparative research
An effort to ascertain a causative
relationship between an independent
variable and a dependent variable;
relationship between the independent
variable and dependent variable are
usually a suggested relationship (not
proved yet) because you do not have
complete control over the independent
variable.
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10. Correlational research
Correlational research is a form of non-
experimental research technique wherein
a researcher measures 2 variables and
assesses the statistical connection
between them with no influence from any
external variable.
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10. Correlational research
The correlation between two variables is
given through correlation coefficient,
which is a statistical measure that
calculates the strength of the relationship
between two variables that is a value
measured between -1 and +1.
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11. Evaluation research method
Evaluation research technique is known
as program evaluation and refers to a
research purpose instead of a particular
technique; objective is to assess the
effect of social involvements such as new
treatment techniques, innovations in
services, etc.
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11. Evaluation research method
A form of applied research to have some
real-world effect. Methods such as
surveys and experiments are used in
evaluation research.
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12. Formative and summative evaluation
While learning is in progress, formative
assessment offers feedback and
information; measures participant’s
progress and also assess researcher’s
own progress as well.
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12. Formative and summative evaluation
For example, when implementing a new
program, you can determine whether or
not the activity should be used again (or
modified) with the help of observation
and/or surveying.
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12. Formative and summative evaluation
Summative assessment happens after the
learning has ended and offers info and
feedback to sum up the process;
essentially, no formal learning is happening
at this phase other than incidental learning
which might take place through the
completion of program.
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13. Diagnostic research
Descriptive research studies define the
characteristics of a particular individual,
or of a group.
Studies showing whether certain
variables are linked are examples of
diagnostic research.
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13. Diagnostic research
Researcher defines what he or she wants
to measure and finds adequate methods
for measuring it along with a clear
description of ‘population’.
Aim is to obtain complete and accurate
information. And the researcher plans the
procedure carefully.
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14. Prognostic research
Prognostic research (specifically in clinical
research) examines chosen predictive
variables and risk factors; prognostic
research assesses influence on the
outcome of a disease. Clinicians have a
better understanding of the history of the
ailment.
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14. Prognostic research
This understanding facilitates clinical
decision-making via providing apt
treatment alternatives and helps to
predict accurate disease outcomes.
Assessing prognostic studies involves
ascertaining the internal validity of the
study design and assessing the effects of
bias or systemic errors.
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15. Action research
A systematic inquiry for improving and/or
honing researchers’ actions. Researchers
find it an empowering experience.
Action research has positive result for
various reasons; most important is that
action research is pertinent to the
research participants.
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15. Action research
Relevance is assured because the aim of
each research project is ascertained by
the researchers, who are also the main
beneficiaries of the research
observations.
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