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CAC VAN E VNG MAC CUA CAC D AN THANH PHO HO CH MINH

Nguyen Duy Long, Lu Trng Van Khoa Ky Thuat Xay Dng, Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa

TOM TAT

Bai bao nay trnh bay mot nghien cu ve nhng van e vng mac ma cac d an xay dng thanh pho Ho Ch Minh gap phai. Qua trnh phan tch d lieu ghi nhan rang nhng vng mac nay co the chia thanh nam nhom chnh. o la: (i) cac n v thiet ke va thi cong thieu nang lc, (ii) cong tac d bao va quan ly cac thay oi ngheo nan, (iii) cac van e thuoc ve xa hoi va cong nghe, (iv) cac van e ve a iem d an, va (v) cac phng tien/cong cu thi cong va quan ly khong thch hp. ABSTRACT

This paper presents problems of construction projects in Hochiminh City. Data analysis indicates that the problems could be grouped under five major factors: (i) incompetent designers/contractors, (ii) poor estimation and change management, (iii) social and technological issues, (iv) site related issues, and (v) improper techniques and tools. 1. GII THIEU

Trong nhng nam gan ay, nc ta la mot trong nhng nc co mc tang trng GDP cao nhat the gii. Chang han, trong nam 2002, tang trng GDP at 7% va cao nhat ong Nam A (Bloomberg News, 2003). Trong o, au t xay dng c ban ang ngay mot gia tang e ap ng s phat trien kinh te xa hoi. Tuy nhien, viec quan ly xay dng (QLXD) c ban nc ta a gap nhieu tr ngai v nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau. Theo cac phng tien truyen thong gan ay, thanh pho Ho Ch Minh (TPHCM) la ni co nguon von ho tr phat trien (ODA) ln nhat nc, nhng toc o giai ngan qua cham do s cham tre trong qua trnh trien khai cac d an (DA). Muc tieu cua bai bao nay la cung cap va phan tch nhng van e vng mac thng hay xay ra trong cac d an xay dng TPHCM. Neu nhan thc sau sac ve cac van e vng mac trnh bay trong bai bao nay, cac tac gia hy vong rang cac ben tham gia d an se co kha nang tien lieu va oi pho vi cac van e tng t xay ra cac d an trong tng lai. 2. S LC VE CAC NGHIEN CU TNG T

Theo Ogunalana va Olomolaiye (1989), nhng van e vng mac chnh ma cac nha thau cac nc ang phat trien phai ng au c phan loai nh sau: (i) cac vng mac do b rang buoc bi ha tang cua nganh cong nghiep, (ii) cac vng mac do thong tin thieu chnh xac, nhng thay oi thng xuyen trong qua trnh ch dan va thieu tuan thu cac qui nh rang buoc cua mot bo phan chu au t va n v t van/ thiet ke, va (iii) cac vng mac bi nhng han che cua chnh cac nha thau. Mot nghien cu khac (Ogunlana et al., 1996) ve cac nguyen nhan gay cham tre cac cong trnh cao oc Thai Lan a ung ho y kien nay. Chi tiet hn, Ogunlana et al. (1996) a xac nhan rang cac vng mac cua nganh cong nghiep xay dng co the ri vao ba tang mc sau: cac vng mac do s thieu hut hay khong ay u cua ha tang cong nghiep, cac vng mac gay ra bi chu au t va t van, va cac vng mac do nha thau thieu hoac thieu nang lc. Ro rang rang, neu khong giai quyet nhanh chong, cac van e nay co the lam cham tre va vt ngan sach d an, lam ton hai quan he hp tac, dan en tranh chap, va co the phai giai quyet tai toa an kinh te (Cheung et al., 2000). V du, nam 2002, cong ty Holcim Viet Nam (chu au t) a thang kien (tr gia 10 trieu USD) mot nha thau Nhat Ban (Kobelco) do gay cham tre cong trnh xay dng nha may Xi Mang o Hon Chong (Kien Giang) tai mot toa an kinh te Anh.

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Co nhieu nghien cu khac lien quan en cac van e vng mac trong xay dng (XD) nh cac nguyen nhan dan en cham tre va/hoac vt chi ph. Nhng nghien cu loai nay a c thc hien nhieu nc tren the gii t cac nc phat trien nh Baldwin va Manthei (1971) Hoa Ky va Sullivan va Harris (1986) Anh en cac nc ang phat trien nh Arditi et al. (1985) Tho Nh Ky, Ogunlana et al. (1996) Thai Lan, va Odeh va Battaineh (2002) Jordan. 3. PHNG PHAP LUAN NGHIEN CU

Mot bang cau hoi c thiet ke da tren cac nghien cu trc ay va moi trng XD Viet Nam nham thu thap nhng thong tin ve cac van e vng mac cua cac ca nhan tham gia trong cac d an. Mac du nghien cu khao sat nay xem xet nhieu van e ve quan ly d an (QLDA) xay dng, nhng bai bao nay ch trnh bay cac van e vng mac cua d an XD TPHCM. e phu hp vi cac ieu kien XD a phng, bang cau hoi s bo c th nghiem bang cach mi mot vai ca nhan co kinh nghiem trong nganh xay dng tra li. Cuoi cung, bang cau hoi c hoan thanh va gi en cac ca nhan lam viec trong cac d an TPHCM. Mot vai phng tien c s dung e gi va thu nhan cac bang cau hoi nh gi qua ng bu ien, gi trc tiep,... Tuy nhien, viec gi trc tiep c u tien e khuyen khch so lng ngi tham gia.

e dien ta kha nang xuat hien va mc o anh hng cua cac van e vng mac, ngi tham gia khao sat c hoi theo nam mc o (five-point scale), t khong ang ke (1) en rat ang ke (5). Cong tac phan tch d lieu au tien la xep hang cac yeu to thanh cong. Viec phan tch con xem xet co hay khong s khac nhau gia cac quan iem cua cac nhom oi tng tham gia nghien cu khac nhau vao viec xep hang cac van e vng mac di dang kha nang xuat hien va mc o anh hng. He so tng quan xep hang Spearman (Spearmans rank correlation coefficient) c dung e kiem tra mc o lien he gia cac xep hang theo cac nhom oi tng khac nhau. Cuoi cung, phan tch thanh to (factor analysis) c dung e rut ra moi lien he lan nhau trong cac van e vng mac nay. 4. CAC AC IEM CUA OI TNG THAM GIA NGHIEN CU

oi tng tham gia c nhom thanh chu au t, n v thiet ke/t van va n v thi cong. Ty le phan hoi bang cau hoi t cac nhom oi tng c the hien trong Bang 1, vi ty le phan hoi trung bnh la 38%. Hn mot na (56.9%) oi tng tham gia la quan ly cap thap (line managers) va ky s, tiep theo la trng/pho phong d an/chc nang (28.4%) va lanh ao cap cao (14.7%). Ty le cua oi tng tham gia neu xet theo so nam tham gia trong nganh XD nh sau: t hn 5 nam (38.5%), t 5 nam en 10 nam (42.2%), va hn 10 nam (19.3%). Hai phan ba oi tng tham gia chu yeu trong cac d an cong cong va mot phan ba con lai tham gia chu yeu trong cac d an thuoc lnh vc t nhan. Cac d an dan dung (44.0%), d an cong nghiep (40.4%), d an cau ng (12.8%),

Bang 1. Ty le oi tng tham gia va phan hoi n V So lng bang

cau hoi gi i So lng phan hoi nhan c

Ty le phan hoi (%)

Thanh phan (%)

Chu au t 82 36 43.9 33.0 Thiet ke/T van 85 27 31.8 24.8 Thau chnh/Thau phu 120 46 38.3 42.2 Tong cong 287 109 38.0 100.0

va d an khac (2.8%) la cac loai d an chu yeu trong nghien cu nay. ieu nay cho thay rang nghien cu nay gii han trong cac cong trnh dan dung, cong nghiep va cau ng.

5. MC O HOAN THANH CAC MUC TIEU CUA D AN

e xem xet mc o xuat hien cua nhng tnh huong khong mong i lien quan en cac muc tieu c ban cua DA, oi tng tham gia nghien cu c yeu cau anh gia ve cac d an cua ho. Theo o,

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s cham tre va chi ph vt c nhan nh la thng hay xuat hien. S xuat hien cua tai nan lao ong, cong trnh kem chat lng, va tranh chap cung c tha nhan ang ke (Bang 2). Bang 2. Muc tieu DA khong at Xep hang Nguyen nhan do So TB o lech chuan

1 Cham tien o 3,73 1,11 2 Vt chi ph 2,98 1,17 3 Tai nan lao ong 2,46 1,36 4 Chat lng kem 2,34 1,17 5 Tranh chap/tranh cai 2,21 1,17

ieu nay noi len rang viec quan ly cac d an xay dng (DAXD) TPHCM van con nhieu bat cap. V the, cac cong cu quan ly XD hp ly can c gii thieu nhanh chong va rong rai cho cac cac nhan/to chc lien quan e nang cao hieu qua cua nganh cong nghiep nay tai TPHCM cung nh trong ca nc.

6. PHAN TCH THANH TO CUA CAC VAN E VNG MAC

T cac cong trnh nghien cu tren the gii va ac biet la thc tien xay dng TPHCM, 62 van e vng mac c xac nh va nghien cu di hai dang la: mc o xuat hien va mc o anh hng cua cac vng mac nay oi vi DA. Cac d lieu ve van e vng mac nay t cong tac nghien cu khao sat c tien hanh phan tch lan lt la phan tch xep hang, phan tch tng quan va phan tch thanh to. Chi tiet ve phan tch xep hang va phan tch tng quan cung nh ly thuyet ve phan tch thanh to co the tham khao Long va cac tac gia (2003). Bai bao nay ch trnh bay ket qua t qua trnh phan tch thanh to cua 20 van e vng mac c xem la xuat hien nhieu nhat trong cac DAXD TPHCM. Tuy nhien, ba van e vng mac lam viec ngoai gi qua mc, s cham tre trong viec cap giay phep cua nha nc, va chu au t khong u nang lc khong xet en v khong thoa cac cong tac kiem tra s phu hp trong phan tch thanh to. Mi bay van e vng mac con lai la phu hp cho phan tch thanh to. Cac thanh to va cac bien (van e vng mac) tng ng c the hien tren Bang 3: thanh to 1 lien quan en cac n v thiet ke va thi cong thieu nang lc, thanh to 2 lien quan en cong tac d bao va quan ly cac thay oi yeu kem, thanh to 3 lien quan en cac van e thuoc ve xa hoi va cong nghe, thanh to 4 lien quan en cac van e ve a iem d an, va thanh to 5 lien quan en cac phng tien/cong cu thi cong va quan ly khong thch hp. Cac thanh to nay c thao luan muc ke tiep. Bang 3. Cac nhom thanh to bang phng phap quay trc giao varimax Thanh to chnh

Thanh to anh hng

Thanh to 1 /v thiet ke va thi cong thieu nang lc

Thanh to 2 D bao va quan ly cac thay oi yeu kem

Thanh to 3 Van e thuoc ve xa hoi va cong nghe

Thanh to 4 Van e ve a iem d an

Thanh to 5 Phng tien/cong cu thi cong va quan ly khong thch hp

1 S ho tr QLDA khong ay u

Qua nhieu thau chnh/thau phu

Cong nghe lac hauGiai toa mat bang cham

Thieu may moc thiet b hien ai

2 Thiet ke thieu thc te

D bao thi gian kem chnh xac

Quan lieu ca quyen

en bu khong thoa ang

Hoach nh khong ung qui cach

3 Thieu s tham gia trong suot DA

D toan chi ph kem chnh xac

Cac bieu hien tieu cc

4 Kho khan ve tai chnh cua nha thau

Qua nhieu thay oi khi thc hien

5 Ban QLDA thieu nang lc

6 Quan ly cong trng kem

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7. CAC THAO LUAN RUT RA T PHAN TCH THANH TO 7.1 Cac n v thiet ke va thi cong thieu nang lc

Thanh to nay gom s ho tr QLDA khong ay u, thiet ke thieu thc te, thieu s tham gia trong suot DA, kho khan ve tai chnh cua nha thau, ban QLDA thieu nang lc, va quan ly cong trng kem. Ro rang rang nhng van e nay gay ra bi n v thiet ke va thi cong. n v thiet ke chu trach nhiem ho tr QLDA khong ay u, thiet ke thieu thc te, thieu s tham gia trong suot DA trong khi n v thi cong chu trach nhiem kho khan ve tai chnh cua nha thau, ban QLDA thieu nang lc, va quan ly cong trng kem. Hai nguyen nhan chnh cho cac van e nay la cong tac au thau kem va thieu cac n v thiet ke va nha thau thc s co nang lc tham gia trong moi trng kinh doanh XD. Cong tac au thau a b phe phan la thieu chnh xac va khong lanh manh tren cac phng tien truyen thong ai chung. ieu nay co the dan en viec giao thau cho cac n v khong u nang lc. 7.2 Cong tac d bao va quan ly cac thay oi (change management) yeu kem

Thanh to nay gom co qua nhieu thau chnh va thau phu, d bao thi gian kem chnh xac, d toan ch ph kem chnh xac, va qua nhieu thay oi khi thc hien. Hau het cac ben tham gia DA eu chu trach nhiem cac vng mac nay. Mot khi qua nhieu n v tham gia, cac moi quan he va luong thong tin cang tr nen phc tap. Cac moi quan he o co the gay ra nhng tranh chap cung nh tr ngai trong cong tac phoi hp thc hien (Chan va Yeong, 1995). Cong tac d bao/d toan chnh xac oi hoi thong tin ve d an chnh xac di dang chat lng thong tin va luong thong tin, nhan tai vat lc san co va cung cap ay u va chat lng cua cong tac t van (Akintoye, 2000). Hoach nh thi gian va chi ph lien quan thng c tien hanh bi nhieu ben. Mac du nha thau c nhn nhan la nguyen nhan gay ra s thieu chnh xac nay, chu au t va t van cung co trach nhiem khong kem.V du, cac thiet ke thng khong ro rang hay u chi tiet e am bao cac ben d toan chnh xac. Ngoai ra, qua nhieu thay oi khi thc hien co the co nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau nh muc tieu va qui mo d an khong ro rang t pha chu au t, cac van e thuoc ve tnh kha thi xay dng, thay oi cong nang, Qua nhieu thay oi co the gay ra nhng gian oan khi thc hien, ket qua la gay ra nhng thay oi trong tien o, chi ph phat sinh do nhieu cong viec phai lam lai cung nh giam hieu suat lao ong (Thomas va Napolitan, 1995). Muc tieu va qui mo DA khong ro rang co the gay ra nhng thiet ke khong nh mong i trong khi cac van e thuoc ve tnh kha thi xay dng co the dan en nhieu thay oi trong qua trnh thi cong. Noi rong ra, d bao va quan ly cac thay oi ngheo nan phan anh mot thc te la cac ben tham gia khong tch cc nhat trong vai tro cua ho e am bao cac DA thc hien suong se. 7.3 Van e thuoc ve xa hoi va cong nghe

Bao gom trong thanh to nay la cong nghe lac hau, quan lieu ca quyen va cac bieu hien tieu cc. Cong nghe la van e khong the thay the trong bat ky DA ln nao. S hu cong nghe hien ai la mot trong nhng yeu to tien quyet e thanh cong trong moi trng kinh doanh ngay nay va nganh xay dng khong la ngoai le. Cac DAXD ln TPHCM cung nh trong ca nc thng mua hay c chuyen giao cac cong nghe t cac nc khac. Tuy nhien, mot cau tra li cho viec co hay khong s phu hp cua cac cong nghe nay vi ieu kien cua at nc van cha thoa ang. Them vao o, s quan lieu va cac bieu hien tieu cc trong xay dng c ban khac van thng b cac phng tien truyen thong phe phan. Cu bo trng Bo Ke Hoach va au T co lan a len tieng la khoang 20 40 % that thoat trong xay dng c ban do quan ly yeu kem (Trung, 2002), ma s quan lieu va cac bieu hien tieu cc la nhng nguyen nhan ang ke. 7.4 Cac van e ve a iem d an

Nhng kho khan trong cong tac di di, giai phong mat bang, en bu dan en cham giai toa mat bang va giao at thi cong xay dng anh hng en viec van hanh d an. ay la cong viec ien hnh

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thuoc thanh to "cac van e thuoc ve a iem" d an. Cac DA m rong ng Cong Hoa va Cau Bnh Trieu 2 la nhng v du. Khao sat a chat thuy van co nhieu li ch rat ro rang trong cong tac ieu tra khao sat hien trng (Chan va Yeong, 1995). Tuy nhien, se khong ay u neu ch gii han trong cac cong tac o ma nen bao gom viec khao sat can than cac yeu to t nhien, van hoa, va kinh te xa hoi khac xung quanh DA. V the, cac ben tham gia can phai chuan b mat bang can than trc khi co nhng cong tac tiep theo. Cac ca nhan/to chc b anh hng bi DA can phai c cung cap cac thong tin ve DA va c en bu thoa ang trong cong tac giai toa. Khao sat moi trng va xa hoi nen c thc hien cong khai minh bach khi can thiet. Nhng van e nan giai c cac phng tien truyen thong neu ra gan ay trong bai tap ket va x ly rac Tam Tan huyen Cu Chi a gay anh hng khong ch cho sc khoe cong ong xung quanh ma con phai tiep tuc c giai quyet mot cach thoa ang e ap ng yeu cau ve s phat trien ben vng (sustainable development). 7.5 Phng tien/cong cu thi cong va quan ly khong thch hp

Nhom thanh to nay gom thieu may moc thiet b hien ai va cong tac hoach nh khong ung qui cach ro rang phan anh cac van e thuoc hai yeu to la ky thuat va quan ly. Thieu may moc thiet b hien ai gay ra cac van e ky thuat, v du nh kha nang ay nhanh tien o thi cong b han che. Cac nha thau trong nc thng khong u trang thiet b can thiet e thc hien cac DA ln va phc tap. Ngoai ra, cong tac hoach nh khong ung qui cach hoac khong thch hp cung la mot van e. Cong tac hoach nh la trong tam cua QLDA ma muc ch la e at c muc tieu at ra trong gii han ve tai chnh va cac van e khac (Partington, 1996). V the, hieu qua cua DA se co nguy c thap neu cong tac hoach nh va len tien o khong c thc hien tot. Cung giong nh cac quoc gia ang phat trien khac, nc ta khong co ay u cac can bo c ao tao bai ban ve QLDA. Cac ky nang quan ly hieu qua hien tai tren the gii a khong c tan dung trong quan ly xay dng. Nhng kham pha trong nghien cu nay phu hp vi cac bao cao ve thc trang kha nang quan ly nc ta, v du nh bao cao cua UNDP (2003). 8. KET LUAN

Muc ch chnh cua bai bao nay la xac nh nhng van e vng mac cung vi mc o xuat hien va mc o anh hng cua no oi vi DAXD TPHCM. e kham pha nhng nguyen nhan cot loi, cac van e vng mac c nhom thanh nam nhom chnh. Qua trnh phan tch d lieu a nhan ra rang cac van e thuoc ve trach nhiem cua n v t van thiet ke, n v thi cong va s phoi hp c anh gia la thng hay xay ra. Cac van e thuoc trach nhiem cua chu au t va thuoc yeu to ben ngoai c nhn nhan la co anh hng ln en s thc hien DA. Them vao o, cac van e thuoc trach nhiem cua cac to chc tai chnh va thuoc tnh cua DA c anh gia co mc o xuat hien va anh hng khong ang ke.

Phan tch sau hn a nhan thay rang co mot moi lien he nao o gia cac van e vng mac nay. Cac van e vng mac thng hay xay ra co the c nhom thanh nam nhom: (i) cac n v thiet ke va thi cong thieu nang lc, (ii) cong tac d bao va quan ly cac thay oi ngheo nan, (iii) cac van e thuoc ve xa hoi va cong nghe, (iv) cac van e ve a iem d an, va (v) cac phng tien/cong cu thi cong va quan ly khong thch hp. Cung nen chu y rang cac van e vng mac nay a khang nh va bo sung cho cac nghien cu trc ay (Lim va Mohamed, 2000) la hau het cac van e nay lien quan en con ngi va quan ly.

Bang cach nhan ra va tien lieu cac van e vng mac c nghien cu trong bai bao nay va co the cac van e khac cho cac d an trong tng lai, cac tac gia hy vong rang cac ca nhan/to chc tham gia trong nganh xay dng co the se va tranh c cac van e vng mac thuoc trach nhiem cua ho va va giam thieu cac anh hng bat li cua cac van e vng mac thuoc trach nhiem cua ben khac. S tng t cua mot so vng mac trong nghien cu nay vi cac nghien cu khac tai cac nc ang phat

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trien trong khu vc va tren the gii a khang nh rang cac ben len quan a va ang oi dien nhng van e tng t mac du co ac iem t nhien, kinh te, chnh tr va xa hoi khac nhau. Va nh the, hoc hoi va chia xe nhng kinh nghiem cua nhau la ieu het sc can thiet va em lai nhieu li ch thiet thc.

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