14th Riversymposium, keynote presentation from Guangchun Lei (2011)
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Transcript of 14th Riversymposium, keynote presentation from Guangchun Lei (2011)
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Evolution of Ecosystem Approaches in Yangtze River Management
Guangchun Lei
School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University
14th International Riversymposium, Sept 26-29, Brisbane
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20% Chinese Territory
30% Chinese Population
35% China’s Water Res.
40% Chinese GDP
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Origins at Tanggula Mountain in Tibet Plateau, Yangtze River flows 6300 km to reach Shanghai
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生态规律However, the rivers has been largely manipulated• 60% wetland lost
• 3000 km Dyke
• >1,000 big dams
• Water Diversion
Living Yangtze
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Deforestation, Reclamation for Grain Production
Changes of Forest Ecosystems (1900-
1998)0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
Forest habitat types
Are
a (s
q.km
.)
1900s1998
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1949 1960 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2008
%覆盖率 National Forest Coverage Rate
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Upstream Deforestation
+
Downstream Wetland Reclamation
║
Dongting Is Disappearing
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Disappearance of the “Thousand-lake State”
in Jianghan Plain
江汉平原千湖之国的消失
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Dyke Has to Be Heighten Year after Years
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Flooding: a Natural Phenomenon that Maintains Ecological Processes (Central Yangtze Floodplain)
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Rising Dykes Have Cut off Natural Links between the River & Its
Flood Plains (thousands of lakes)
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Satellite image of Yangtze Estuary
19921997
1999
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Increasing Frequency of Flooding
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
1300s 1600s 1930s 1980s 1990s 2000s
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The More Invested for Hydrological Engineering, the Worse in Flooding
Increase of Water Works Investment
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The More Invest in Hydrological Work, the
Less Fish
3
《 0.1
1960 1997 - 2001
Fries of 4 Major economic fish (billion)
2
0.41995 2001
Eel Fries
100 million
430
《 100
1954 1996 - 2001
Total Fish Catching (1000 Tones)
324
《 161996 2001
Crabs (Tones)
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Biodiversity Crisis 100 Species Threatened
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1998 flooding led to the promulgation of 32-character river basin management policy
Upstream vegetation recovery
Down stream wetland restoration
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WWF Partnership for Living Yangtze Programm (1999-)
• Policy and Modeling Studies (Hydrological Modeling, Social Economic Modeling and Ecological Modeling)
• Pilot Demonstration (Wetland Restoration, Alternative Livelihood, Sustainable Development)
• Communication and Magnification
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适 洪 农 业
平垸行洪后的农民,失去了原有的生产资料——耕地,却换来了价值更高的湿地资源。为保护和可持续利用湿地资源,世界自然基金会( WWF) 和湖南青少年发展基金会 (CYDF) 在地方政府的支持下,会同专家与当地村民,对西畔山洲垸未来新的产业结构调整进行了“参与式规划”,将新产业门类分解成面上项目、重点项目和试点项目,鼓励村民自己做主选择新的适洪产业。
村民兴致勃勃地参与产业结构调整规划
The ProcessesMotivated farmers
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First Step: farmers initially choose reliable, traditional income generation activity
Second Step: diversification income generation (Ducks, Chickens, Organic Fishery, etc.)
Experimental Projects:
Cattle, goats, other wetland sustainable use
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Ecotourism
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1999 年底,世界自然基金会 (WWF) 与中国青少年发展基金会( CYDF )联合,选定西畔山洲垸做为平垸行洪示范项目基地,会同当地政府和农民,共同研究探讨平垸行洪和湿地恢复过程中的可持续发展模式 , 并从技术、资金等方面支持和鼓励当地农民发展新的洪水型替代产业。
移到高处,有了新房没了田
The Polder Was Restored as Wetlands in 1999
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
1998 2001
Three Years LaterIncome RMB/year/family
We are not afraid of flood any more
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4 Years After Restoration
2,000 ha pilot Restoration
65,000 ha Restored in Dongting Lake region
> 100,000 ha Restored in Central Yangtze
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Wetland Restoration in Poyang Lake 鄱阳湖退田还湖
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How to Sustain These Changes?
Need A Mechanism to ensure coordination of future effort in the right direction
• > 400 Million People Live in• > 19 Provincial Governments within river basin• > 10 Ministries responsible for resources
management
All of them have the power to change future development directions
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How to Sustain These Changes?
IRBM
China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and
Development Task Force (2003-2004)
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Institutions and Legislation
Stakeholder and Public Participation
Economic Measures and Incentives
Develop and apply IRBM-related technologies
IRBM Task Force Recommendations
√[Yangtze Forum]
√[Eco-compensation]
√[Recycle Economy]
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Significant Impact of Sand Mining and Dams
Appeared
80% of the sediments trapped in the reservoir, clear water flushes river bed downstream
However Impact of Fast Development on Rivers Far Exceeded Imagination
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Wetland Restoration in Central Yangtze reached a limited success only, new challenges
may be even more serious
Asymmetric Erosion of River bed versus Lake
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Growing of Chongming Island soon be Reversed
19921997
1999
See Level Raising Worsen Coast Erosion
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Case Study of Poyang Lake(The Largest Chinese Freshwater Lake)
Satellite Image of June-Aug Satellite Image of Dec-Feb
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A trend towards prolonged dry season
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2008时间
平均累积天数
<10m 〈9m 〈8m
单位:m
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Local Government Proposal: Damming the Lake
All related provincial government, in particular Shanghai, Anhui expressed concerns
International societies, Ramsar, IUCN, ICF, as well as related countries worried
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Why?1956-2008年星子站水位与水鸟迁徙变化规律
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
9月上
9月中
9月下
10月上
10月中
10月下
11月上
11月中
11月下
12月上
12月中
12月下
1月上
1月中
1月下
2月上
2月中
2月下
3月上
3月中
3月下
/m
水位
25%保证率
水位旬平均值
75%保证率
15m
13.75m
12.85m
11.35m
Arrival of Migratory Birds
Grass growing
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It also has to block flooding water from Yangtze
Due to Significantly Increased Flooding Risks
Disturb Migratory Fishes
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Ecosystem Management Recommendations
• Biodiversity, Flood Mitigation, Clean Water and Culture are by far the most important ecosystem services of Poyang Lake
• Any project in upstream, or downstream may have significant impact on its ecosystem services, and therefore, an integrated river basin management should be in place
• Other services (fishery, raw material, navigations, etc, etc ) should give way to the above priorities. Dam option should never considered. However, local community should be properly compensated
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Principle Wetland restoration
Fishing Ban
Pollution Control
Conservation
Lake Dam**
Fair
Democracy
Linkage
Ecological Economy
Priority for Conservation
Cautionary
Scale
Long-term goal
Adaptive
Balance
Information
Participation
Ecosystem Approaches Assessment on Current Program
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Conclusions• Yangtze River Management Experienced from
sectoral to multi-sector dialogue transition, but challenges remains
• IRBM is the key mechanism to ensure river management integrated with social economic development, which can greatly help the basin wide dialogue
• Ecosystem Approach principles offered simple methodology for the implementation of IRBM
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THANK YOU