14s L01 Intro

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/14s-l01-intro 1/39

STAT 344 Probability and

Statistics for Engineers andScientists I

Section 01: MW 1:30 PM – 2:4 PM

Professor: !r" #ennet$ Stra%%eri

E&ail: 'stra%%e(g&)"ed)

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Introd)ction

#ennet$ Stra%%eri

◦ Mat$e&atics Ed)cation *P$"!+ 2013+,-A."

◦ Statistics *MS+ 2004+ ,-A.◦ /inance *S+ 2001+ T.

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Infor&ation

My areer oals: Teac$ingstatistics"

◦ I&5ro6e t$e 7ay statistics is ta)g$t

to all )ndergrad)ate st)dents"◦ En$ance st)dent8s )nderstanding

and reasoning abo)t statistics"

9obbies: 5laying dr)&s+ eercise+and slo7 5itc$ softball"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


W$at is *or are. Statistics;

Statistics as a <eld of st)dy is t$escience of learning fro& data"

T$e ter& Statistics can also be)sed to describe n)&erical facts*co&&on 5erce5tion.

/irst+ 7e 7ill consider so&ede<nitions of statistics =

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Wi'i5edia !e<nition of Statistics

A &at$e&atical science5ertaining to t$e collection+

analysis+ inter5retation ore5lanation+ and 5resentation ofdata" Also )sed for &a'inginfor&ed decisions"

$tt5:>>en"7i'i5edia"org>7i'i>Statistics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics




8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


My /irst ,ndergrad StatProfessor

A body of conce5ts and

&et$ods )sed to collect andinter5ret data concerning a5artic)lar area of

in6estigation and to dra7concl)sions in sit)ations7$ere )ncertainty and

6ariation are 5resent"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


?)r Tetboo'

Statistics is a science t$at $el5s )s&a'e decisions and dra7 concl)sionsin t$e 5resence of 6ariability"

Statistics deals 7it$ t$e collection+5resentation+ analysis+ and )se ofdata to &a'e decisions+ sol6e

5roble&s"

Statistics is t$e science of data"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Si&ilarities of t$e!e<nitions

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


oncl)sions abo)tStatisticsStatistics is deals 7it$:

◦ @easoning 7it$ data"

◦ ollecting+ organi%ing+ s)&&ari%ing+ andanaly%ing infor&ation fro& data to dra7concl)sions+ ans7er )estions+ or gain

)nderstanding"

◦ !escribing and )nderstanding 6ariability"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


oncl)sions abo)tStatisticsStatistics is a science t$at in6ol6es

t$e etraction of infor&ation fro&

data obtained fro& a st)dy or a

sa&5le" It in6ol6es:

• !esigning t$e st)dy or sa&5ling

5roced)re• ollecting and analy%ing t$e data

• Ma'ing inferences abo)t t$e 5o5)lation

based )5on infor&ation in a sa&5le"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Ty5es of Statistical St)dies

@etros5ecti6e st)dies: Analysis of datacollected in t$e 5ast *$istorical data."

?bser6ational st)dies: )rrent 5assi6eobser6ation of s)bBects 7it$o)tin6estigator8s inter6ention"

!esigned E5eri&ents: )rrentobser6ation of s)bBects 7it$in6estigator control of obser6ationalconditions"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


T7o ranc$es of Statistics

!escri5ti6e Statistics – consistsof &et$ods of collecting+

organi%ing+ s)&&ari%ing+ and5resenting data in an infor&ati6e7ay"

Ea&5les

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


T7o ranc$es of Statistics

Inferential Statistics – a body of&et$ods )sed to dra7

concl)sions or inferences abo)tc$aracteristics of 5o5)lationsbased on sa&5le data"

An )nderstanding of 5robability7ill be necessary *$a5ters 2 – 4.

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


?rgani%ation of Statistics

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


ote

All t$e de<nitions of statistics&ention data"

W$at are data;

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


!ata

Data are n)&erical facts aren)&bers 7it$ a contet"

◦ Ea&5les=

ote+ data are &ostly n)&erical+ b)tnot al7ays"

◦ Ea&5les=

We 7ill be concerned 7it$ $o7 dataare collected and organi%ed"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Syllab)s+ o)rse Policies+ CSc$ed)le

See lac'board=

$tt5:>>&y&ason"g&)"ed)

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Ter&s relating to data

Indi6id)als *s)bBects or e5eri&ental )nits. –obBects described by a set of data *Peo5le orot$er t$ings.

-ariable – any c$aracteristic of an indi6id)al*can ta'e diDerent 6al)es for diDerentindi6id)als.

-al)es of a 6ariable are t$e 5ossibleobser6ations of t$e 6ariable

!ata are t$e obser6ed 6al)es of t$e 6ariable

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


M)sic Ea&5le

Most of yo) $a6e an iPod oriT)nes *or so&e ot$er &)sic

5rogra&."

Ass)&e t$at t$e songs listed in

yo)r iT)nes 5rogra& are t$eindi6id)als" Pro6ide so&e6ariables t$at describe t$ese

indi6id)als=

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Ty5es of -ariables

ategorical – 5laces an indi6id)al intoone of se6eral gro)5s" Also+ a6ariable t$at can be identi<ed si&5ly

by noting its 5resence"

◦ o&inal data do not $a6e any nat)ralorder"

◦ ?rdinal data do $a6e a nat)ral order

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Ty5es of )antitati6e !ata

!iscrete – ass)&es 6al)es t$atcan be co)nted

◦ Ea&5les

ontin)o)s – can ass)&e all

6al)es bet7een any t7o s5eci<c6al)es

◦ Ea&5les

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


!ata !istrib)tion

T$e distrib)tion of a 6ariable tells)s 7$at 6al)es it ta'es and $o7often it ta'e t$ese 6al)es"

9o7 n)&erical data fall or liealong t$e Fais"

an be seen 7it$ a table orgra5$"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Po5)lations and Sa&5les

Po5)lation – consists of all s)bBects or ite&sof interest" It is t$e gro)5 being st)died"

Sa&5le – a gro)5 selected fro& t$e

5o5)lation *a s)bset of t$e 5o5)lation." It5ro6ides infor&ation )sed to inferinfor&ation abo)t 5o5)lations"

Sa&5les are often )sed beca)se gettingaccess to t$e entire 5o5)lation isi&5ractical"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


P)r5ose of Sa&5ling

As 7e 5roceed+ t$e idea is t$at 7e7ant to &a'e inferences abo)t5o5)lations fro& t$e collection and

analysis of sa&5le data"

T$e design of t$e sa&5ling 5rocessbeco&es i&5ortant"

A good sa&5ling design 5er&its 6alidinferences to be &ade"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


o&5)ter Tools ,sed in t$eo)rse

Minitab – )sed for data&ani5)lation+ calc)lations+gra5$ics 5resentation for

$o&e7or'"◦ Men) syste&

◦ ra5$ics

◦ o&5le co&5)tations andsi&)lation

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Statistics and Engineering

W$y ta'e a statistics co)rse asan engineering &aBor;

9o7 are t$ese t7o <eldsconnected;

To start+ bot$ <elds can bedescribed )nder t$e real& ofscience"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Science

Science: t$e st)dy of t$e nat)ral7orld

◦ *Gatin: scientia H 'no7ledge.

Scientists as' )estions abo)tt$e 7orld=

◦ W$at is o)t t$ere;◦ 9o7 do t$ings 7or';

◦ W$at r)les can be ded)ced toe5lain t$e 5atterns 7e see;

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Engineering

Engineering is t$e 5rocess ofdesigning t$e $)&anF&ade7orld"

◦ *engineer: fro& Gatin ingeniare Hdesign and ingeni)& H cle6erin6ention.

Engineers &odify t$e 7orld tosatisfy 5eo5le8s needs and 7ants"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


onnection: Science andEngineering

Scienti<c 'no7ledge infor&sengineering design"

In addition+ &any scienti<cad6ances 7o)ld not be 5ossible7it$o)t tec$nological tools

de6elo5ed by engineers"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Engineering

Anot$er )sef)l de<nition: design)nder constraint"

So&e constraints◦ Ti&e

◦ Money

◦ A6ailable &aterials◦ En6iron&ental reg)lations

◦ Ga7s of nat)re *i"e" science.

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


onnection to Statistics

-ariability a&ong any constraint is nearlycertain to eist"

Statistical &et$ods 5ro6ide an ecellent

7ay to 6is)ali%e+ )nderstand+ &eas)re+and analy%e t$is 6ariation"

-ariability &eans t$at s)ccessi6eobser6ations of a syste& or 5$eno&enondo not 5rod)ce eactly t$e sa&e res)lt"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Engineering Met$od *fro&tet.

Ste5s 2 – 4 &ay need se6eraliterations to obtain <nal sol)tion"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Anot$er connection

onse)ently+ engineers &)st'no7 $o7 to

◦ eciently 5lan e5eri&ents

◦ collect data◦ analy%e and inter5ret data

◦ )nderstand $o7 t$e obser6ed data

are related to t$e &odel 5ro5osedfor t$e 5roble& )nder st)dy"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


Ea&5le: -ariability

lass Mil' ontainers+ ist$ere eactly a gallon *12Jo%". of &il' in t$ere;

T$ese bottles are <lled 7it$an a)to&atic &ac$ine"

T$e ca5acity is deter&ined

by t$e eternal 5ro<le oft$e bottle and t$e glass7all t$ic'ness"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


-ariability

T$e bottles are &ade on &)ltiF$ead a)to&atic &ac$ines bydro55ing gobs of &olten glass

into &etal &olds+ &a'ing t$e&$allo7+ and t$en inKating t$e&7it$ co&5ressed air )ntil t$ey <ll

t$e &old"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


-ariability

T$e eternal 5ro<le can beaDected by diDerent settings ateac$ 7or' station"

◦ Mold diDerences◦ /l)ct)ations in air 5ress)re

◦ Sagging after release fro& &old

◦

Malf)nctioning of a)to&atic ti&inggear"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


-ariability

Wall t$ic'ness is aDected by◦ ob feeder settings

◦ -iscosity of t$e glass

◦ Te&5erat)re◦ T$e action of t$e s$ears 7$ic$ c)t

s)ccessi6e gobs fro& t$e contin)o)sKo7 of t$e feeder"

8/9/2019 14s L01 Intro


-ariability

-ariability in any of t$ese 5rocessfactors &ay contrib)te to6ariability in t$e ca5acity of t$e

bottles in contin)o)s 5rod)ction"

,nderstanding 6ariability 7ill

&a'e yo)r li6es easier"

14s L01 Intro

Documents

Transcript of 14s L01 Intro