14b-Horizontal Drilling Equipment and Controlling Power Point
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Transcript of 14b-Horizontal Drilling Equipment and Controlling Power Point
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SURVEY INSTRUMENTSSURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Survey instruments areSurvey instruments are
used to measure theused to measure theinclination and azimuth ofinclination and azimuth of
the wellthe well
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Magnetic surveys use the earthMagnetic surveys use the earthss
magnetic field to determine themagnetic field to determine the
azimuth of the wellboreazimuth of the wellbore
The magnetic north pole is not thesame as the geographical north pole
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Declination is the difference between
the the magnetic north pole and thegeographical north pole
It is either an east or west declinationEast declination is added to the
azimuthWest declination is subtracted from
the azimuth
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
If the wellbore is
using gridcoordinates, theazimuth will also
have to beadjusted by thedifferencebetween truenorth and grid
north
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
For magnetic survey instrumentsFor magnetic survey instruments
you must use nonyou must use non--magneticmagnetic
(monel) drill collars(monel) drill collars
The survey instrument must beplaced within the collars to minimize
magnetic interferenceNear the middle but not precisely the
middle
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
The number of collars depends upon
the geographical location of the well
Where the horizontal intensity of the
earths magnetic field is a minimum,more non-magnetic drill collars will be
required
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
The horizontal intensity of the earths
magnetic field is a function of themagnetic dip angle
Magnetic field strength x cos(magnetic dip angle) = horizontalcomponent
Alaska 57,500 gammas x cos(80.6)= 9,391 gammas
Gulf Coast 50,500 gammas x
cos(59.7) = 25,478 gammas
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Zone I requires fewer non-magnetic
drill collars
Zone II requires more non-magnetic
collarsThe number of collars also depends
upon the inclination and direction of
the well
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Use 18' collar in areaUse 18' collar in area
below Curve Abelow Curve A
Use 25' foot collar inUse 25' foot collar inarea below Curve Barea below Curve B
Use 30 foot collar inUse 30 foot collar in
area below Curve Carea below Curve C
Use tandem (18' +Use tandem (18' +
25') collars in areas25') collars in areasabove Curve Cabove Curve C
ZONE I
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Use 30' collars inUse 30' collars inarea below Curve Aarea below Curve A
Use 60' collars inUse 60' collars inarea below Curve Barea below Curve Bwith packedwith packed
bottomholebottomholeassemblyassembly
Use 60' collars inUse 60' collars in
area below Curve Carea below Curve Cwith near bitwith near bitstabilizer onlystabilizer only
Use 90' collars inUse 90' collars inarea above Curve Carea above Curve C
ZONE II
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Use 60' collars inUse 60' collars inarea below Curve Aarea below Curve A
with packedwith packedbottomholebottomholeassemblyassembly
Use 60' collars inUse 60' collars in
area below Curve Barea below Curve Bwith near bitwith near bitstabilizer onlystabil izer only
Use 90' collars inUse 90' collars inarea below Curve Carea below Curve Cwith anywith anybottomholebottomhole
assemblyassemblyZONE III
DIRECTION ANGLE FROM MAGNETIC N OR S
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
TotcoTotco surveyssurveys
Inclination only and are not directionalsurveys
Run on most vertical wells
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Types of survey instrumentsTypes of survey instruments
Magnetic
Gyroscopic
COMPASS ELECTRONIC
MAGNETIC
CONVENTIONAL RATE OR
NORTH SEEKING
RING LASER INERTIAL GRADE
GYROSCOPIC
SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
CompassCompass
Singleshot
Multishot
Both use a compass and camera.
The camera takes a picture of the
compass at various depths within thewellbore
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Steering ToolSteering Tool
MWD (Measurement WhileMWD (Measurement While
Drilling)Drilling)
EMS (Electronic Multishot)EMS (Electronic Multishot)
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
All electronic survey tools useAll electronic survey tools use
the same instruments tothe same instruments to
measure the inclination andmeasure the inclination and
azimuthazimuthAccelerometers to measure the
inclinationMagnetometers to measure the
azimuth
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Probe Axis
Accelerometer/Gravity
Magnetometer/Earths Field
ToolfaceAlignment
Inclination Gx, Gy, Gz
Azimuth Bx, By, Bz
Toolface Gx, Gy or Bx, By
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The difference is how theThe difference is how the
instrument gets the informationinstrument gets the information
to the surfaceto the surface
Steering tool was the first electronicinstrument and used a single
conductor wireline
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The steering tool isThe steering tool is
oriented in a muleoriented in a mule
shoe sub (UBHOshoe sub (UBHO
sub). The key in thesub). The key in the
MSS is aligned withMSS is aligned withthe bend in thethe bend in the
motor so that themotor so that the
orientation of theorientation of theMSS is the same asMSS is the same as
the motor.the motor.
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
The mule shoeThe mule shoestinger is orientedstinger is oriented
in reference to thein reference to thehigh side on thehigh side on thesurvey toolsurvey tool
When the stingerWhen the stingerenters the MSS, itenters the MSS, it
is rotated until itis rotated until itlines up with thelines up with theorientation of theorientation of the
MSS and motorMSS and motor
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
In order to make a connection,In order to make a connection,
the steering tool had to be pulledthe steering tool had to be pulledfrom the holefrom the hole
It was time consuming and thereIt was time consuming and therewas a possibility of getting stuckwas a possibility of getting stuckwhile tripping the wireline (nowhile tripping the wireline (no
circulation)circulation)
A side entry sub was developedA side entry sub was developed
to minimize connection timeto minimize connection time
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With the sideWith the side
entry sub, theentry sub, thewireline passeswireline passes
from inside thefrom inside the
drill string todrill string to
outside the drilloutside the drill
string (annulus)string (annulus)
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With the wirelineWith the wireline
outside the pipeoutside the pipenear the surface,near the surface,
the steering toolthe steering tool
did not have todid not have to
be pulled tobe pulled to
make amake aconnectionconnection
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Drilling with aDril ling with a
side entry subside entry subThe kellyThe kellybushings are onbushings are on
a stand to keepa stand to keepfrom damagingfrom damagingthe wirelinethe wireline
A stand wouldA stand wouldnot be requirednot be required
with a top drivewith a top drive
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Development of the MWD spelledDevelopment of the MWD spelled
doom for the steering tooldoom for the steering toolbecause the drill string could notbecause the drill string could not
be rotated with the wireline in thebe rotated with the wireline in theholehole
A wet connect system wasA wet connect system was
developed to allow rotation ofdeveloped to allow rotation ofthe drill string without pulling thethe drill string without pulling the
steering toolsteering tool
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
The wirelineThe wireline
enters the top ofenters the top ofthe swivelthe swivel
While rotating,While rotating,
the wet connectthe wet connectis not connectedis not connectedto the toolto the tool
It is reconnectedIt is reconnectedwhile surveyingwhile surveying
or slidingor sliding
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Steering tools are still usedSteering tools are still used
where the MWD may not bewhere the MWD may not beapplicableapplicable
Underbalanced drilling
Cannot pulse a compressible fluid
LCM in the mud
Plugs the pulser and other parts of MWD
High temperature
Steering tool can be run in a heat shield
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
MWD pulses the mud system toMWD pulses the mud system to
send information to the surfacesend information to the surfacePositive pulse
Negative pulse
Continuous wave
Also have electromagnetic MWDwhich uses radio waves to send
information
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
MWD
Pressure Pulses
in Drill Pipe
Surface Computer
Transducer
On Standpipe
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Directional MWDDirectional MWD
tooltoolThis is a positiveThis is a positive
pulse systempulse systemIt is powered by anIt is powered by an
alternator wherealternator where
some may besome may be
powered bypowered by
batteriesbatteries
S I t t
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Positive pulsePositive pulse
a restriction ina restriction inthe MWD causesthe MWD causes
an increase inan increase in
pressurepressure
11s and 0s and 0ss
TimePres
sure
Positive Pulse
S I t tS I t t
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Negative pulseNegative pulse
uses a valve inuses a valve inthe side of thethe side of the
MWD to bypassMWD to bypass
some of the fluidsome of the fluid
reducing thereducing the
standpipestandpipepressurepressure
TimePress
ure
Ne ative Pulse
S I t tS I t t
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
ContinuousContinuous
wave modulateswave modulatesthe frequency tothe frequency to
generate 1generate 1s ands and
00ss
Time
Pr
essure
Continuous Wave
S I t tS I t t
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
ElectromagneticElectromagnetic
MWD uses radioMWD uses radiowaveswaves
Works inWorks incompressiblecompressible
fluidsfluids
(underbalanced(underbalanceddrilling)drilling)
MWD
Antenna Array
S I t tS I t t
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Positive pulsePositive pulse
The positive pulse is more tolerant of
LCM and mud solids
It is also less affected by pump noise;however, it has the lowest data
transmission rate
S I t tSurvey Instruments
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Negative pulseNegative pulse
The negative pulse system has a slightlyhigher data transmission rate and pump
noise is still not as much of a problem
It uses less power
There must be enough pressure differential
between the tool and the annulus for it towork properly, which means jet selection
can be limited
More LCM tolerant
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Continuous waveContinuous wave
The significant advantage of the
continuous wave is that the data
transmission rate is substantiallyhigher
Pump noise is more difficult to filter
out
Less LCM tolerant
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Electromagnetic MWDElectromagnetic MWD
A transmitter in the tool transmits theelectromagnetic waves and the
waves are picked up at the surfacewith an antenna array
Data transmission rates are not
substantially different than mud pulse
MWD
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Electromagnetic MWD does not workas deep as mud pulse MWD and is a
function of the resistivity of theformations
It works better in fresh waterformations
The signal is attenuated across from
evaporite formations such as salt anddoes not work while in the evaporitezone. Once the transmitter gets
below the zone, it will work again
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EMS or electronic multishotEMS or electronic multishot
It stores the information in a computerchip (memory)
Once the tool is retrieved from thehole, the survey data is downloaded
into a computer
The tool is usually dropped into the
drill string before making a trip
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The EMS is programmed to wait a
specific amount of time before takingthe first survey, which gives it time to
get into the non-magnetic drill
collar(s)
After it takes a survey, one stand of
pipe is pulled from the holeAt preset intervals, the EMS will take
another survey
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The drilling crew waits until the EMS
takes a picture at each stand whiletripping out of the hole
The survey operator keeps track ofwhich surveys are at each depth
When the EMS is retrieved from the
hole, the surveys are matched to thedepth from the drill string tally
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Gyroscopic toolsGyroscopic tools
Conventional Gyro
Rate or North Seeking Gyro
Ring Laser Gyro
Inertial Grade Gyro
COMPASS ELECTRONIC
MAGNETIC
CONVENTIONAL RATE OR
NORTH SEEKING
RING LASER INERTIAL GRADE
GYROSCOPIC
SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
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ConventionalConventional
gyro or free gyrogyro or free gyroGet directionGet direction
only and notonly and notinclinationinclination
Inclination isInclination is
still withstill withaccelerometersaccelerometers
SPIN AXIS
OUTER GIMBAL AXIS
INNER
GIMBAL
AXIS
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
ConventionalConventional
gyro or free gyrogyro or free gyroGet directionGet direction
only and notonly and notinclinationinclination
Inclination isInclination is
still withstill withaccelerometersaccelerometers
SPIN AXIS
OUTER GIMBAL AXIS
INNER
GIMBAL
AXIS
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
The gyro is a littleThe gyro is a little
more complicatedmore complicatedthan just a spinningthan just a spinning
massmass
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A conventional gyro had to beA conventional gyro had to be
referenced. You have to knowreferenced. You have to knowwhich way the axis is pointingwhich way the axis is pointing
when it is startedwhen it is startedThe conventional gyro has driftThe conventional gyro has drift
due to imperfections in the gyrodue to imperfections in the gyroand the earthand the earths rotation, systems rotation, system
shocks, bearing wear, etcshocks, bearing wear, etc
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The drift is measured beforeThe drift is measured before
running the gyro in the holerunning the gyro in the hole
While surveying, the drift isWhile surveying, the drift is
checked at regular intervalschecked at regular intervalsThe survey data is corrected forThe survey data is corrected for
drift for the final surveydrift for the final survey
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Survey InstrumentsSurvey Instruments
Rate integrating or NorthRate integrating or North
Seeking GyroSeeking Gyro
COMPASS ELECTRONIC
MAGNETIC
CONVENTIONAL RATE OR
NORTH SEEKING
RING LASER INERTIAL GRADE
GYROSCOPIC
SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
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Survey Instrumentsy
It is a gyroIt is a gyro
with only onewith only onedegree ofdegree of
freedomfreedom
SPIN AXIS
INNER
GIMBALAXIS
BASE PLATE
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Su ey s u e sy
DeterminesDetermines
which waywhich wayis northis north
withoutwithoutreferencingreferencing
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yy
Automatically adjusts for driftAutomatically adjusts for drift
electronicallyelectronicallyMore accurate than theMore accurate than the
conventional gyroconventional gyro
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yy
The rate gyro measures theThe rate gyro measures the
forces acting on the gyro and theforces acting on the gyro and theaccelerometers measure theaccelerometers measure theforce of gravityforce of gravity
The combined readings of theThe combined readings of theaccelerometers and the gyroaccelerometers and the gyro
allow calculation of theallow calculation of theinclination and azimuth of theinclination and azimuth of the
wellborewellbore
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yy
Ring laser gyro uses lasers toRing laser gyro uses lasers to
get directionget directionMore accurate than rate gyro butMore accurate than rate gyro but
is 5 1/4is 5 1/4 (133.4 mm) OD and(133.4 mm) OD andcannot be run in drill pipecannot be run in drill pipe
COMPASS ELECTRONIC
MAGNETIC
CONVENTIONAL RATE OR
NORTH SEEKING
RING LASER INERTIAL GRADE
GYROSCOPIC
SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
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y
The sensor is comprised of threeThe sensor is comprised of three
ring laser gyros and three inertialring laser gyros and three inertial
grade accelerometers, mounted tograde accelerometers, mounted to
measure X, Y and Z axismeasure X, Y and Z axis
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y
It is more accurate than a rate orIt is more accurate than a rate ornorthnorth--seeking gyroseeking gyro
The survey tool does not have to beThe survey tool does not have to bestopped to take a survey sostopped to take a survey so
surveys are quickersurveys are quickerIn its simplest form, the ring laserIn its simplest form, the ring laser
gyro consists of a triangular blockgyro consists of a triangular blockof glass drilled out for 3 heliumof glass drilled out for 3 helium--neon laser bores with mirrors at theneon laser bores with mirrors at the
120 degree points120 degree points -- the cornersthe corners
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CounterCounter--rotating laser beamsrotating laser beams -- oneone
clockwise and the other counterclockwise and the other counter--
clockwise coexist in this resonatorclockwise coexist in this resonator
At some point, aAt some point, a photosensorphotosensormonitorsmonitors
the beams where they intersectthe beams where they intersectThey will constructively or destructivelyThey will constructively or destructively
interfere with oneinterfere with one--another depending onanother depending on
the precise phase of each beamthe precise phase of each beam
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If the RLG is rotated about its centralIf the RLG is rotated about its centralaxis, the clockwise and counteraxis, the clockwise and counter--
clockwise beams will experienceclockwise beams will experienceopposing Doppler shifts, one willopposing Doppler shifts, one willincrease in frequency and the other willincrease in frequency and the other will
decrease in frequencydecrease in frequencyThe detector will sense the differenceThe detector will sense the differencebetween the frequencies from whichbetween the frequencies from whichprecise angular position and velocityprecise angular position and velocitycan be determinedcan be determined
This is known as theThis is known as the SagnacSagnac effecteffect
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Inertial grade gyro is the sameInertial grade gyro is the same
gyro used for navigationgyro used for navigationIt has a 10 5/8It has a 10 5/8 (270 mm) OD and(270 mm) OD and
cannot be run in casing smallercannot be run in casing smallerthan 13 3/8than 13 3/8 (339.7 mm)(339.7 mm)
COMPASS ELECTRONIC
MAGNETIC
CONVENTIONAL RATE OR
NORTH SEEKING
RING LASER INERTIAL GRADE
GYROSCOPIC
SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
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Often called the Ferranti toolOften called the Ferranti tool
The tool uses three rate gyrosThe tool uses three rate gyrosand three accelerometersand three accelerometers
mounted on a stabilized platformmounted on a stabilized platformThe most accurate surveyThe most accurate surveyinstrument availableinstrument available
It not only measures theIt not only measures theinclination and direction of theinclination and direction of the
well; it also measures the depthwell; it also measures the depth
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Accuracy of survey toolsAccuracy of survey tools
Magnetic surveys can suffer frommagnetic interference, hot spots inthe non-magnetic drill collars,
declination correction errors (chartsand programs are not perfect),problems associated with higherlatitudes, and even sun spot activity(magnetic storms)
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Film based surveys cannot be read
accuratelyFor a conventional gyro surface
referencing, drift and tool
misalignment can be a problemWith the other gyros, quality control is
the biggest issue
The tools must be properly calibratedand then checked again at the end of
the survey
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Survey accuracy as
reported by de
Lange, et. al. (SPE
17213)
The inertial gradegyro is the most
accurate survey
instrument followedby the ring laser
gyro
0 30 60 90
0.5
1
2
5
10
20
50
100
200
500
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The accuracy of therate or north seekinggyro is similar to themagnetic tools(electronic) with goodquality control
Note that themagnetic tools aremore accurate if the
wellbore is north/southas opposed toeast/west
0 30 60 90
0.5
1
2
5
10
20
50
100
200
500
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Above an inclinationof 30, theconventional gyro isless accurate than theMWD withoutsubstantial quality
controlWith higher
inclinations, the error
associated withsurveys can besubstantial
0 30 60 90
0.5
1
2
5
10
20
50
100
200
500
Survey UncertaintySurvey Uncertainty
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Wolff andWolff and DeWardtDeWardt is oneis one
systematic survey error modelsystematic survey error modelused to predict the ellipse ofused to predict the ellipse of
uncertainty (actually an ellipsoiduncertainty (actually an ellipsoidsince it is in three dimensions)since it is in three dimensions)
Their work has since beenTheir work has since beenrefinedrefined
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Generally, the inclination of aGenerally, the inclination of a
survey is relatively accuratesurvey is relatively accurate
because it is only affected bybecause it is only affected by
depth measurement and thedepth measurement and the
accuracy of the toolaccuracy of the tool
The direction of the well is moreThe direction of the well is more
inaccurate due to accuracy ofinaccurate due to accuracy ofthe tools, magnetic interference,the tools, magnetic interference,
magnetic storms, etc.magnetic storms, etc.
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As the inclination of the wellAs the inclination of the well
increases, the error in theincreases, the error in thevertical and horizontal planevertical and horizontal plane
increasesincreasesMost survey errors areMost survey errors are
systematic rather than randomsystematic rather than randomwhich means they accumulatewhich means they accumulate
rather than cancel each other outrather than cancel each other out
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Ellipse ofEllipse ofUncertainty atUncertainty at
TD showingTD showingpossiblepossiblelocation oflocation ofwellborewellbore
Spider mapsSpider maps
are used to plotare used to plotexisting wellsexisting wellsand futureand future
wellswells
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The size of theThe size of the
ellipse ofellipse ofuncertaintyuncertainty
increases withincreases with
depthdepth
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WellboreWellbore
showing ellipseshowing ellipseof uncertaintyof uncertainty
with depthwith depth
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10,000
12,000
-1000 -3000
-5000-7000
-5000
-3000
-1000
N E
SW
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While drillingWhile dril ling
wells, we try towells, we try tostay out of thestay out of theellipse ofellipse of
uncertainty ofuncertainty ofother wells toother wells toavoid a collisionavoid a collision
using a travelingusing a travelingcylindercylinderproximityproximity
analysisanalysis
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The travelingThe traveling
cylinder showscylinder showsthe proximity ofthe proximity of
other wells whileother wells while
drillingdrilling
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Bottomhole assemblies areBottomhole assemblies are
oriented with survey toolsoriented with survey toolsThe orientation of the BHA isThe orientation of the BHA is
called the toolfacecalled the toolfaceToolface is magnetic below anToolface is magnetic below an
inclination of 5 degrees andinclination of 5 degrees andgravity toolface above 5 degreesgravity toolface above 5 degrees
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30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165180
195
210
225
240
255
270
315
285
300
330
345
INCLINATION
AZIMUTH
60.0
3.6
15
45
Left
Hole Direction 60
Magnetic Toolface
High Side
Gravity Toolface
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165180
195
210
225
240
255
270
315
285
300
330
345
INCLINATION
AZIMUTH
60.0
8.3
15
45
Left
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If the inclination of the wellboreIf the inclination of the wellboreis above 5 degrees, the BHA canis above 5 degrees, the BHA can
be oriented using gravitybe oriented using gravitytoolface even with magnetictoolface even with magnetic
interference (provided theinterference (provided theazimuth of the wellbore isazimuth of the wellbore isknown)known)
If the inclination is less than 5If the inclination is less than 5degrees, a gyro surveydegrees, a gyro survey
instrument will have to be usedinstrument will have to be used
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Singleshot and steering tools use theSingleshot and steering tools use the
mule shoe sub method (UBHO) to getmule shoe sub method (UBHO) to getthe orientation of the BHAthe orientation of the BHA
For most MWD tools, the offsetFor most MWD tools, the offset
between the MWD toolface and BHAbetween the MWD toolface and BHAtoolface is measuredtoolface is measured
The difference is entered into theThe difference is entered into thesurface computer and the computersurface computer and the computercorrects the toolface data sent by thecorrects the toolface data sent by the
MWDMWD
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The toolface is an indication ofThe toolface is an indication of
which way the wellbore will turnwhich way the wellbore will turnIf the toolface is set at high sideIf the toolface is set at high side
with a bent housing motor, thewith a bent housing motor, thewellbore will only buildwellbore will only build
inclination and will not turninclination and will not turnunder ideal conditionsunder ideal conditions
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If the toolface is set at 45If the toolface is set at 45 left asleft as
in Figure 5in Figure 5--21, the wellbore will21, the wellbore willbuild inclination and turn to thebuild inclination and turn to the
leftleftThe amount of build and turn willThe amount of build and turn will
depend upon the amount of holedepend upon the amount of holedrilled and the dogleg severity ofdrilled and the dogleg severity of
the motorthe motor
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If the toolface is set 120If the toolface is set 120 right,right,
the wellbore will drop inclinationthe wellbore will drop inclinationand turn to the rightand turn to the right
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Theoretically, if the toolface wasTheoretically, if the toolface was
set at 90set at 90 right, the wellboreright, the wellborewould not build or drop andwould not build or drop and
would only change azimuth bywould only change azimuth byturning to the rightturning to the right
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However, gravity and formationHowever, gravity and formation
tendencies do have an affect ontendencies do have an affect onthe motor and the assembly willthe motor and the assembly will
likely drop some inclinationlikely drop some inclinationespecially when the wellbore isespecially when the wellbore is
at higher inclinations but it isat higher inclinations but it is
formation dependentformation dependent
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When changing both holeWhen changing both hole
inclination and direction, it isinclination and direction, it isbest to change the direction firstbest to change the direction first
if the inclination is lowif the inclination is lowThe azimuth will change faster atThe azimuth will change faster at
the same DLS when thethe same DLS when theinclination is lowinclination is low
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When kicking off in a verticalWhen kicking off in a vertical
hole, it is best to get the azimuthhole, it is best to get the azimuthestablished before trying to buildestablished before trying to buildtoo much inclinationtoo much inclination
It is actually relatively easy toIt is actually relatively easy toaccomplish when usingaccomplish when using
magnetic toolfacemagnetic toolfaceIn Figure 5In Figure 5--21, the inclination is21, the inclination is
3.63.6 and the azimuth is 60and the azimuth is 60
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30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165180
195
210
225
240
255
270
315
285
300
330
345
INCLINATION
AZIMUTH
60.0
3.6
15
45
Left
Hole Direction 60
Magnetic Toolface
High Side
Gravity Toolface
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165180
195
210
225
240
255
270
315
285
300
330
345
INCLINATION
AZIMUTH
60.0
8.3
15
45Left
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If the target azimuth is 340If the target azimuth is 340, the, the
toolface is set on 340toolface is set on 340 or a toolfaceor a toolfacesetting of 80setting of 80 left (60left (60 to zero plus 20to zero plus 20
to 340to 340))
Initially, the wellbore will be turningInitially, the wellbore will be turning
mostly to the leftmostly to the left
As the azimuth of the wellbore turnsAs the azimuth of the wellbore turnsleft, the toolface is left on 340left, the toolface is left on 340 andand
the toolface angle is decreasingthe toolface angle is decreasing
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When the azimuth of theWhen the azimuth of the
wellbore reaches 340wellbore reaches 340, the, thetoolface will be pointed straighttoolface will be pointed straight
up or to high sideup or to high sideThe toolface angle is notThe toolface angle is not
constantconstant
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When using gravity toolface orWhen using gravity toolface or
high side at higher inclinations,high side at higher inclinations,it is easier to use a constantit is easier to use a constant
toolface angletoolface angleToolface angle is an approximateToolface angle is an approximate
number because the toolfacenumber because the toolfacecannot be kept constant in thecannot be kept constant in the
fieldfield
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The toolface angle will vary by atThe toolface angle will vary by at
leastleast 1515The directional driller will onlyThe directional driller will only
pick up the BHA and reorientpick up the BHA and reorientwhen the toolface angle gets toowhen the toolface angle gets too
far offfar off
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The longer the drill string, theThe longer the drill string, the
more difficult it is to keep amore difficult it is to keep aconstant tool faceconstant tool face
It is usually more difficult toIt is usually more difficult tomaintain toolface orientationmaintain toolface orientationwith PDC bits because smallwith PDC bits because small
changes in bit weight make a bigchanges in bit weight make a bigdifference in torque, whichdifference in torque, which
changes the reactive torquechanges the reactive torque
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( )( )
( )
=
2/tan
2/tanln180
tan
1
2
121
I
I
AATF
Equation for calculating constantEquation for calculating constant
toolface angle to changetoolface angle to changeinclination and azimuthinclination and azimuth
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( )( )( )
0148
2/14tan
2/25tan
ln180
1048tan +=
=
TF
Example 5Example 5--1 on page 51 on page 5--2525
Need to change inclination fromNeed to change inclination from1414oo to 25to 25oo and change azimuthand change azimuth
from 10from 10oo
to 48to 48oo
similar tosimilar tosidetracking out of an existingsidetracking out of an existing
wellwell
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Class ProblemClass Problem Problem 1 onProblem 1 on
page 5page 5--2828MD1 = 3000, I1 = 18
o,A1 = 309o
Need an inclination of 30o at an
azimuth of 288o. The DLS of themotor is 2o/100 feet. What is thetoolface angle required to hit theinclination and azimuth with onesetting? How many feet of hole will
have to be drilled?
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Need to change inclination fromNeed to change inclination from
1818
oo
to 30to 30
oo
and change azimuthand change azimuthfrom 309from 309oo to 288to 288oo
Or 35Or 35oo LeftLeft
( )( )( )
{ } o1
1
356971.0tan
2/18tan
2/30tanln180
309288tan
==
=
TF
TF
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Can use the dogleg severityCan use the dogleg severity
equation to determine theequation to determine themeasured depth to accomplishmeasured depth to accomplish
the changethe change( )( )
( )( )2
12
2
1221
1
2sin
2sinsinsinsin
1002
+
=
IIAAII
MDDLS
( )( )( )( ) ( )( )
( ) feet7281267.0sin200
2
2
1830sin
2
309288sin30sin18sinsin
10022
1
22
1
=
=
+
=
MD
MD
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Can also think of it as looking atCan also think of it as looking at
the toolface indicatorthe toolface indicator
35o Left
I
A x sinIavg
( )( )( )MDDLSTFI = cos
( )( )( )
+
=
2sin
sin
21 II
MDDLSTFA
Gravity Toolface
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Calculate the measured depthCalculate the measured depth
from the toolface anglefrom the toolface angle
( )( )( )MDDLSTFI = cos
( )( )( )
( )( )feet732
100/235cos
1830
cos
=
=
=
MD
MD
DLSTF
IMD
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Example 5Example 5--2 on page 52 on page 5--2727
The survey tool is 60 feet off bottomand the survey is I1 = 28 andA1 =
63. The dogleg severity of the motor
is approximately 14/100. The
toolface angle has been set at 20
right.Estimate the inclination and azimuth
at the bit
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The inclination at the bit must be
calculated first
I2 = I1 + I =28 + 7.9 = 35.9
( )( )( )MDDLSTFI = cos
( ) o89.760100/1420cos ==I
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Calculate the azimuth at the bit
A2
=A1
+ A = 63 + 5.4 = 68.4
( )
+
=
2sin
sin
21 II
MDDLSTFA
( ) o43.5
2
9.3528sin
60100/1420sin=
+
=A
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Check the calculations by calculating
the dogleg severity
DLS = 13.98/100 feet
( )( )( )( )
2
12
2
1221
1
2sin
2sinsinsinsin
1002
+
=
IIAAII
MDDLS
( )( )( ) ( )
22
1
2
2889.35sin
2
6343.68sin89.35sin28sinsin
60
1002
+
= DLS