14,15,16
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Transcript of 14,15,16
14,15,16
“CIVILIZED” WORLD Materially – high standard of living,
ocean liners, cars, electricity Secular outlook on life Low death rate Low infant mortality rate European family pattern – smaller
families Growth of urban centers and urban life
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT Immigration into various countries
outside of Europe Migration within Europe Liberalism?
NEW INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Use of steam power Growth of metallurgical industries Advent of the railroad Electricity Internal combustion engine Chemistry – creation of synthetic fibers Germany, Britain and France – major
industrial powers
FREE TRADE Advent of free trade Buying more imports than what you
export British paid for imports with invisible
exports – shipping and insurance Export of European capital – investment
of profits into other parts of the world instead of back to workers
Gold Standard – how did it affect debtor nations?
Limited liability corporation
FRENCH THIRD REPUBLIC Established after loss in Franco Prussian
War Conservatives vs Republicans Dreyfus Affair – bring down republic Domestication of republicanism
BRITISH Advance toward an egalitarian political
democracy very slow Reform bill of 1832 – granted the right
to vote to about 1/8th of people We will see Britain granting the right to
vote to more and more people We will also see the rise of British Labor
and Labor party during this time period Disraeli – Conservative Gladstone – Liberals – abandoned
laissez faire and active state intervention
BISMARCK Kulturkampf – Battle against Catholics –
uses liberals to wage “war” Abandons liberals – drops free trade and
uses Catholics Repress socialism with active socialist
legislation Realpolitik?
1871-1914 Rise and importance of labor unions Come about due to the extension of
suffrage to lower classes British were most advanced in trade
unionism They brought into being and led the
Labor Party – they will be less socialistic than labor parties on the continent
FIRST INTERNATIONAL Association with the crazy and violent
Paris Commune Many will not want to be associated with
this
REVISIONIST AND REVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISM Marxism will turn into parliamentary
socialism Belief that workers or unions could work
with the state to improve working conditions/wages
Revisionist socialists – Marx might be wrong – class struggle might not be necessary
Capitalism can be transformed
ARTS / INTELLECTUAL CURRENTS Charles Darwin – Origin of the species Social darwinism Changing views of Nature Sigmund Freud – The Interpretation of
dreams – Impact on idea of rational individual Einstein’s Theory of Relativity – matter
was transmutable Time, space and motion were not
absolute in character, but relative
NIETZSCHE Held a low opinion of modern
democratic societies Developed concept of superman – a new
kind of noble being who would create new ethical values
Rejected qualities of humility, patience, hopefulness, hope and love
Encouraged qualities of danger, courage, intellectual excellence
Critique of reason and rationality
WANING OF CLASSICAL LIBERALISM Liberalism of John Locke, John Stuart
Mill, - principle idea in liberty of the individual
Contributed to growth of women’s rights Free trade Parliamentary democracy Eventually….universal male suffrage
What happened???
NEW LIBERALISM Economic problems associated with
capitalism leads to adoption of economic nationalism – tariffs, decline of free trade
Growth of welfare state – active state intervention
1871-1914 - IMPERIALISM Imperialism – Causes – Differences from earlier colonialism Highest stage of capitalism? Social Darwinism
IMPERIALISM Sick Man of Europe – Ottoman empire
falling apart and the “scramble” to get the scraps
Attempts at reform – Abdul Hamid – and backlash
Russian invasion – Berlin Congress – mediate balance of power
Egypt and the Suez Canal and British intervention and Egypt as protectorate
PARTITIONING OF AFRICA Livingstone and Stanley and the Congo Stanley and King Leopold and Congo Berlin Congress of 1885 – rules of
conquest Friction between major powers –
Fashoda Crisis between England and France
Boer War in South Africa
INDIA British rule goes from India Company to
direct rule
CHINA Open Door Policy Extraterritorial rights Spheres of influence Boxer Rebellion
JAPAN Meiji restoration kicks out imperialists Japan becomes an imperialist nation
itself Russo Japanese war – win!