14 Chemical for Comsumers

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CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

Chemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN Pahang

CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

Soap and Detergent

Food additiveMedicine

5.1

5.2

5.3

1. Define the soap.2. Define detergent. 3. Describe soap preparation process4. Describe detergent preparation process5. Describe the cleansing action of soap. 6. Describe the cleansing action of detergent 7. Define the hard water. 8. Explain why detergent more effective than soap

when cleaning using the hard water? 9. Identify the additives in detergent and their

respective functions

1. Define food additive. 2. What information we can get from the food covers. 3. List the types of food additive and then gives one example for each type of food additive respectively.

1. What is medicine? 2. State the difference between modern medical and traditional medical. 3. State four type of modern medicine. Give functions of each type of the medicine. List 2 example of medicine for each type of the medicine respectively. 4. Gives three example of traditional medicine and their usage respectively.

Analyse soap and detergent

Understanding medicine Evaluate the

use of food additivesu

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B. 5.1

Act 5.3

Act 5.2


SOAP AND DETERGENT

Definition of soap

Preparation of soap (saponification)

Experiment 5.1 pg 118

O

CH2 – O – C – R

O

CH2 – O – C – R + 3NaOH

O (alkali)

CH2 – O – C – R

(oil)

CH2OH O

CH2OH + 3 NaO-C - R

CH2OH (Glycerol) (Soap)

Palm oil +NaOH

Glass rod

Panaskan

Salt of sodium or potassium of any carboxylic acid/fatty acid

Cleansing action of soap and detergent

Comparing the cleaning effect by soap and detergent

In water, soap ionized to form soap ion and sodium ion. Soap ion has hydrophilic (ionic) and hydrophobic (hydrocarbon) part. In the cleansing process, hydrophobic parts are out of the water surface while hydrophilic parts are in the water. The surface tension of water will be less to make the surface of the cloth to be wet easily. Hydrophobic part dissolved in the oily dirt, while hydrophilic parts are in water. When rinsing, water pull the hydrophilic, hydrophobic and oily dirt away from the cloth.

Heat

Soap

Detergent

Definition of detergent:

Preparation of detergent, sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate;Detergent

additive

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B. 5.2


DETERGENT

What is detergent?

Preparation of detergent (straight chain)

Detergent additive

Effectiveness of detergent as a cleansing agent

Detergent and the environmental pollutions

O O R – O – S – OH + NaOH R – O – S – O-Na+ + H2O O OAlkyl sulphonic acid Sodium alkyl sulphate (detergent)

O O

R - O - S - OH + NaOH R - O - S – O-Na+ + H2O O O

Alkylbenzene sulphonic Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate

Biological enzyme – protein digestWhitening agent – bleaching i.e

Sodium per borateWater softener – Bubble stabilizer – Fluorescence – Perfume -

Detergent more effective than soap in the hard water because the reaction of detergent ion with calcium ion, magnesium ion or iron ion form soluble salt. (Using soap with hard water will form sticky scum).

1. Bubble at the water surface prevent dissolving of oxygen in water …

2. Non biodegradation detergent at the water surface dissolved natural oil at the bird fur …

3. Detergent additive become fertilizer to the water weed and promoting growing of water weed and then …

Comparing soap and detergent

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B. 5.3


FOOD ADDITIVES

Definition of food additive

Food additive from natural sources

Types of food additive, function and the examples

Substances added to the food in order to make it last longer, better smell, taste and colour

Salt, sugar, vinegar, fenugreek, clover, aniseed, cinnamon, buah pelaga, turmeric etc

Types of Food additives Function Preservatives Prevent or slow down spoilage of food caused by microorganisms.

Sodium nitrite (meat preservatives) sodium benzoate (preservatives for various sauces

Antioxidants To slow down oxidation process of food Ascorbic acid /vitamin c used in cordial drink

Flavouring agent To make food more delicious. Monosodium glutamate, MSG (flavour and aroma of food), saccharin and Aspartame (gives sweet flavour of food).

Stabilizers and thickening agents

To improve appearance and firm texture of food that is smooth and uniform. Acacia gum, azo compounds

Dyes To make food look more attractive.

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B. 5.4

example

definition


Barbiturate, tranquilizer

MEDICINE/DRUG

Definition of medicine

Traditional Medication

Modern Medication

Type of Modern Medicine

Chemicals that used to treat patient.

Base on effectiveness without knowing chemicals. Effectiveness depends on practices and belief without scientific proof.

Chemicals , effectiveness and side effect are well known by research.

Traditional medicine

Ginseng -- For ..Pudina --Aloe vera –Kuinina --Garlic --Ginger --etcl.

Analgesic

Antibiotic Psychiatric medicine

Hormone

Reduce pain and fever

Preparation of aspirin:

Salicylic acid + ethanoic anhydride

Acetylsalicylic acid + ethanoic acid (aspirin)

Aspirin, paracetamol, codeine

Kill or inhibit growth of microbe (except virus)Penicillin,

streptomycin

Effected onto brain and nerve system

Stimulant

Depressant

Amphetamine

Organic material that has fisiology effect

Insulin, cortisone

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CHAPTER 14: CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

A. SOAP AND DETERGENT

1. Definition:

(i) Soap: A sodium or potassium salt of long-chain……………….(ii) Detergent: A sodium or potassium salt of …………………….acid or

………………….acid.

2. Soap preparation process:

Soap are prepared by hydrolysing fats or oils under alkaline condition. This reaction is called……………………

The process involves boiling fats or oils with ………………………………or ……………………………………..to produce ………………….and the salts of fatty acids which are the ……………

Write down the general equation for this reaction ;

+ NaOH +

Oil or fat alkali Glyserol Soaps

3. Detergent preparation process:

During the preparation of detergents, a long-chain hydrocarbon obtained from ……………………………is converted into an organic acid through a series of steps.The organic acid is then neutralized with …………………………..solution to produce a detergent.

4. Draw the general formulae for two common detergents

A sodium alkyl sulphate A sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate


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5. Using suitable diagram describe the cleansing action of soap and detergent.

6. Detergent is more effective than soap in hard water . Explain why.


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7. Complete the table below;

Additive in detergent Examples Function

Biological enzymes Amylase , proteases, cellulases and lipases

To remove protein stain such as blood

Builder

Filler Sodium sulphate, sodium silicate

Foam control agents To control foaming in detergent

Fragrances

Optical whitener

Suspension agent carboxymethylcellulose

Whitening agent


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B. FOOD ADDITIVES

1. Complete the table below:

Food additives Function Examples Antioxidants To prevent oxidation of food Ascobic acid, BHA, BHT,

tocopherol, sodium citrate

Flavourings To improve or restore taste of food

Food dyes Tatrazine , brilliant blue FCF

Preservatives

Stabilisers To prevent an emulsion from separating out

Thickeners


Antioxidant Example Function

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Margarine To retard rancidity in oils

Ascobic acid (vitamin C)

Alpha tocopherol (vitamin E)

Sodium citrate


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3. Complete the table:

Flavouring Function Example

Monosodium glutamat (MSG)

To bring out the flavour in many food

Aspartame Diet drinks, low-calories frozen desserts and some soft drinks

Synthetic essences To produces artificial flavour which resemble natural flavours


Preservative Example How it works

Salt

Salted fish

Sugar

Vinegar

Sodium nitrite or sodium nitrate

Burger, sausage, launcheon meat

Slow down the growth of microorganismsBenzoic acid or sodium benzoate

Sulphur dioxide

5. what are the advantages and disadvantages of using food additives?

Advantages Disadvantages

make food stay fresh longer, look nicer and taste better


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C. MEDICINE

1. Traditional medicine are derived from plants and animals. Complete the table below:

Medicinal plant Function

Aloe vera (lidah buaya) To treat skin wound

Andrographis paniculata (hempedu bumi)

Eurycoma longifolia (tongkat ali)

Centella asiata (pegaga)

Ocimum basilicum(selasih)

Orthosiphon aristatus (misai kucing)

2. Give three examples of animals that are claim to have medicinal properties.

(i) …………………………………………(ii) …………………………………………(iii) …………………………………………

3. Modern medicine are made by……………………. in laboratories and are based on substances found in …………………


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4. Types of modern medicine: Complete the diagram below.


MODERN MEDICINE

Analgesic Psychotherapeutic medicine

Antibiotic

Examples:1.2.3.

Examples:1.2.

Stimulant Antidepressant Antipsychotic

Function: to relieve pain without causing numbness or affecting consciousness

Function:

Function: to reduce fatigue

Function: Function:

Examples:1.2.

Examples:1.2.3.

Examples:1.2.3.

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Type of Medicine /Example of Medicine Side effect

Traditional medicine

Analgesic :

Antibiotic

Antidepressant :

Stimulant Ussualy high doses or excessive use of stimulants over long periods of time can lead to anxiety, hallucinations, severe depression, or physical and psychological dependence

Antipsychotic


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6. Taking drugs excessively and without a doctor’s prescription is called ………………………..


Chemical Proper management

Detergent

Food additives

Medicines


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CHAPTER 5: CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

B. Objective QuestionsKnowledge

1. The hydrolysis process of vegetable oil by alkali is called A Cracking B hydrationC Saponification D esterification

2. Which of the following is the base substance to make soap?

A. Oil B. Petroleum C. Sodium chloride D. Animal fats

3. Detergent is a salt that is produced from a reaction between A Acid and sulphonic acid B alkali and sulphonic acid C alkali and vegetable oil D acid and vegetable oil

4. Sodium chloride is added during the process of preparing soap to A dry the soap B remove excess alkali C reduce the solubility of soap in water D reduce the boiling point of soap solution

5. Figure 1 shows the structure of a soap ion.

COO-

Part X Part Y

FIGURE 1

Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements is true ?

A. Part X and Y are soluble in water. B. Part X and Y are soluble in grease. C. Part X is soluble in grease and part Y is soluble in water. D. Part X is soluble in water and part Y is soluble in grease.


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6. Figure 2 shows the structure of a detergent ion.

Figure 2

What are the parts labelledd P and Q respectively? P Q

A Hydrophylic hydrophobic B Hydrophobic Hydrophylic C Hydrophylic ion

D covalent Hydrophobic

7. Which of the following is the hydrophilic end of soap and detergent ions? Soap ion detergent ion

A -COO- -SO3-

B -SO3- -COO-

C CH3(CH2)14 -COO-

D -COO- CH3(CH2)14

8. Which of the following is the main function of soap?A Causes the precipitation of magnesium ions in waterB Changes hard water into soft waterC Reduces the surface tension of waterD Reduces the evaporation of water in the air

9. The information shows a part of the structural formula of a soap molecule.

CH3(CH2)14COO-

Which of the following is the name of the part ?

A Lauric B Glycerol C Palmitate D Alkylbenzene

10. Which of the following is true about soap or detergent ?

A Detergent forms scum in hard water B Soap forms scum in soft water C Scum decreases the effectiveness of the cleansing action of a soap D The presence of magnesium ions in detergent forms scum.

11. Which of the following statements is true about detergents?I can clean in hard waterII not biodegradableIII comprises of sodium sulphonic acid saltIV contains a hydrophylic end –SO3

-

A I and II onlyB II and v onlyC I,II, and III only


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D I ,II, III, and IV

12. Which of the following are the advantages of soap over detergent, as a cleansing agent?I soap is easily biodegradable II Soap can be used in hard waterIII Soap does not reduce the surface tension of waterIV Soap consist of a hydrocarbon region that dissolves all types of dirt

A I only C II and Iv onlyB I and III only D I, III and IV only

13. Which of the following can be found as additives in detergents?I drying agentII Biological enzymeIII Whitening agentIV Colouring

A II and III only C I,II ,III and IV B I,II and III only D II,III and IV only

14. The function of biological enzymes in detergent additives are to A whiten clothesB dry the detergentC perfume clothesD break down organic dirt

15. Which of the following is the function of benzoic acid , a food additives that is added to canned food?A thicken the liquidB preserves foodC makes the food tastierD prevents the oxidation of food

16. Which of the following matches of food additives and their functions are not correct? Food additives Function

A Monosodium glutamate makes the food tastierB ascorbic acid slows down the oxidation of foodC Sodium benzoate slows down the spoilage of foodD acacia gum Colours the food

17. Which of the following food additives can prevent the activity of microorganism in food?

A. Citric acid

B. Benzoic acid C. Ascorbic acid D. Triphenyl compound

18. Which of the following statements is true about antibiotics?A Obtained from animal cellsB Can kill virusesC A type of synthetic hormoneD Treats patients with disease caused by bacteria


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19. Streptomycin and penicillin are medicine that can be grouped asA AnalgesicsB Psychiatric medicineC AntibioticsD Hormone

20. Which of the following is the function of psychiatric medicine?A Reduces the feeling of painB Removes the feeling of anxietyC Treats patient with diseasea caused by bacteriaD Treats join diseases

21. Figure 3 shows the structural formula of a type of medicine that can relieve body aches and pain

Figure 3What is that medicine?A codeine C AspirinB Paracetamol D Streptomycin

22 What type of medicine that can relieve muscle and joint pains?A stimulant C aspirinB streptomycin D tranquiliser

23. Which of the following is the use of streptomycin, in the field of medicine?A Relieves painB Cures tuberculosisC Calms a patient down emotioanallyD Clots the blood at a wound

24. Which of the following matches modern medicine and its corresponding examples correctly? Modern medicine Examples

A Analgesic ParacetamolB Psychiatric StreptomycinC Antibiotic antidepressantD Analgesic Penicillin

25. Garlic can be used to treatA high blood pressureB skin diseaseC liver diseaseD exhaustion

26. Which medicine can relieve a headache?

A. Aspirin C. BarbiturateB. Cortisone D. streptomycin

27. Psychiatric patients are always restless and normally experience difficulties in sleeping. Which medicine is suitable to treat these patients ?


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A Aspirin B Codeine C Barbiturate D Streptomycin 28. Which of the following is the function of an analgesic ?

A To calm down the emotion of the patient B To treat asthma C To releive pain D To destroy bacteria

29. Which of the following pairs of types of modern medicine and their uses is true?

Types of Modern Medicine Uses of medicine

A

B

C

D

Antipsychotic medicine

Codeine

Streptomycine

Cortisone

To treat hallucination

To kill TB bacteria

To treat rheumatoid arthritis

To stop coughing

Understanding

30. A soap has the molecular formula as shown below.

CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+

What is the source of the soap?

A Coconut oil B PetroleumC Palm oil D Sunflower oil

31. A patient is experiencing difficulties in sleeping and is always feeling anxious. Which medicine is suitable to overcome the patients problems?A ParacetamolB penicillin C BarbiturateD Codeine

32. Figure 4 shows the structure of a soap ion

Figure 4

In what medium can part X and part Y dissolve in?Part X Part Y

A water greaseB grease oilC oil WaterD Water Water


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33. Detergents can wash effectively in hard water because detergent moleculesA dissolve in hard waterB ` dissociate in hard waterC reacts with calcium ion in hard waterD do not form precipitate

34. Figure 5 shows a soap ion

Figure 5

Which of the following statements are about the part of the soap ion that is labelled as P in figure 5?I Has covalent characteristicsII Consist of a hydrocarbon chainIII Breaks up the grease into small dropsIV Dissolves in dirt such as grease

A I and II onlyB I and III onlyC I,II and IV onlyD I,II,III and IV

Application

35. Figure 6 shows the cleansing action of soap.

Figure 6

Which of the following statement is true?A Part Y emulsifies the greaseB Part X reacts with waterC Part Y reacts with greaseD Part X will break off from part Y

37.

Figure 7Figure 7 shows a chemical equation that represents the reaction that occurs when preparingA aspirinB soap


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C sodium alkyl sulphate detergentD sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate detergent

38. A bowl of vegetable soup is found to be not very tasty.Which of the following food additives can be added to the soup?A StabiliserB FlavouringC AntioxidantD Colouring

39. Aspirin is not recommended for gastric patients becauce aspirinA contains alcoholB can cause addictionC can cause bleeding of the stomach wallD causes excess stomach enzymes to be secreted

40. The chemicals above are required for the preparation ofA paracetamolB aspirinC codeineD tranquilisers

C. Structure Questions

1. (a) In preparing soap, a strong alkali solution is added to fats. The mixture is heated and then sodium chloride is added. (i) Name one strong alkali used in preparing soap. …………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark] (ii) Why is sodium chloride added to the mixture?

…………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(b) The statement below is about soap and a detergent.

You have two socks stained with oil.

Describe briefly the experimental procedure, observations and conclusions to prove the above statement, by using substances such as soap, detergent and hard water.


The cleaning action of a detergent is more effective than soap in hard water.

Salicylic acid Concentrated sulphuric acid Ethanoic anhydride

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Procedure of the experiment:

………………………………………………………………………………...

.……………………………………………………………………………..…

………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………...[3 marks]

Observations:

………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………...[1 mark]

Conclusion:

………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………...[1 mark]

(c) Analgesic and psychotherapeutic medicines are use to treat patients. Aspirin is an analgesic medicine and barbiturate is a psychotherapeutic medicine.

(i) What is the function of a barbiturate?

…..……………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(ii) Children are advised not to take aspirin because it causes bleeding of the intestine and stomach. Suggest one other medicine to replace the aspirin. …..…………………………………………………………………………...

[1 mark]

(iii) Figure 1 shows the structural formula of aspirin.

FIGURE 1

What is the molecular formula of aspirin?

….…………………………………………………………………………...[1 mark]

(iv) What is the molecular mass of aspirin?


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Use the information that the relative atomic mass of H = 1, C = 12 and O = 16.

………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

2. The following equation shows a reaction in the preparation of soap in a laboratory.

(a) What is the name of this reaction?

……………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(b) (i) What is the homologous series of palm oil?

…………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

(ii) Complete the anion part of the soap particle in the space provided.

(c) A pupil wants to prepare a potassium palmitate soap. What alkali should he use?

…………………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(d) Figure 2.1 shows part of the washing action of detergent particles on a grease stained cloth.

FIGURE 2.1


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(i) State the part of a detergent particle that is soluble in grease.

……………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

(ii) Based on Figure 2.1 explain the washing action of detergent particles on greasy stains.

……………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………

[3 marks]

(iii) Complete Figure 2.2 to show the condition of grease and detergent particles when the water is stirred.

[1 mark]

FIGURE 2.2

3. Table 1 shows the result of an experiment that was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of soap and detergent as a cleaning agent in hard water

Beaker W X Y Z Cleaning agent 500cm3 of soap

solution500 cm3 of soap solution + 200 cm3 of hard water.

500cm3 of detergent solution

500cm3 of detergent solution + 200 cm3 of hard water

Observation Foam is formed. The greasy cloth can be cleaned thoroughly.

No foam is formed. White precipitate appears on the surface of solution. Grease remains on the cloth

A thick foam is formed. The greasy cloth can be cleaned thoroughly

A thick foam is formed. The greasy cloth can be cleaned thoroughly


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a. i. What does it meant by hard water?

ii. How do you prepare a sample of hard water in the laboratory?

b. State all variables in this experiment i. Manipulated variable

ii. Responding variable

iii. Constant variable

c. What conclusion can be made from the results obtained?

d. If the experiment is repeated using hydrochloric acid to replace hard water , predict the results of the experiment.

4. (a) Diagram 1.1 shows a ginger plant. Ginger can be used as a traditional medicine.

Diagram 1.1

(i) Which of the parts P,Q,R or s, is used as the main source of medicine? Mark ( √ ) for your answer in the box provided in Diagram 1.1.

[1 mark] (ii) What illness can be cure by using ginger?

[1 mark]

(iii) How is ginger used to treat the illness in 1(a)(ii) ?

[1 mark] (b) Table 1.1 shows the functions of three type of medicines.

Function Type of medicinePrevent pain X:Kills or prevent the reproduction of bacteria

Y:


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Changes the emotions and behavior of the patient

Z:

Table 1.1

(i) Complete table 1.1 to show which medicines have the functions given in the table.[3 marks]

(ii) What is the side effect of medicine of type X if it is used by a child of less than 2 years old ?

………………………………………………………………………….[1 mark]

(iii) A patient treated by medicine of type Y must complete all the supply given by the doctor in order to make sure all the bacteria are killed.

What will happen if not all the bacteria are killed ?

…………………………………………………………………………..[1 mark]

(iv) Tranquilizer is an example of medicine of type Z.

Give one change that might happen to a patient’s emotions when treated using this medicine.

…………………………………………………………………………[1 mark]

5. (a) Diagram 1.1 shows an aloe vera plant.

(i) What illness can be cured by using aloe vera ?

(ii) Which part of the plant is used to treat the illness ?

(iii) Name one herbal medicine other than aloe vera and its function.

(b) Table 1 shows the examples of three types of modern medicine.

Type of medicine Examples Analgesics XAntibiotics YPsychoterapeutic medicine Z

Table 1


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(i) Complete table 1 by naming one example for each type of medicine.X: Y: Z:

(ii) State the function of analgesics

(iii) A patient should complete the full course of an antibiotic prescribed by the doctor. Explain briefly why?

(iv) State one side effect of taking psychoterapeutic medicine.

6. Diagram 2 shows five types of common food additives used in food processing industry.

i. State two functions of using food additives in food processing

ii. Name two natural food preservatives

iii. Name a natural colouring that makes food green in colour

iv. Name an artificial sweetener that can be used to replace sugar.

iv. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used in cooing primarily to enhance the flavour of food.

v. State two side effects of taking excess MSG over an extended period of time.

vi. Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant. What is the function of ascorbic acid when it is added to food?

vii. State an example of a thickener in the preparation of food.

7. A kind of jelly contains the following food additives :

a) State two reasons why food additives are added to the jelly.

b) Name a colouring that is added to the jelly

c) What is the colour that given by the colouring named inquestion above?

d) What is the function of benzoic acid?

e) Name a substance that can be used to replace pectin.

f) Name an antioxidant that is added to the jelly


Pectin,benzoic acid,ascorbic acid,tartrazine and octhyl ethanoate

Foodadditives

preservatives

Flavouring agents

Thickening agents

antioxidant

dyes

stabilisers

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g) Octhyl ethanoate gives the jelly orange flavour.

h) Name two chemicals needed to prepare octhyl ethanoatei) Name the reaction involved of octhyl ethanoate from the chemicals above?

D. Essay Questions

1. (a) State two methods of food preservation which are used in our daily lives and explain how the methods work.

[4 marks] (b)

[8 marks]

(c) A student carried out four experiments to investigate the cleansing effects of soap and detergent on oily stains in soft water and hard water. Table 1 shows the set-up of apparatus, types of water used, and the observation for Experiments I, II, III and IV.

TABLE 1

Compare the cleansing effects between28 | P a g e (i) Experiments I and II (ii) Experiments II and IV

Explain why there are differences in the observations. State the substance which is more suitable as a cleansing agent to remove oily stains

[8 marks]

2. Plan an experiment to investigate the effectiveness of soap and detergent as a cleaning agent in hard water. Your answer should consist of the following

(a) Problem statement(b) Hypothesis(c) All the variables involved(d) List of apparatus and materials


A student discovered that his socks have oily stains. He washed them with soap.

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(e) Procedure of the experiment(f) tabulation of data

[17 marks]]


14 Chemical for Comsumers

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